i. 312

Glasgow in the fifteenth century, iii. 26, 27. Rise and progress of, 175. The first bank at, 181

Gloves, Spanish manufacture of, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ii. 502

Goblets, game of, forbidden to be seen by French Protestants, ii. 70

God, Cartesian method of the ultimate proof of the existence of, ii. 89. Horrible notions of the Scotch clergy respecting, iii. 239

Gomberville, his refutation of the idle stories as to the extreme antiquity of the French, ii. 270

Gongora, the Spanish poet, ii. 480

Göthe, his obligations to Mallet's 'History of Denmark,' ii. 299

Gordon, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 _note_

Government, inquiry into the influence of, on the progress of society, i. 272. Illustrated by the abolition of the corn laws, 273. The most important measures of modern British legislation the result of pressure from without, 275. The best legislation the result of the abrogation of former legislation, 275. Injuries caused to trade by the interference of politicians, 276. Smuggling, with all its attendant crimes, caused by legislation, 277. Baneful effects of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth, and discourage religious error, 281. Consequent increase of hypocrisy and perjury, 281, 282. And of usury by the laws against usury, 283. Effects of legislation in hindering the advance of knowledge, 284. England less interfered with by government than other nations, 286. True duties of legislators, 287. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326-328. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of political degradation, 381

Gowrie conspiracy, the, iii. 110

Gracian, the Spanish Jesuit and prose writer, ii. 480

Granada, capture of, from the Arabs, ii. 440

Gravitation, Newton's discovery of the law of, ii. 191. Tardy reception of the law in France, 191, 192

Greece, condition of, contrasted with that of India, i. 138. Its area, 138. Its material phenomena, 139. Comparison of the Greek and Hindu divinities, 140. The hero-worship of the Greeks, 144. Statesmen, orators, and authors of ancient, 199. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient Greece, 267

Greek language forbidden by the French Protestants to be taught, ii. 69

Greek Church, cause of the small amount of authority possessed by the head of the, compared with that of the Latin Church, ii. 303

Greenock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 174

Grenobles, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Grew, Dr. Nathaniel, his botanical discoveries, ii. 199, 200

Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl), his remarks in the House on the subservient conduct of Pitt, i. 447 _note_

Grimaldi, prime minister of Spain, ii. 545

Grosley, his admiration for England, ii. 228. Suppression of his 'Memoirs on Troyes,' 238

Grotius, his principles of foreign policy compared with those of Vattel, ii. 40 _note_

Guibert, suppression of his work on 'Military Tactics,' ii. 238

Guise, the murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11

Guises, their influence in Scotland, iii. 77, 78

Guizot, his republication of Mably's 'Observations,' ii. 236

Gunpowder, invention of, i. 203. And of fire-arms, 204. Gunpowder first used in mining towns, 206 _note_. Influence of the invention of, in lessening the warlike spirit, 206-209

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his domestic and warlike policy contrasted, i. 200

Guthrie, the Scotch preacher, iii. 202 _note_, 204 _note_

Habeas Corpus Act, passing of the, i. 385. Effect of the suspension of the, in 1794, 496

Haco, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 11

Haillan, Du, his the first history of France, ii. 264. Character of his work, 264, 265

Hajin tribe, cause of their worship of the tiger, i. 125 _note_

Hall, Chief Baron, his charge to the jury in a case of witchcraft in 1665, i. 363 _note_

Hall, Sir James, his verification of the geological speculations of Hutton, iii. 401

Hardwicke, Lord, his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_

Harris, his account of the extinction of feudalism, i. 386

Harriss's 'Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,' the origin of Encyclopædias, i. 433 _note_

Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood, ii. 80. Denies the existence of the lacteals, 81 _note_

Haüy, his studies in crystallography, ii. 401

Heat, together with moisture, the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, i. 96. Difference between the heat of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98; and of South America, 100. French researches on the phenomena of heat in the last century, ii. 361. The laws of heat, iii. 362. The indestructibility of force and interchange of forces, 363. Black's theory of latent heat, 367. Leslie's philosophy, 383

Heat, animal food necessary for keeping up the, i. 55, 58. The blood-corpuscles and animal heat, 58 _note_. Heat disengaged by the union of carbon and oxygen, 58, 59 _note_

Heavenly witnesses, controversy on the text of the, i. 429

Helvétius, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 229. Persecuted by the government, 236. His professed atheism, 352. Analysis of his essay 'On the Mind,' 353

