Category: Language & Communication
It is the province of the Science of Language to explain, as far as possible, the processes of the development of Language from its earliest to its latest stage. The observations made on these processes would naturally be registered in different _historical grammars_ of differ...
In all modern civilised countries, we find, side by side with numerous dialects, a standard language, professing to stand aloof from all dialects, and to represent what may be c...
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6. CHAPTER VI.A SENTENCE must be looked upon as the first creation of language. The SENTENCE is THE SYMBOL WHEREBY THE SPEAKER DENOTES THAT TWO OR MORE CONCEPTIONS HAVE COMBINED IN HIS MIND;...
4. CHAPTER IV.Sound-change is brought about by the repeated substitution of a sound or sounds almost imperceptibly differing from the original. The A.S. _hláfmesse_ is now represented by the...
16. CHAPTER XV.The divisions into which grammarians have distributed words, such as gender, number, and, in the case of verbs, voice and tense, are based upon the function which each word disc...
20. CHAPTER XIX.We have in former chapters dealt with, and frequently alluded to, the fact that much which is new in derivation and inflection is due to analogy. _Much_ is due to this, but not...
21. CHAPTER XX.The division commonly adopted of the parts of speech in the Indo-European language is convenient as a classification; but it must be borne in mind that it is not logically accur...
10. CHAPTER X.The process of forming our modal and material groupings of ideas, and of the terms which we use to express those ideas, is essentially a subjective one, and is, as such, product...
3. CHAPTER III.Language is in a constant state of change; and the changes to which it is subject fall under two very different heads. In the first place, new words find their way into a langua...
5. CHAPTER V.All the ideas consciously or unconsciously present in the human mind are directly or indirectly connected with one another. No thought, no conception, is so independent of all o...
18. CHAPTER XVII.In inflectional languages, words relating to the same thing in the same way are commonly made to correspond formally with each other. This correspondence we call grammatical con...
7. CHAPTER VII.We have considered, in Chapter IV., the different ways in which words change their meanings: and have remarked that change of meaning consists in the widening or narrowing of th...
8. CHAPTER VIII.We have discussed, in Chapter V., the force of analogy and its effect. We have now to study a phenomenon of language which may be called ‘contamination,’ and which, though widel...
17. CHAPTER XVI.The reader who remembers and fully apprehends the wider meaning, which in Chapter VI. we assigned to the terms (Psychological) ‘subject’ and ‘predicate,’ must realise how compar...
22. CHAPTER XXI.We have now to consider the question of the relation of writing to language; how far it has influenced it, and continues to influence it; and for what reasons it seems an inadeq...
23. CHAPTER XXII.There are two senses in which we may speak of mixture in language--the broader sense in which every speaker must influence those who hear him, and be influenced by them in turn,...
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1. CHAPTER I.It is the province of the Science of Language to explain, as far as possible, the processes of the development of Language from its earliest to its latest stage. The observation...
9. CHAPTER IX.We must not suppose that the conditions under which language was originally created were different from those which we are able to trace and to watch in the process of its histo...
19. CHAPTER XVIII.Language, as a rule, employs no more material than is necessary to make the hearer or reader understand the meaning intended to be conveyed by the speaker or writer. This statem...
15. CHAPTER XIV.Language develops by the development of the vocabulary of individual speakers in the same linguistic community: their tendency is to produce synonymous forms and constructions i...
2. CHAPTER II.The most elementary study of Comparative Philology teaches us that from a language which, in all essentials, may be considered one uniform tongue, there have frequently sprung s...
13. CHAPTER XII.The careful consideration of such a form as _I breakfasted_ will lead us to understand another phase in the life history of our words, and in the development of their syntactica...
12. ii. Such forms, where phonetic development brought about merely a closeresemblance without producing perfect similarity, and where, as a next step, one or other of the set of words underwent some change more or less violent in consequence of its su...
14. CHAPTER XIII.We have already more than once had occasion to point out that, in our individual vocabularies, two classes of words are inextricably confused. In the first place, we employ such...
11. CHAPTER XI.The effect of sound-change is to produce differences in language where none previously existed; but it likewise tends to cancel existing differences, and to cause forms original...
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25. Part II. Vol. I.--500-445 B.C. [_In the press.=ACLAND and RANSOME.--A Handbook in Outline of the Political History of England to 1887.= Chronologically Arranged. By A. H. DYKE ACLAND, M.P. and CYRIL RANSOME, M.A. Crown 8vo....
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