ii. 286

Mohammedanism, area of the countries in which it is professed, ii. 286. Lofty ideas of the Mohammedan writers on the oneness of God, 287 _note_. The Mohammedans in Spain, 439

Molina, Tirso de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 480

Monboddo, Lord, his lamentation over the extinction of pedantry in English literature, i. 437 _note_

'Monconys, Voyages de,' i. 371 _note_

Money, notions of the use of, in trade, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, i. 210-212. Right of coining allowed to the aristocracy of France, but never in England, ii. 115

Monks, results of Latin being colloquially employed by the, of the Middle Ages, i. 271 _note_

Monotheism, forms of religion preceding, according to Hume and Comte, i. 250 _note_

Monsoons, causes of the, i. 102 _note_

Monstrosities, animal, discoveries respecting, ii. 396 _note_

Montaigne, Michel de, first appearance of his essays, ii. 16. Difference between him and Rabelais, 16. Regarded as the first French sceptic, 16. Opinions of Dugald Stewart and Rousseau of his writings, 18 _note_. Immense influence of his works, 18 _note_. Compared with Charron, 19. His scepticism compared with that of Descartes, 86. His the first sceptical work published in France, 266

Montalvan, Spanish dramatist, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 479

Montbarey, Prince de, character of his censures of Louis XV., ii. 406 _note_

Montesquieu, his erroneous notions as to political economy, i. 212 _note_. His knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 228. His the first information concerning the real history of Rome, 314. Character of his 'Spirit of Laws,' 314. His method, and its value, 315

Montgomery, Robert, appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, iii. 100. Excommunicated by the General Assembly, 100. Submits, 100.

Montgon, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 237

Montlosier, his geological labours, ii. 368

Moral truths, little changes which they have undergone, i. 180. Moral truths in the New Testament quoted from pagan authors, 180 _note_. Influence of moral feelings on individuals, but not on society in the aggregate, 228. Separation of theology from morals, 424. Consequences of this separation, 425-427

Morals, Charron's, the first attempt to create a system of morals independent of theology, ii. 19

Morellet, l'Abbé, his translation of the 'Wealth of Nations' into French, ii. 219, 239. His punishment in the Bastille, 240

Moriscoes, their expulsion from Spain, ii. 485 _et seq._ Number expelled, 494

Morris-dances forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mortmain, Machault's edict against, in France, ii. 332

Morton, the Regent, his persecution of the reformed clergy of Scotland, iii. 91

Mosaic cosmogony first impugned, i. 429

Mounier, his familiarity with the English language and English institutions, ii. 225. His proposal for the establishment of two Chambers in France, 225

Muhlberg, results of the battle of, ii. 446

Municipal privileges in England, ii. 119. Futility of, in France, 121

Murder, uniform reproduction of the crime of, i. 24, 25

Muscular system, waste or decomposition of the, i. 56 _note_

Music forbidden by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258

Muskets, the, of the fifteenth century, i. 206 _note_

Names, origin of the habit of generalizing, i. 297 _note_

Nantes, edict of, confirmed by Catherine de' Medici, ii. 25. By her son Louis XIII., 25. And by Mazarin, 96

Napier, Sir William, his military genius and works, i. 200

Napier, John, his discovery of logarithms, iii. 183

Naples, foundation of the city of, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, i. 313

Napoleon I., compared with Richelieu, ii. 27

Nasmyth, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 385

'Nations, Morals, Manners, and Character of,' Voltaire's, ii. 297

Nature, laws of, origin of the perception of the, i. 9. Causes of the disturbances in the laws of, 30. Influence and results of the general aspects of, on the human race in its infancy, 39, 118. Modes in which the energies of Nature hamper the energies of Man in South America, 106. Laws of the process by which the aspects of Nature influence the human mind, its natural movements, and natural progress, 119. Feelings inspired by the force and majesty of natural phenomena in tropical regions, 120, 121. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Comparison of the material phenomena of Greece and India, 139, 140. Instance in the proportion of births of the sexes of the regularity of natural laws, 168

'Nature, the System of,' publication of, ii. 351

Necessity, doctrine of, its displacement of the doctrine of Chance, i. 9. Origin of the doctrine, ii. 343

Necker, M., his Report on the Finances of France, ii. 329. Eagerness of the French to read it, 329. Character of the work, 330. His anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. His Calvinist opinions, 345.