Hénault, his method of writing history, ii. 300

Henrion, his views as to fossil bones, ii. 371 _note_

Henry II. of England, his destruction of the baronial castles, ii. 114 _note_

Henry II. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Henry III. of England, his inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466

Henry III. of France, murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11. His zeal against heresy, 13. His affection for monks, 29 _note_

Henry IV. of France, his accession, ii. 12. His character as a ruler, 12. His apostasies, 13, 14. Publishes the Edict of Nantes, 14. Refuses to accede to the pope's request to punish the Protestants, 22, 23. His measures for their protection, 23, 24. His death, 24. Henry the first French sovereign stained with the imputation of heresy, 267

Henry IV. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 18 _note_

Henry VII. of England, his establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard, ii. 7 _note_

Henry VIII. of England, indifference of the people to his arrangement of the formularies of the Church, ii. 7. His bodyguard, 7 _note_. Character of his reign, 138

Henshaw, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297

Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question of, i. 176 _note_. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 _note_

Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11 _note_. Destruction by the legislature of the writ 'De Hæretico Comburendo,' 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish, ii. 109 _note_. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment of heresy, 438

Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144

'High-church' and 'low-church,' origin of the terms, i. 412 _note_

Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151. Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715 and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their chieftains, 156 _note_. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168

Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works in numbers, i. 432 _note_. His great success, 432 _note_

Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217

Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 _note_

History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1. Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5. Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's method of treating history, 251 _note_. Why the history of England is eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no change in religion, 301-304. The influence of the clergy the most active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities believed in consequence, 309-325. Beginning of the first improvement in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326. Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones, ii. 1, 2 _note_. Condition of historical literature in France before the end of the sixteenth century, 261. The Middle Age historians of France merely annalists, 263. Du Haillan's the first French history, 264. De Thou's work, 266. Sully's history, 266. Serres' view of the importance of correct dates in history, 267. Dupleix's 'History of France,' 268. La Popelinière's 'History of Histories,' 269. Improvement in the method of writing history in the seventeenth century, 270. De Rubis's work, 270. Gomberville's, 270. Berthault's, 270. Mezeray's great work, 271. The retrograde movement under Louis XIV., 273. As illustrated in the works of Audigier and Bossuet, 279. Reasons why history is superior to theology, 289. Bossuet's method of writing history compared with that of Voltaire, 291. Other historians by whom Voltaire's views were adopted, 299 _et seq._ His opinions as to feudality, 302. As to free trade, 304. As to political economy, 304. His demolition of the admiration entertained for classical works, and for the fables of early history, 306-312. Value of Montesquieu's method, 315. History separated from biography by him, 316, 317. Turgot's views of the duties of a historian, 321. Difference between certainty and precision in writing history, 325. The first and most essential quality of an historian, iii. 186

Hobbes, Thomas, his works, i. 390. Animosity of the clergy against him, 390. Encouraged by Charles II., 391. Popularity of his works at this time, 391 _note_

Hogg, Thomas, story of, and the 'factour,' iii. 214

Holbach, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219

Holcus arundinaceus, use of, as food by the Egyptians, i. 87

Holland, rescued by man from the grasp of the sea, i. 154. Number of Anabaptists put to death in, 186 _note_. The Dutch fleet in the Thames and Medway, 382. Proposal of the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. 38 _note_. Calvinism the popular creed of, 339. The war carried on by Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of heretics put to death by Alva, 451

Holyrood robbed by the English, iii. 15

Homer, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_

Hooke, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199

Hooker, Richard, his 'Ecclesiastical Polity' compared with Jewel's 'Apology for the Church of England,' i. 339, 340. And with Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 348. Connexion between the Reformation and the views advocated by Hooker, 351. Locke's opinion of his philosophy, 351. Compared with Chillingworth, ii. 86. His scepticism, 86

Horst, Dr., his work on the Golden tooth, i. 332

Howe, John, his exile, i. 398

Huguenots. See Protestants, French

Humber, origin of the name of the, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Hume, David, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 250, 426 _note_. His 'Natural History of Religion' and 'History of England,' 251. His views as to monotheism, 251 _note_. His 'Political Discourses' translated into French by Le Blanc, ii. 219. Examination of his philosophy, iii. 331. His want of imagination, 331. Importance and novelty of his doctrines, 333. His disregard of facts, 337. His method, 338. His injustice to Bacon, 338. His 'Natural History of Religion,' 343. Comparison between his method and that employed by Cudworth, 348

