ii. 226

Rolle, his remark on the peers created by George III., i. 454

Romans, the, in Scotland, iii. 7. Character of their civilization in their best days, 8. Cause of their decline, 8, 9

Rome, causes of the persecutions of the Christians by the Emperors of, i. 185. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient, 267. Voltaire's services in purging the early history of Rome of its absurdities, 309, 310. Niebuhr's arguments anticipated by Voltaire, 310, 311. Montesquieu's the first account of the real history of Rome, 314. Machiavelli's views, 314 _note_. Vico's opinions, 314 _note_

Roses, wars of the, effect of the, upon the English nobles, ii. 138

Ross, Western, seized by the Norwegians, ii. 11. Annexed to the Crown of Scotland, 46

Ross, John, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107.

Rouelle, his geological labours, ii. 368

Roundheads, title first bestowed, ii. 149

Rousseau, J. J., his opinion of the works of Montaigne, ii. 18 _note_. Persecuted by the Government, 236. Influence of his works, 330. Enthusiasm of the nation in his favour, 331 _note_. Immense demand for his works, 331 _note_. Belongs to the Calvinistic sect, 345

Royal Society, avowed object of the establishment of the, i. 371

Rubis, De, his work on the European monarchies, ii. 270

Russia, cause of the war between Turkey and, i. 195. And of Russian predilection for war, 196

Ruthven, Raid of, iii. 103, 104

Sabbath, the Scotch, iii. 265

Sahara desert, its extent, i. 47. Condition of its inhabitants, 48

Sailors, causes of the superstitions of, i. 375, 379

Saint-Fargeau, Pelletier de, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Saint Lambert, his professed atheism, ii. 352

Salamanca, reply of the University of, when urged to teach the physical sciences, i. 125 _note_

Sales, Delisle de, persecuted for his writings, ii. 237

Sancroft, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392. Dr. Birch's opinion of him, 392 _note_. His attempts to convert James II. to Protestantism, 395 _note_. His open disloyalty, 401, 407, 408

Sandoval, Spanish historiographer, ii. 480

Sanscrit, character of the works written in, i. 132, 133. And of the Sanscrit language, 134 _note_

Saracens, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 312

Saragossa besieged by Childebert and Clotaire, ii. 435 _note_

Saumaise, his opinion of the English people of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 _note_

Saumur, decisions of the Protestant assembly at, ii. 56

Saveur, considered as the inventor of acoustics, ii. 190 _note_

Saxe, Maurice de, his treatment of the actress Chantilly, ii. 243

Saxo Grammaticus, confusion in his life of Ragnar Lodbrok, i. 298

Scandinavia, causes of error in the early history of, i. 300. The elder and younger Eddas, 301. Pork the chief food of the Scandinavians in early times, 314 _note_. Scandinavian pirates in Scotland, iii. 5

Scepticism; the spirit of doubt the necessary precursor of improvement, i. 334. Hence the immense importance of scepticism, 335. First open appearance of scepticism in England and France, 336. Authorities as to the increase of scepticism in England since the latter part of the eighteenth century, 356 _note_. What the author means by the term scepticism, 357 _note_. Degree of suffering produced on some minds, 357. Legislative improvements of the reign of Charles II. caused by the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. Encouragement given to scepticism by the conduct of the clergy, 414. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies early in the eighteenth century, 427. First appearance of scepticism in France, ii. 14. Rabelais, 15. Intimate connexion between scepticism and toleration in France, 16. Montaigne, the first systematic sceptic in that country, 16. The first open declaration of scepticism in France, 18. Reason why scepticism was favoured by Henry IV. of France, 23. Scepticism of Hooker and Chillingworth, and of Montaigne and Descartes, 86, 87. Spread of scepticism in France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95 _note_. Analogy between the progress of scepticism in England and France, 103, 104. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 109. Commencement of the struggle between the advocates of inquiry and the advocates of belief, 109, 110. Rise and extent of historical scepticism, 261. The first sceptical book in the French language, by Montaigne, 266