Newspapers, first publication of, on Sundays, i. 431. Establishment of political ones, 434. And of the right to publish parliamentary debates, 435. Vast increase in the circulation of newspapers in the latter half of the last century, 439 _note_

Newton, Sir Isaac, his imagination i. 124 _note_. His death, ii. 374

Niebuhr, his arguments as to the early history of Rome anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 311. The three principles fundamental to his history which it is impossible to refute, 311

Nile, effects of the overflow of the, on the civilization of Egypt, i. 48, 49. Herodotus's expression [Greek: dôron tou potamou], 49 _note_

Nîmes, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Nobles. See Aristocracy

Nonconformists. See Dissenters

Nonjurors, the, amongst the bishops and inferior clergy, i. 408-412. The last of the nonjuring bishops, 412 _note_

Norfolk, Duke of, concludes the treaty of Berwick, iii. 81

North, Lord, overpersuaded by George III. to engage in war with America, i. 480 _note_

Norwegians, their invasion of Scotland, iii. 10

Nosology, the, of Cullen, iii. 426

Nutrition, M. Chevreul's generalizations of the laws of, ii. 198 _note_

Oaths, causes which have given rise to, in England, of every kind and in every direction, i. 282. Amount of perjury in England caused by legislation, 282 _note_

[OE]pinus, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362

Oils, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Okey, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Opinion, public, origin of the supremacy of, i. 209. The real cause of the abolition of the corn-laws, 273

Optics, discoveries of Descartes in, ii. 78

Orders of chivalry, origin of the, ii. 132, 133

Ordinance, the Self-denying, passed, ii. 153

Oregon or Columbia river, the only river of importance on the western coast of North America, i. 97

Orkney Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

Orleans, Duke of, his residence in England, ii. 226

Osteology, comparative, Ambrose Paré's contributions to, ii. 195

Owen, Professor, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 384, 385. His services to comparative anatomy, 386

Oxford, effort of the clergy to instil their principles at, i. 442 _note_. Pitt's denunciation, 442 _note_. Execution of the first heretic at, ii. 109

Oxygen in food, i. 55 _et seq._

Paganism, large amount of, existing in every Christian sect, i. 260 _note_

Paisley, population of, in 1700, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 176

Palæontology, Cuvier the founder of, ii. 369. Its importance to geology, 369 _note_. Daubenton's labours, 371. Owen's, 386

Palatine, endeavours of Richelieu to save the, ii. 38 _note_

Paley, Dr., effect of his utilitarian moral system, i. 426 _note_

Palm-tree, the date, its importance in Africa, i. 83, 84

Palm-wine, of Africa, i. 84 _note_

Paravicino, Spanish poet, his sermons, ii. 480

Paré, Ambroise, his eminence in surgery, ii. 195. One of the founders of comparative osteology, 195

Paris, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 310. State of the pulpit oratory of, in 1771, ii. 348

Paris, Mathew, his statement as to the reason why Mohammedans refuse to eat pork, i. 315. Sismondi's eulogy of him as an historian, 315 _note_

Parliament, gradual diminution of the number of ecclesiastics in, i. 416, 417. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Establishment of the right to publish the debates in Parliament, 435. And of the doctrine of personal representation, 435

Parr, Dr., classical style of his English, ii. 307

Pascal, Blaise, period in which he flourished, ii. 189. His great works, 189. His 'Provincial Letters,' 209

Pathology, characteristics of, iii. 410. Compared with Physiology, 411. Account of the generalizations of Cullen and of Hunter, 413. Difference between the science of pathology and the art of therapeutics, 416. Cullen's theory of the solids and fluids, 418. His theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426. His services to pathology, 429, 447

Patin, his opinion of the English of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 _note_

Patronage of literature. See Protective spirit

Pecquet, his discovery of the chyle, ii. 194

Pedantry of ancient English authors, i. 436. Discarded for a lighter style, 437

Pelagius, his doctrines as to free will, ii. 338. Absence of the speculative spirit in, 342. His learning, 342

Penal code, increasing severity of the, in the reign of George III.,