Humidity, together with heat, the causes which regulate fertility, i. 96. Difference between the humidity of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98. And of South America, 100. Relation between the amount of rain and the extent of coast, 99. The heavy rains of Brazil, 103

Hungary, disease in, from eating pork, i. 314 _note_

Hunter, John, account of his generalizations, iii. 428. His grandeur and obscurity of language, 428. Conflict of the methods employed by him, and the consequent result, 429-432. His industry in collecting facts, 433. His discovery as to the red globules of the blood, 436. His inquiries as to the movements of animals and vegetables, 439. His idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. His inquiry into the malformation of crystals, 443. His physiological and pathological inquiries, 447. His pathological speculations respecting the principles of action and the principles of sympathy, 450 _et seq._ Causes of the little influence which he exercised over his English contemporaries, 457

Hutcheson, Francis, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 248. Remarks of Sir J. Mackintosh and M. Cousin, 248 _note_. Notice of him, iii. 292. Examination of his philosophy, 292. Its results, tendency, and method, 295-300

Hutton, James, his attempts to explain the former changes of the earth's crust by reference solely to natural causes, i. 429 _note_. Establishes the first library in Birmingham, 431 _note_. Character of his geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Verification of his views, 401

Hyænas regarded by the Abyssinians as enchanters, i. 126 _note_

Hydrostatics, Boyle's discoveries in, i. 368 _note_

Hypocrisy, cause of the increase of, due to evil legislation, i. 281

Idolatry, the natural fruit of ignorance, i. 258

Ichthyology, fossil, researches of Agassiz in, ii. 383

Ignorance and idolatry, i. 258. The 'learned ignorance' for which many men are remarkable, 269

Imagination, special tendency of fear to inflame the, i. 120. Triumph of the imagination in the tropics, from this cause, 121. Instances in the case of earthquakes, 122. And in disease, 127. Imaginative character of the literature of ancient India, 132. The imagination controlled by the understanding in Greece 138-146

Imbert, his French translation of Clarke's 'Letters on Spain' suppressed, ii. 234

Impeachments, general effect of the abolition of, i. 386

Independence, personal, idea of, takes root, i. 436. First occurrence of the word 'independence,' in the modern acceptation of the word, 436 _note_

India, fertility and civilization of, i. 69. Character of the food of the people of, 70, 71. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in India in all ages, 72. Amount of rent paid by the cultivator in India in proportion to the gross produce of the land, 76. Testimony of Bishop Heber to the poverty of the labouring classes, 77 _note_. Provisions of the native laws respecting the caste of the Sudras, 78. And of the Brahmins, 79, 80. Character of the ancient Indian literature, 132. And of the religion and art of, 137. Contrasted with Greece in these conditions, 137. Absence of harbours in India, 138. Antiquity of the worship of Siva in, 141. The bards of, 292 _note_. Causes of trustworthiness in the early history of, 301 _note_. Antiquity of the history of, 302 _note_. Cause of the existence of this history, 303 _note_

'Individualisme,' De Tocqueville on the word, i. 436 _note_

Indulgence, Declaration of, of James II., i. 397. Refusal of the clergy to read it in their churches, 399

Indulgences, theory of, of the Church of Rome, ii. 339

Innovation, aversion of the aristocracy for, ii. 139

Inquisition in Spain, character of the founders of the, i. 187. Establishment of the, in Spain, ii. 446. The different punishments for heresy, 448. Attacked by Aranda, 547. The last heretic burned by the Inquisition, 548

'Inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,' the first constitution addressed, ii. 109

Insanity, former notions respecting, ii. 404. Pinel's views of the aberrations of the human mind, 404

Insects, incredible number of, in Brazil, i. 106

Insolvents, Burke's opposition to the cruel laws against, i. 463

Intellect, English; English literature unknown in France in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 213. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after this king's death, 214. Essential difference between the civilization of England and Spain, 465. Outline of the history of the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other subjects, 340. Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 347. The rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347 _note_. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 _note_. Sir Thomas Browne's works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society, 371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III. and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the Church, 416-418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism, 419-424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But increase in their numbers, 423 _note_. Final separation of theology from morals and politics, 424-427. Discoveries of geologists, 429. Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430. Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopædias, 433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors, 436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of George III., 446-455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 _et seq._ Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in 1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion, England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290.

Intellect, French, outline of the history of the, from the middle of the sixteenth century to the accession to power of Louis XIV., ii. 1. Greater power of the Church in France than in England, 4. As shown by the successful efforts of the clergy to withstand the Reformation, 4. This influence greater in France than in England during the sixteenth century, 6. Hence the impossibility of toleration in France, 7, 8. The civil wars in France conducted in the name of Christianity, 8. Internal condition of the country before the accession of Henry IV., 11. Beginning of toleration by the publication of the Edict of Nantes, 14. Appearance of scepticism, 14, 15. Rabelais and Montaigne, 15. Charron, 19. The party of the 'Politiques', 22 _note_. Decline of the ecclesiastical power in France, 26. Richelieu's endeavours to humble the French nobles, 28. Fails, but effectually humbles the clergy, 29. Favour shown by Richelieu to the Protestants, 37-39. Causes of the religious feuds of the seventeenth century, 55. Character of the civil war raised by the Protestants, 63-66. Efforts of the Protestants to suppress the thirst for knowledge, 69, 70. And to hamper and vex the people, 71, 72. The liberal policy of Richelieu only part of a much larger movement, 76. Illustration of this from the philosophy of Descartes, 77. Who is regarded as one of the founders of French prose, 80. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82. Progress of the French mind as shown in the very existence of the ideas of Descartes and Richelieu, 93. Spread of scepticism in France in the reign of Louis XIII. and during the minority of Louis XIV., 95. The anti-ecclesiastical spirit exhibited by Mazarin, 96. Injurious effects of the protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176-188. Proof that the literary splendour of his reign was not his work, 188. Effect of his protection in stopping the progress of science, 190. In mathematics, 191. And in astronomy, 191. Newton's discoveries neglected for forty-five years, 191. Absence of mere practical ingenuity in the reign of Louis XIV., 192. Few and insignificant improvements effected during this period in manufactures, 193. Decline at the same time in physiology, surgery, and medicine, 194-196. In zoology and chemistry, 197. And in botany, 197. Results which followed the decline of the national intellect in the reign of Louis XIV., 203 _et seq._ Reaction against the protective spirit on the death of Louis XIV., and preparations for the French Revolution, 213. Ignorance of the English language and literature at the end of the seventeenth century, 214. Causes of the junction of the French and English intellect after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Voltaire and his works, 216. Other authors, 216 _et seq._ Admiration for England expressed by Frenchmen, 222. Who disseminate liberal opinions which the government attempts to stifle, 228, 229. Persecution of literary men, 230-242. The avocat-general's proposition as to the publication of new works, 245. Reasons why French literary men at first attacked the Church and not the government, 247-251. Effects of the hostility of the French intellect against the state, 258. Rise and extent of scepticism in France, 261 _et seq._ The two epochs through which the French intellect passed during the eighteenth century, 327. Inquiries respecting political economy, 327-329. Eagerness of the French for economical and financial inquiries, 329. Influence of Rousseau, 330-332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault and his successors, 332-334. Concession of civil rights to Protestants, 335. Revival of Jansenism, and consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. Destruction of the French Church, 347. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions, 351. Tendency of the French intellect during the latter half of the eighteenth century to withdraw from the internal, and concentrate attention upon the external world, 351-353. Works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353-360. Researches as to the laws of heat, light, and electricity, 361-363. And in chemistry and geology, 364. The study of physical phenomena in connexion with the French Revolution, 375. Impetus given to zoology by Cuvier, 375. And by Bichat, 376. Reaction in France at the commencement of the present century, 388, 389. Researches in botany and mineralogy at the end of the last century, 395. And in the aberrations of the human mind, 404

Intellect, German. The Scotch method of philosophy compared with that of Germany, iii. 289

Intellect, human, sole source of the, ii. 89

Intellect, Scotch, examination of the, during the seventeenth century, iii. 191-280. And during the eighteenth century, 281-482. Barrenness of the Scotch mind in science in the seventeenth century, 284. Causes of this, 287. Results of the ignorance of the inductive or analytical method, 289. Scotland in this respect compared and contrasted with Germany and England, 288. Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Hume, and Reid, 292-360. Examination of Scotch physical philosophy, 361 _et seq._ Difference between the results achieved by Scotchmen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 458. The deductive method supreme in both centuries, 462. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century affected the nation so little, 465. Superstition and illiberality still existing in Scotland, 471 _et seq._

Intellect, Spanish, outline of the history of the, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, ii. 425 _et seq._ Influence of the clergy over the Spanish intellect, high and low, 479