Schism Act, passing of the, i. 452

Scholastic prejudices overthrown by Descartes, ii. 92

Science unknown to the Egyptians, i. 49. Relation between inventions, discoveries, and method, ii. 386, 387

Scotland, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce, i. 75. Character of the method of investigation of the great thinkers of, 245. Cause and effect of the divergence and hostility between the practical and speculative classes of, 246. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Superstition, intolerance and bigotry of the clergy and people, 264, 265. The bards of Scotland, 292 _note_. Origin of the Scotch people, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, 312. Abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, by William III., 406. Condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, iii. 1 _et seq._ Scotland and Spain compared as to loyalty, 2. Similarity of the two countries as to superstition, 4. Investigation of the causes of Scotch liberality in politics united with illiberality in religion, 4 _et seq._ Influence of the physical geography of the country on the course of events, 5. Scotch roads in the seventeenth century, 5 _note_. The Roman invasion, 7. The Irish invasion, 9. The Norwegian invasion, 10. Attacks of the English, 12. Immediate consequences of their struggle with the English in the Scottish character, 13. Agriculture stopped, 16. Cannibalism, 17. Wars on the borders, 18. The growth of towns stopped by the wars, and the power of the nobles thereby increased, 18. Circumstances favourable to the authority of the nobles, 19. Weakness of the Crown, 20, 21. Ravages of the Highlanders, 21, 22. Prevalence of barter, 23. Industry impossible, and the commonest arts unknown, 23, 24. Dirty habits of the people, 25 _note_. Scanty population of the Scotch towns, 26 _et seq._ Their utter feebleness, 32. Causes of the alliance of the Crown with the Church, 34. Superstition of Scotland, and its causes, 35, 36. Witchcraft, 37. Ignorance of the upper and lower classes, 41, 42. Triumph of the aristocracy over the Church and Crown, 43. Their subsequent decline, 43. Condition of Scotland in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 45. Vigorous measures of Albany against the nobles, 45. And of James I., 46. And of James II., 49. Clanship, 50. The Crown encouraged by the clergy against the nobles, 54. Struggle in consequence, 55 _et seq._ The Reformation in Scotland the result of this struggle, 62. Battle of Solway and death of James V., 68, 69. Murder of Cardinal Beaton, 74. Career of John Knox, 75. Influence of the Guises, 77, 78. Mary of Guise deposed from the Regency, 80. Treaty of Berwick, 81. Supremacy of the nobles established, and destruction of the Church, 81. Quarrel between the nobles and the preachers about the wealth of the Church, 84. Presentation of the First Book of Discipline, 87. The shares of the new and old clergy, 87. The nobles said to have been instigated by the devil, 88. Persecution of the new clergy by Morton, at the head of the nobles, 91. The consequent rupture between Church and State, 93. The struggle under the leader, ship of Andrew Melville, 94. Attack on the bishops, ending with the abolition of episcopacy, 94 _et seq._ The Second Book of Discipline, 98. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violent language used by the clergy, Melville's personal insult to the King, 110. The Gowrie conspiracy, 110. Boons conferred upon their country by the clergy, 112. Condition of Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 115 _et seq._ Attempts of James VI. (now James I. of England) to subjugate the clergy, 115. He forces episcopacy upon them, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The reaction, and its causes, 129. Framing of the National Covenant, 132. Overthrow of the Bishops, 133. Oppressions of Charles II., 137-139. His attempts to establish a permanent despotism baffled, 140. Episcopacy re-established, 141. Dragonnades in the west, 143, 144. Cruelties of James II., 147. Consequences of the alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 147. The reaction of 1688, 151. Causes of the rebellion of the Highlanders in 1715 and 1745 in favour of the Stuarts, 153. Insignificance into which the Highlanders sank after 1745, 157. Beginning of the trading spirit, 160. Connexion between the rise of the trading spirit and the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, 161, 162. Armour ceased to be worn, 161. Causes of the decline of the power of the nobles, 162, 167. Treatment which they received in London, 163, 164. Rage in Scotland for speaking with an English accent, 163 _note_. Causes of the abolition of clanship, 167, 168. Sudden rise of trading and manufacturing interests, 171. Their growth assisted by the union with England, 172. Facts illustrative of the history of Scotch industry down to the middle of the eighteenth century, 178 _et seq._ The first banks in Scotland, 181. Rise of a new and splendid literature, 183. Which, however, fails to diminish the national superstition, 184. Recapitulation of the history of the struggle with episcopacy, 191 _et seq._ Cromwell's chain of fortresses in Scotland, 194. Causes of the war of the people against Charles I., 197. Events which produced the solemn League and Covenant, 198. Effect and cause of Scotch superstition, 203. Zeal of the people to hear sermons of inordinate frequency and of terrible length, 203. Effect of the pretensions and arrogance of the clergy on the Scotch mind, 203, 269 _et seq._ Examination of Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. And of Scotch physical philosophy, 361. Superstition and illiberality in religion still existing in Scotland, 469. Notions countenanced there respecting the origin of epidemics, 471. Correspondence between the Presbytery of Edinburgh and Lord Palmerston on the origin of the cholera in 1853, 473

