ii. 115

Philip II. of Spain, his fondness for bacon, i. 314 _note_. His hatred of the Calvinists, ii. 341. His character, 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Object of all his wars and negotiations, 452. His celebrated Armada, 453. Supported in everything by his loyal subjects, 453. Ascendancy retained by him over the ecclesiastical hierarchy, 473 _note_. His cruelty to the Moriscoes, 485, 486. His character as a ruler, 468, 473. His part in the extension of the influence of the Church, 475

Philip III. of Spain, his cruelty to the Moriscoes, ii. 489

Philip IV. of Spain, his character, ii. 468

Philip V. of Spain, his accession, ii. 513. His policy, 513. Attacks the inquisition, but is unable to abolish it, 521. Opposed by his people in everything, 522 _note_

Philip the Fair, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private war, ii. 116

Philippine Islands, pure form of the Polytheism of the, i. 305. Spanish conquest of the, ii. 464

Philology, study of, i. 2. Buffier the only Jesuit whose name has a place in the history of abstract philosophy, ii. 342 _note_. Examination of the Scotch philosophy of the eighteenth century, iii. 281. Causes of the success of the deductive and not of the inductive method in Scotland, 282. The Scotch method compared and contrasted with those of Germany and England, 289, 290. Summary of the most important distinctions between deduction and induction, 290. Hutcheson's philosophy, 292. Adam Smith's, 304. Hume's, 331. Reid's, 348. See also Metaphysics

Phlebitis first recognized by Hunter, iii. 454

Phosphorus, amount of, in the brain, i. 57 _note_. First announced by Hensing, 57 _note_

Phrenologists, the principal obstacle in the way of the, i. 176 _note_

Phyllotaxis, ii. 397 _note_

Physical science, present state of, compared with history, i. 7. Physical, the natural precursor of metaphysical inquiries, 10 _note_. Remarks on the influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and over the character of individuals, 39. Effects of food, climate, and soil, 40 _et seq._ Democratic character of the physical sciences, ii. 409. Popular works of Desaguliers and Hill on physical truth, 432 _note_. Examination of the Scotch method employed in physical philosophy, iii. 361. The laws of heat, 362. Black's philosophy of latent heat, 367. Reasons why it is incumbent on physical philosophers to cultivate the imagination, 381, 382. Leslie's philosophy of heat, 383. Geological speculations in Scotland, England, and Germany, 388-393. Watt's invention of the steam-engine, 402. Methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of the composition of water, 403. Nature of the supposed difference between the organic and inorganic world, 407. Life probably a property of all matter, 408. Division of organic science into physiology and pathology, 411. Theory in science, 414. Hunter's idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. The deductive method supreme in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 462. The two methods compared, 462-464. Science the ally of religion, 477. Attempts of the clergy of the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. The term _natural_ science, in contradistinction to _supernatural_, as used at this period, 372 _note_

Physiologists, view taken by, of the origin of the sexes, i. 170. Probable causes of the small contributions of physiologists towards the power of predicting events, 171 _note_

Physiology, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 194. Glisson's services to, 196. Characteristics of the science of, iii. 410. Compared with pathology, 411. John Hunter's generalizations, 428 _et seq._

Piracy of the Rochellois, in the seventeenth century, ii. 63

Pistols, invention of, i. 206 _note_

Pitt, William, the elder, his reputation as a statesman, i. 449. Reason why he was hated by George III., 450

Pitt, William, his subserviency to George III., i. 447, 448. His abandonment of liberal principles, 447. Prosecutes and persecutes his brother reformers, 447 _note_

Plague, the Great, i. 387

Plants, effects of heat and moisture on, the geographical distribution of, i. 96

Plato, his conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of spectral phenomena or dreams, i. 16 _note_

Platonism, its natural precursor the atomic doctrine, i. 10 _note_. Influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the Logos, ii. 286

Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133. Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets, 294 _note_

Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 _note_

Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10

Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, 210-212. Movement of the eighteenth century, 213. Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' 214. His method of treating the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into the proper method of investigation, 250 _note_. French translations of the 'Wealth of Nations' in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour, according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333

Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this separation, 425-427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into politics, ii. 107

Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume, i. 251 _note_. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305

Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster, i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs,