i. 463

Pensions, literary, injurious effect of, ii. 183-187

Perjury, cause of the increase of, i. 281. Amount of, in England, 282 _note_

Persecution of the Christians under the Roman Emperors, causes of, i. 185. And of those of Spain, 187. Causes of the diminution of religious persecution, 188. Number of persons put to death in Holland and Spain, 189. Old theological theory of the justification of persecution, 344

Persia, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Causes of the absence of authentic information respecting the early history of, 303. The 'Shah Nameh' of Ferdousi, 303. Antagonism between Mohammedanism and the old Persian history, 303. Results anticipated from a decipherment of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, 304 _note_

Perth burnt by the English, iii. 14, 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30

Peru, physical condition of, i. 107. Exuberance of maize of, 109. And of the banana of, 111. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the people of, when discovered by the Europeans, 113. Rigid enforcement of caste in Peru, 114 _note_. Frivolous waste of labour of the Peruvians, 117. Their immense buildings, 117. The effect of earthquakes in Peru in encouraging superstition, 122, 123

Pestilence, superstitions respecting, i. 127. Pestilences 'the harvests of the ministers of God,' 130 _note_

Petit, Antoine, popularity of his lectures on anatomy, ii. 406 _note_

Pharamond, authorities for the existence of, ii. 265 _note_

Philip Augustus, his policy in regard to the French aristocracy,