Sculpture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Segovia, appearance of, in 1659, ii. 503 _note_. Decline of the silk and wool manufactures of, 503 _note_

Seiks, cause of their superstition respecting the wounds inflicted by the tiger, i. 125 _note_

Serpent, worship of the, i. 126 _note_

Serra, his views as to the exportation of the precious metals, i. 212 _note_

Serres, historiographer of France, importance attached by him to correct dates in history, ii. 267

Severus, his expedition against Scotland, iii. 8

Sévigné, Madame, her name for Queen Mary, consort of William III., ii. 214 _note_

Seville, decline of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501

Sewell, Mr., his remarks on the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, i. 394 _note_

Sexes, proportion kept up by the law of Nature in the births of the, i. 168. Opinions respecting the origin of the, 170 _note_, 173 _note_. Method by which the discovery of the proportion has been made, 172

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_

Shakspeare, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_. His pure English, ii. 307 _note_

Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, iii. 141. His cruelty and rapacity, 141

Sheldon, Gilbert, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391, 392

Shetland Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

'Siam, History of,' by Turpin, ii. 238

Silk trade of Toledo, lost, ii. 502

Sinclair, Sir John, his services to statistical science, i. 33 _note_

Sion College, the only public library in London at the end of the seventeenth century, i. 431 _note_

Sigfussen Sæmund, his compilation of the Elder Edda, i. 301

Silesia, origin of the name of, i. 312

Simson, Professor Robert, his efforts to revive the pure Greek geometry, i. 247. Notice of him, 247 _note_. His reasons for recommending the old analysis, 248 _note_

Sines, law of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 278

Sins, specimens of the, invented by the Scotch clergy, iii. 261

Siva, antiquity of the worship of, in India, i. 141. How represented by the Hindus, 141. His wife Doorga or Kali, 141

Skye, Isle of, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11

Slavery, favour with which it was regarded by George III., i. 447, 463. Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England, ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129

Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 _note_

Smith, Adam, publication of his 'Wealth of Nations,' i. 214. Its influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws, 214 _note_. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical investigation, 249. French translations of his 'Theory of the Moral Sentiments,' ii. 219. And of his 'Wealth of Nations,' 219. Examination of his philosophy, as shown together in the 'Moral Sentiments' and in the 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Cullen, 417

Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391

Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278, 279

Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of arriving at social truth, ii. 1

Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek minds, i. 357

Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47. The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, 96

Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379

Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418

Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480

Solway, battle of, iii. 68

Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452

Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237

Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies to Carpentras, 33

Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the different theories of space, 161 _note_

Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former ages, 314 _note_. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing scepticism late in the last century, 336 _note_. Outline of the history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes, 428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432. Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434. Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's 'History of Spain and Portugal,' 438 _note_. Proofs of the power of the Spanish clergy, 437, 438. Harsh character of the Spanish laws against heresy and the Jews, 438. The eight centuries of struggle between the Arabs and Spaniards, 439, 440. Effect of the dangers of the Spaniards in exciting their superstitious feelings, 441. Their chest of relics in the Asturias, 441. Their miracles and dreams, 442. The three ways in which the Mohammedan invasion strengthened the devotional feelings of the Spanish people, 444. Capacity and honesty of Isabella in the war with the Arabs, 444. Ferdinand and Isabella's decree against the Jews, 445. The number of Jews actually expelled from Spain, 446 _note_. Domestic and foreign policy of Charles V., 446. His obedience to the tendencies of his age, 447-449. Character of Philip II., 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of persons put to Death by Alva, 451. Object of all the wars and negotiations of Philip II., 452. The Armada prepared to humble England, 453. Unshaken loyalty of Philip's subjects, 454, 455. Causes of the spirit of loyalty which has distinguished the Spanish above every other European nation, 455. The Arab invasion one of the causes, 456. The old ballads, 456. The poem of 'The Cid,' 457. Loyalty of the Spanish codes, 458. Consequences of Spanish loyalty and superstition, 461 _et seq._ Rapid progress of Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 463. Her territories in America and in other parts of the world, 464. Her military superiority over her contemporaries, 464. Her eminent literary men who were also soldiers, 464. Causes of her decline, 465, 467. Essential difference between English and Spanish civilization, 465, 466. The decay of Spain in the seventeenth century due to the weakness of her people, 470. The declining energy of the government the cause of the increasing influence of the clergy, 472. Davila's statement of the Spanish theory of government, 472 _note_. Flourishing state of the Church, 475. Her hold over the highest as well as the lowest intellects, 478, 479. Great numbers of works on Spanish ecclesiastical history, 483. Expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 483-485. Cruelty with which they were treated, 485-494. Effect of the expulsion of the Moors in impoverishing the country, 497. Steps which mark the decline of Spain, 500. Loss of population and of manufactures, 501-504. Increase of poverty, 504-506. Destruction of the military reputation of Spain, 506, 515. The whole kingdom unprotected, 509. Gangs of robbers and murderers in the capital, 510 _note_. The Austrian dynasty succeeded by the Bourbons, 513. Policy of the first Bourbon, Philip V., 513. The Dukes of Berwick and Vendôme, 515-517. The finances of Spain administered by Orry, 518. Alberoni Ripperda, and Konigseg, 519. Endeavours of foreigners to improve the country by weakening the Church, 521. The clergy forced to contribute to the taxes, 523. Alliances formed between Spain and the Mohammedans, 525, 549. Inertness and ignorance of the people, high and low, at this period, 526. State of medical science in the seventeenth century, 532. Foreign aid called in to remedy native ignorance, 536. Expulsion of the Jesuits, 546. Attacks made on the Inquisition, 547. Foreign policy of Spain under the influence of foreigners, 549. A prospect of the return of wealth opened up, 550, 551. Effects of the vigour displayed by Charles III., 552 _et seq._ Causes of his failure to produce permanent good, 553. Decline of Spain under Charles IV., 571. Endeavours in the nineteenth century to improve the country, 574. Causes of their failure, 575. Immense natural advantages of Spain, 583. Her great men, 585. Her progress prevented by national ignorance, 589. The essential vice of the Spanish people, 592, 593. Causes which keep Spain in her miserable condition, 593 _et seq._ Scotland contrasted with Spain as to loyalty and superstition, iii. 1

Stafford, William, his work on the theory of politics, 'A Brief Conceipt of English Policy,' i. 212 _note_

Stanyan's 'History of Greece,' ii. 218

Starch, amount of oxygen in, i. 62

Starvation, proximate causes of, i. 58 _note_

States-General of France, feebleness of the, ii. 121

Statesmen, why as a body they are always in the rear of their age,