CHAPTER LXXII.

GREECE UNDER THE LACEDÆMONIAN EMPIRE.

Sequel of Grecian affairs generally—resumed.—Spartan empire—how and when it commenced.—Oppression and suffering of Athens under the Thirty.—Alteration of Grecian feeling towards Athens—the Thirty are put down and the democracy restored.—The Knights or Horsemen, the richest proprietors at Athens, were the great supporters of the Thirty in their tyranny.—The state of Athens, under the Thirty, is a sample of that which occurred in a large number of other Grecian cities, at the commencement of the Spartan empire.—Great power of Lysander—he establishes in most of the cities Dekarchies, along with a Spartan harmost.—Intimidation exercised everywhere by Lysander in favor of his own partisans.—Oppressive action of these Dekarchies.—In some points, probably worse than the Thirty at Athens.—Bad conduct of the Spartan harmosts—harsh as well as corrupt. No justice to be obtained against them at Sparta.—Contrast of the actual empire of Sparta, with the promises of freedom which she had previously held out.—Numerous promises of general autonomy made by Sparta—by the Spartan general Brasidas, especially.—Gradual change in the language and plans of Sparta towards the close of the Peloponnesian war.—Language of Brasidas contrasted with the acts of Lysander.—Extreme suddenness and completeness of the victory of Ægospotami left Lysander almost omnipotent.—The dekarchies became partly modified by the jealousy at Sparta against Lysander. The harmosts lasted much longer.—The Thirty at Athens were put down by the Athenians themselves, not by any reformatory interference of Sparta.—The empire of Sparta much worse and more oppressive than that of Athens.—Imperial Athens deprived her subject-allies of their autonomy, but was guilty of little or no oppression.—Imperial Sparta did this, and much worse—her harmosts and decemvirs are more complained of than the fact of her empire.—This more to be regretted, as Sparta had now an admirable opportunity for organizing a good and stable confederacy throughout Greece.—Sparta might have reörganized the confederacy of Delos, which might now have been made to work well.—Insupportable arrogance of Lysander—bitter complaints against him, as well as against the dekarchies.—Lysander offends Pharnabazus, who procures his recall. His disgust and temporary expatriation.—Surrender of the Asiatic Greeks to Persia, according to the treaty concluded with Sparta.—Their condition is affected by the position and ambitious schemes of Cyrus, whose protection they seek against Tissaphernes.—After the death of Cyrus, Tissaphernes returns as victor and satrap to the coast of Asia Minor.—Alarm of the Asiatic Greeks, who send to ask aid from Sparta. The Spartans send Thimbron with an army to Asia. His ill-success and recall—he is superseded by Derkyllidas.—Conduct of the Cyreians loose as to pillage.—Derkyllidas makes a truce with Tissaphernes, and attacks Pharnabazus in the Troad and Æolis.—Distribution of the Persian empire; relation of king, satrap, sub-satrap.—Mania, widow of Zênis, holds the subsatrapy of Æolis under Pharnabazus. Her regular payment and vigorous government.—Military force, personal conquests, and large treasures, of Mania.—Assassination of Mania, and of her son, by her son-in-law Meidias, who solicits the satrapy from Pharnabazus, but is indignantly refused.—Invasion and conquest of Æolis by Derkyllidas, who gets possession of the person of Meidias.—Derkyllidas acquires and liberates Skêpsis and Gergis, deposing Meidias, and seizing the treasures of Mania.—Derkyllidas concludes a truce with Pharnabazus, and takes winter quarters in Bithynia.—Command of Derkyllidas—satisfaction of Sparta with the improved conduct of the Cyreians.—Derkyllidas crosses into Europe, and employs his troops in fortifying the Chersonesus against the Thracians.—He captures and garrisons Atarneus.—He makes war upon Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, upon the Mæander.—Timidity of Tissaphernes—he concludes a truce with Derkyllidas.—Derkyllidas is superseded by Agesilaus.—Alienation towards Sparta had grown up among her allies in Central Greece.—Great energy imparted to Spartan action by Lysander immediately after the victory of Ægospotami; an energy very unusual with Sparta.—The Spartans had kept all the advantages of victory to themselves—their allies were allowed nothing.—Great power of the Spartans—they take revenge upon those who had displeased them—their invasion of Elis.—The Spartan king Agis invades the Eleian territory. He retires from it immediately in consequence of an earthquake.—Second invasion of Elis by Agis—he marches through Triphylia and Olympia; victorious march, with much booty.—Insurrection of the oligarchical party in Elis—they are put down.—The Eleians are obliged to submit to hard terms of peace.—Sparta refuses to restore the Pisatans to the Olympic presidency.—Triumphant position of Sparta—she expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus and its neighborhood. 181-229