ii. 307

Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124

Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65. Time of its introduction into that country, 65 _note_. The potato crop compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru, 111 _note_

Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 _note_

Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136

Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 325

Predestination, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the theory, 13. Calvin, Augustin, and the Manichæans, 13. Ambrose, 13 _note_. Writers on the absurdity of 'an omnipotent arbitrary deity,' 13 _note_. Barrenness of the hypothesis of predestination in a scientific investigation, 14. The doctrine of providential interference bound up with that of predestination, 19 _note_

Preëmption, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Prerogative, royal limits set to the, after the expulsion of the Stuarts, i. 402. None of our sovereigns since Queen Anne allowed to be present at state deliberations, 442 _note_. Reaction in favour of divine right, 445

Prescription, old customary French law of, ii. 115

'Presidial Jurisdiction,' by Jousse, suppressed, ii. 238

Press, efforts made by governments to destroy the liberty of the, i. 284, 285. Foundation of the public press in England, and its effect on English civilization, 386. Final abolition of the censorship over the, in England, 402. Practice of the English clergy of censuring all books that encouraged free inquiry, 414. First publication of Sunday newspapers, 431. Speech of Danvers as to the power of the press in his time, 484 _note_. War carried on in the reign of George III. against free discussion of the acts of the government, 488, 491. Vindictive prosecutions and persecutions of eminent men, 488. Importance of the press in England and France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99

Preston-pans, battle of, iii. 154

Prévost de la Jannes, his 'Life of Domat' suppressed, ii. 237

Prévost, his views as to the laws of the radiation of heat, ii. 362

Priapus, Voltaire's remarks on the worship of, quoted, ii. 303 _note_

Pride compared with vanity, ii. 163

Pride, Colonel, his origin, ii. 155

Primi, the Abbé, his 'History of Louis XIV.,' ii. 276. Thrown into the Bastille, 277

Printing, early knowledge of, in China, i. 302 _note_. Legislative restrictions in former times on, 386 _note_. When first generally practised in country towns, 431, 432 _note_

Probability, Romish doctrine of, i. 22 _note_

Profits, in what they consist, i. 52. Always reduced by high wages, 74

Progress, moral and intellectual, i. 174. Comparison of the moral with the intellectual element, 175. See Knowledge; Intellect; Man

Progress, social, inferences to be drawn as to the causes of, i. 224

Proselytism, why opposed by Charron, ii. 20 _note_

Protective spirit, effect of the prevalence of the, in France, in trade and in politics, ii. 106, 107. History of the protective spirit, and comparison of it in France and England, 108. This spirit not destroyed by the feudal system, but only assumed a new shape, 111. New form of the protective spirit which continues in France to the present time, 122. The results compared in France and England, 126. Activity of the protective spirit in France, as shown by the history of chivalry, 131-134. Effect of this spirit carried into religion at the period of the Reformation, 137. Attempts of Charles I. to revive the old protective spirit, 147. Results of the energy of the protective spirit on the issue of the Fronde, 160-174. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, and its result, 176 _et seq._ Lamentable results of the system of patronage in the reign of Louis XIV., 202. Reasons why government patronage should take a wrong course, 203. Illustrations of, 206. Reaction against the protective spirit in France, and preparations for the French Revolution, 213, 226

