CHAPTER LXXI.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS, FROM THE TIME THAT THEY REACHED TRAPEZUS, TO THEIR JUNCTION WITH THE LACEDÆMONIAN ARMY IN ASIA MINOR.

Greek cities on the Euxine—Sinôpê with her colonies Kerasus, Kotyôra, and Trapezus.—Indigenous inhabitants—their relations with the Greek colonists.—Feelings of the Greeks on the Euxine when the Ten Thousand descended among them.—Uncertainty and danger of what they might do.—Plans of the army—Cheirisophus is sent to Byzantium to procure vessels for transporting them.—Regulations for the army proposed by Xenophon during his absence.—Adopted by the army—their intense repugnance to farther marching.—Measures for procuring transports. Marauding expeditions for supplies, against the Colchians and the Drilæ.—The army leave Trapezus, and march westward along the coast to Kerasus.—Acts of disorder and outrage committed by various soldiers near Kerasus.—March to Kotyôra—hostilities with the Mosynœki.—Long halt at Kotyôra—remonstrance from the Sinopians.—Speech of Hekatonymus of Sinôpê to the army—reply of Xenophon.—Success of the reply—good understanding established with Sinôpê.—Consultation of the army with Hekatonymus, who advises going home by sea.—Envoys sent by the army to Sinôpê to procure vessels.—Poverty and increasing disorganization or the army.—Ideas of Xenophon about founding a new city in the Euxine, with the army.—Sacrifice of Xenophon to ascertain the will of the gods—treachery of the prophet Silanus.—Silanus, Timasion, and others raise calumnies against Xenophon. General assembly of the army.—Accusations against Xenophon—his speech in defence.—He carries the soldiers with him—discontent and flight of Silanus.—Fresh manœuvres of Timasion—fresh calumnies circulated against Xenophon—renewed discontent of the army.—Xenophon convenes the assembly again.—his address in defence of himself.—His remonstrance against the disorders in the army.—Vote of the army unanimously favorable to Xenophon—disapproving the disorders, and directing trial.—Xenophon’s appeal to universal suffrage, as the legitimate political authority. Success of his appeal.—Xenophon recommends trial of the generals before a tribunal formed of the lochages or captains. Satisfaction of the army with Xenophon.—Manner in which discipline was upheld by the officers.—Complete triumph of Xenophon. His influence over the army, derived from his courage, his frankness, and his oratory.—Improved feeling of the army—peace with the Paphlagonian Korylas.—The army pass by sea to Sinôpê.—Return of Cheirisophus—resolution of the army to elect a single general—they wish to elect Xenophon, who declines—Cheirisophus is chosen.—The army pass by sea to Herakleia—they wish to extort money from the Herakleots—opposition of Cheirisophus and Xenophon.—Dissatisfaction of the army—they divide into three factions. 1. The Arcadians and Achæans. 2. A division under Cheirisophus. 3. A division under Xenophon.—Arcadian division start first and act for themselves—they get into great danger, and are rescued by Xenophon—the army reünited at Kalpê—old board of generals reëlected, with Neon in place of Cheirisophus.—Distress for provisions at Kalpê—unwillingness to move in the face of unfavorable sacrifices—ultimate victory over the troops of the country.—Halt at Kalpê—comfortable quarters—idea that they were about to settle there as a colony.—Arrival of Kleander, the Spartan harmost, from Byzantium, together with Dexippus.—Disorder in the army: mutiny against Kleander, arising from the treachery of Dexippus.—Indignation and threats of Kleander—Xenophon persuades the army to submit—fear of Sparta.—Satisfaction given to Kleander, by the voluntary surrender of Agasias with the mutinous soldier.—Appeal to the mercy of Kleander, who is completely soothed.—Kleander takes the command, expressing the utmost friendship both towards the army and towards Xenophon.—Unfavorable sacrifices make Kleander throw up the command and sail away.—March of the army across the country from Kalpê to Chalkêdon.—Pharnabazus bribes Anaxibius to carry the army across the Bosphorus into Europe—false promises of Anaxibius to the army.—Intention of Xenophon to leave the army immediately and go home—first proposition addressed to him by Seuthes of Thrace.—The army cross over to Byzantium—fraud and harsh dealing of Anaxibius, who sends the army at once out of the town.—Last orders of Anaxibius as the soldiers were going out of the gates.—Wrath and mutiny of the soldiers, in going away—they rush again into the gates, and muster within the town.—Terror of Anaxibius and all within the town.—The exasperated soldiers masters of Byzantium—danger of all within it—conduct of Xenophon.—Xenophon musters the soldiers in military order and harangues them.—Xenophon calms the army, and persuades them to refrain from assaulting the town—message sent by them to Anaxibius—they go out of Byzantium, and agree to accept Kœratadas as their commander.—Remarkable effect produced by Xenophon—evidence which it affords of the susceptibility of the Greek mind to persuasive influences. Xenophon leaves the army, and goes into Byzantium with the view of sailing home. Kœratadas is dismissed from the command.—Dissension among the commanders left.—Distress of the army—Aristarchus arrives from Sparta to supersede Kleander—Polus on his way to supersede Anaxibius.—Pharnabazus defrauds Anaxibius, who now employs Xenophon to convey the Cyreians across back to Asia.—Aristarchus hinders the crossing—his cruel dealing towards the sick Cyreians left in Byzantium.—His treacherous scheme for entrapping Xenophon.—Xenophon is again implicated in the conduct of the army—he opens negotiations with Seuthes.—Position of Seuthes—his liberal offers to the army.—Xenophon introduces him to the army, who accept the offers.—Service of the army with Seuthes, who cheats them of most of their pay.—The army suspect the probity of Xenophon—unjust calumnies against him—he exposes it in a public harangue, and regains their confidence.—Change of interest in the Lacedæmonians, who become anxious to convey the Cyreians across into Asia, in order to make war against the satraps.—Xenophon crosses over with the army to Asia—his poverty—he is advised to sacrifice to Zeus Meilichios—beneficial effects.—He conducts the army across Mount Ida to Pergamus.—His unsuccessful attempt to surprise and capture the rich Persian Asidates.—In a second attempt he captures Asidates—valuable booty secured.—General sympathy expressed for Xenophon—large share personally allotted to him.—The Cyreians are incorporated in the army of the Lacedæmonian general Thimbron—Xenophon leaves the army, depositing his money in the temple at Ephesus.—His subsequent return to Asia, to take command of Cyreians as a part of the Lacedæmonian army.—Xenophon in the Spartan service, with Agesilaus against Athens—he is banished.—He settles at Skillus near Olympia, on an estate consecrated to Artemis.—Charms of the residence—good hunting—annual public sacrifice offered by Xenophon.—Later life of Xenophon—expelled from Skillus after the battle of Leuktra—afterwards restored at Athens.—Great impression produced by the retreat of the Ten Thousand upon the Greek mind. 121-180