Intellectual progress of man, i. 174. Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Mischievousness of ignorant men in proportion to their sincerity, 183

Interest, in what it consists, i. 52. Rate of interest in India in 900 B.C., 74. And in 1810 A.D., 75

Inverness burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22

Ireland, the potato the principal food of the people of, for above two hundred years, i. 65. Period of its introduction into that country, 65 _note_. Potato crops as compared with those of wheat, 65. Daily average consumption of potatoes in Ireland, 66 _note_. Evil consequences of the cheapness and abundance of food, 67. Idleness of the Irish at home compared with their industry abroad, 68 _note_. The bards of Ireland, 292 _note_. Their contributions to the early history of their country, 292 _note_. Injuries done to the traditions of the bards of, by clerical historians, 306. Pork the chief food of the Irish in the twelfth century, 314 _note_. Causes which have produced the present superstition of the Irish Catholics, ii. 53, 54. The Irish invasion of Scotland, iii. 9

Irritability, Glisson's anticipation of the truth respecting, ii. 196 _note_

Isomorphism, Mitscherlich's discovery of, in minerals, ii. 400

Italy, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Triumph of the imaginative and small proportion of scientific men in, 124

Jacobites, extinction of the hopes of the, i. 444

James I., political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. His attempts to revive the power of the nobles, ii. 147. His imprisonment in Scotland, iii. 103. Recovers his liberty, 104. Bearded by the ministers, 104. The Gowrie Conspiracy, 110. Ascends the throne of England, 115. Attempts to subjugate the Scotch Church, 115. His cruelties, 117. Forces episcopacy upon Scotland, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125

James I. of Scotland, attacks the nobles, and favours the Church, iii. 46, 47. Causes of his failure, 47, 48. Put to death by his aristocracy, 49

James II. of England, his accession, i. 395. Attempts of Archbishop Sancroft to convert him to Protestantism, 395 _note_. Services rendered to him by the Protestant clergy, 396. Alliance between the Roman Catholic King and the Protestant clergy, 396. Causes of the dissolution of this alliance, 397. His declaration of indulgence, 397. Establishes the first standing army in England, 397 _note_. Persecutions in his reign, 397, 398. Union of the Churchmen and Dissenters, and production of the revolution, 400. His character, iii. 147. His fiendish cruelty, 147-149. His ignominious flight, 151

James II. of Scotland, his treachery, iii. 49-52

James IV. of Scotland, his policy, iii. 56

James V. of Scotland, seized by the Douglases, iii. 57. His escape, 58, 59. Favours the Church, and punishes the nobles, 59, 60. Who bring about the Reformation, 62. Accepts the title of 'Defender of the Faith,' 62. His marriage with Mary of Guise, 63. Cause of his death, 69

Jamin's 'Thoughts,' suppression of, ii. 238

Jansenism, tenets of, ii. 343. Its introduction into France, previous to the time of Louis XIV., but suppression by him, 344. Its revival in the eighteenth century, and its effect on the democratic movement, 344. Its overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345

Java, early civilization of, i. 305. Causes of the loss of the historical traditions of, 305. Establishment of Mohammedanism in, 305 _note_. Period of the Indian colonization of, 305 _note_. Traditions of Java preserved in the island of Bali, 306

Jefferson, Thomas, his part in the French Revolution, ii. 418

Jeffreys, Lord, his cruelty, i. 397

Jehangueir, the emperor, his extraordinary wealth, i. 77 _note_

Jerusalem, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Jesuits, the, banished from France by Henry IV., ii. 23. Recalled, 23, 24 _note_. Services of the early Jesuits to civilization, 336. Their system of education, 336. Their incompatibility with the opinions of the eighteenth century, 337. Buffier the only Jesuit name in the history of abstract philosophy, 342 _note_. The order overthrown in France in the last century, 345, 346. Regarded as the instigators of Damiens' attempted assassination of Louis XV., 345. Expelled from Spain, 546

Jewel, Bishop, his 'Apology for the Church of England' compared with Hooker's 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' i. 340. And with Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 348

Jews, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the history of the, i. 257, 258. Importance of the history of the, according to Bossuet, ii. 285. Harshness of the early Spanish laws against them, 438. Decree of expulsion of Ferdinand and Isabella, 445. Number of Jews expelled from Spain, 446 _note_

Johnson, Dr., on free will, i. 14 _note_

Joubert, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Jousse, suppression of his 'Treatise on Presidial jurisdiction,'