Protestantism, compared with Roman Catholicism, i. 261. Intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of Sweden, 264. Intolerance of Protestants compared with that of the Catholics, ii. 51. Policy of Mazarin as to the French Protestants, 96 _et seq._ The war of Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Refusal of Henry IV. of France to punish them at the request of the pope, 22, 23. The King's measures for their protection, 23, 24. The Edict of Nantes confirmed by Catherine de Medici and by Louis XIII., 25. Richelieu's liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37-39, 42. The Protestant Confederation of 1633, 39. Desertion of the Protestant leaders, and consequent fall of the Protestant party into the hands of the clergy, 47-50. De Rohan and his brother the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. Causes of the intolerance of the French Protestants, 50, 51. Causes which produced their former superstition, 52-54. Evidence of their intolerance, 55. Decisions of the assembly at Saumur, 56. And of other assemblies, 57. Their interference in the functions of government and in other matters, 60. Bitterness of feeling exhibited in the works put forth by them, 61. Join the rebellion under Condé, and are defeated, 61. Their rebellion in Béarn, 61, 62. Civil war raised by them, and its character, 63. Their wealth, accumulated by industry and piracy, 63. The General Assembly of La Rochelle and its decisions, 64, 65. The consequent civil war, 66. Treaties of Montpelier and La Rochelle, 66. Interference of the Protestants in the commonest occurrences of life, 68. Results which would have happened to France if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 71, 72. The rebellion of the Protestants put down by Richelieu, who, however, refuses to persecute them, 73. Siege of La Rochelle, 74. Civil rights conceded to Protestant by a royal edict, 335

Providential interference, doctrine of, i. 19 _note_

Prussia, Extent of popular superstitions in, i. 238 _note_. Origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Punishments future, Charron's views as to the doctrine of, ii. 22 _note_

Punjab, Arab conquest of the, i. 46.

Puppet-shows forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Puritans, their government of England, i. 360. Their fanaticism, and little superstition, 361. Instances of their ignorance of the real principles of government, 361

Purveyance, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Pyramids of Egypt, a testimony of the degraded condition of the people, i. 90, 92. Weight of the great pyramid, 90 _note_. Hypotheses as to the purposes for which they were built, 90 _note_. Estimate of the expense of building one of the pyramids, 91 _note_

Pyrenees, treaty of the, signed by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98

Quæns, historical error to which their name gave rise, i. 298

Quid emptores, statute of, ii. 119

Quiché Indians, corrupt Christianity of the, i. 265 _note_

Quinault, the poet of French music, ii. 207

Rabelais, not the first French sceptic, ii. 15, 16. His ridicule of the clergy, 15. Difference between him and Montaigne, 16

Racine, his works, ii. 208. Pensioned to write a history of France for Louis XIV., ii. 277

Rae, Mr., his inquiry into the method of investigation which political economists ought to follow, i. 250 _note_

Ragi, use of the grain called, in the south of India, i. 71

Ragnar Lodbrok, confusion in Saxo-Grammaticus's life of, i. 298

Raikes, Robert, his organization of Sunday schools, i. 430 _note_

Railways, effect of, in correcting national prejudices, and in diffusing desires for peace, i. 221-223

Rainbow, the causes of the, detected by Descartes, ii. 79. Notions of the Hebrews and of other nations respecting the, 79 _note_

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his military genius and works, i. 200

Ravaillac, murders Henry IV. of France, ii. 24. Accounts of him, 24 _note_

Raynal, l'Abbé, suppression of his work on the Indies, ii. 236

Reading clubs, formation of, i. 433

Reaumur, appearance of his work on the natural history of animals, ii. 197 _note_

Rebellion, the Great English, causes which gave rise to, ii. 147. Characteristics of the, 148. Difference between it and the Fronde, 149. Conduct of the nobles, 151, 152. The true character of the Rebellion, 154. Plebeian origin of the leaders, 155-159. Causes of its success, 174, 175

Reboulet, suppression of his 'History of Clement XI.,' ii. 238

Red Sea Canal, number of lives sacrificed in the construction of the, i. 93

Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr. Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 _note_

Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard Hooker, i. 351 _note_. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 _note_. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth century, 138-140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450. Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78

Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502

Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that of Bacon, 356

Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251 _note_. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254. Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity, 259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263-266. Baneful results of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage religious error, 281-285. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40. Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 _note_. Effect of the peace of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed against error than against virtue, 52 _note_. Causes of the energy and vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54. Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 _note_. Religious wars, massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of governments, i. 262

Rent, theory of, i. 51 _note_. Considered as a division of wealth, 53 _note_. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75. In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent, 250 _note_. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336

Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of,