i. 303

Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190

Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195

Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of this measure, 59, 60

Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte, i. 251 _note_

Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 _note_

Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386

Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111. Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 _et seq._ Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain the origin of feudality, 302

Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424

Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on, ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329. Burke's the first financial reforms, 464

Fire-arms, invention of, i. 206

Flanders, exports from, into Scotland, iii. 24

Food, effect of the supply of, among wandering and agricultural tribes, i. 8. Moral consequences of diminishing the precariousness of food, 9. Influence of food on the human race, 40. The two effects of food necessary to existence, 55. Influence of climate on the necessary kind of food, 56, 60. Connexion between food and the laws of population, 57, 66, 88. Carbon and oxygen in food, 60-62. Amount of carbon required in food in summer and in winter, 63. The potato, the principal food of the labouring class in Ireland, 65. Countries asserted to be more populous when the ordinary food is vegetable than when it is animal, 68 _note_. Character of the general food of the people of India, rice, 70. And of that of Egypt, dates, 83. Extraordinary fecundity of the maize and banana plants in America, 109-111. Instances from the animal kingdom, proving the connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, 148. French and German discoveries as to the functions of food, 367

Forbes, James, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 203 _note_

Force, indestructibility of, iii. 363

Forces, theory of the parallelogram of, i. 30

Forestalling and regrating, Burke's attack of the laws against, i. 462

Forgetfulness, laws regulating, i. 32

Fornication made a felony by the English Commonwealth, i. 361 _note_. Repeal of the law by Charles II., 362 _note_

Fossils, Daubenton's labours respecting fossil bones, ii. 371. Previous opinions as to, 371 _note_. Researches of Agassiz in fossil ichthyology, 383

Fourcroy, popularity of his lectures on chemistry, ii. 407 _note_

Fourier, his views as to the laws of the conduction of heat, ii. 362. His mathematical theory, 362

Fox, Charles James, his remark on good churchmen, i. 395 _note_. His declaration in the House of Commons against the arbitrary laws proposed for extinguishing the liberties of the country, 493

Fox, Henry his eminent statesmanship, i. 450. Causes of George III.'s dislike of him, 450. Burke's character of Fox, 450 _note_. Burke's rupture with him, 469

France, rent paid by the cultivator, in proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. French notions of the English people previous to the application of steam to purposes of travelling, 219. The history of England compared with that of France, 234. Debt which French owes to English civilization, 236. Effects of the interference of the government with the people, 236. The results of the suppression of scepticism in France compared with the exercise of individual judgment in England, 257. How and when the political institutions of France might have been saved, 258. Condition of historical literature in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 261-273. Proximate causes of the French Revolution after the middle of the eighteenth century, 325 _et seq._ The social changes of the French people immediately preceding the Revolution, 405. Instances of this, 406-412. Tolerance and freedom from superstition of the French, 263. Great numbers of smugglers in France in the last century, 279. The bards of ancient Gaul, 292 _note_. Corruption of Druidical traditions in Gaul by Christian priests, 306. Popular belief in the middle ages of the Trojan descent of the French kings, 309. Pork a common food in France in the time of Charlemagne, 314 _note_. Effects of the writings of Descartes, 329. Detestation of George III. of the French people, 448. Burke's epithets applied to France and the French at the time of the Revolution, 472. Effects produced by the French Revolution upon the policy of the English government, 484. First step towards an open rupture between England and France, 485. Effects of the execution of Louis XVI., 485

France, Causes which gave rise to the civil wars of the seventeenth century, ii. 56 _et seq._ Condé's rebellion in 1615, 61. Rebellion of the Protestants in Béarn, 61, 62. And at La Rochelle, 63-66. Results which would have happened if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 67-72. Breaking out of the war of the Fronde, 99. Importance of the press in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95. Analogy between the great civil war of England and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in France, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 _et seq._ Reasons why the feudal aristocracy were more powerful in France than in England, 113-118. In France every man either a tyrant or a slave, 119. System of subinfeudation, 119. Consequences of the early social divergence between England and France in the fourteenth century, 119-121. Futility of French municipal institutions, 121. Feebleness of the States-General, 121. Beginning of the tendency to centralization in France, 122. Its baneful effects, 122, 123. Machinery by which it is worked, 123. Number of civil functionaries in the country, 123 _note_. Mode of examining criminals in France, 124. And of preventing crime, 125. The education of the people controlled by the government, 125. The worst kind of monopoly established by the government, and its effects on the people, 126. The great power and tyranny of the nobles, 128. Slavery in France, 129. The inequality of taxation, 129. Privileges reserved to themselves by the nobles, 130. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, from the history of chivalry, 131-134. From the vanity of the French, 136. And from the practice of duelling, 136. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion, 149. Objects of the Fronde, 149, 150. Causes why a war of classes was impossible, 150. Results of the energy of the protective spirit and power of the nobles on the issue of the Fronde, 160. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162, 163. Examination of the consequences of the protective spirit being carried into literature by Louis XIV., 176. Servility of the people at this period, 177. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., 178. The subsequent dragonnades, 179. And their disastrous effects on the prosperity of France, 181. Universal decline of France during the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV., 210. Joy of the people at his death, 213. Indignities to which French literary men were subject in the eighteenth century, one of the precursors of the revolution, 230-242. Outrages committed by the upper classes in the same period, 243. Stringent cruelty of the French laws, 244. Proposal of the French avocat-general in 1780 respecting new books, 245. The crusade against Christianity in the last century, 247. Causes of the excessive loyalty of the French people, 249. War of opinion between France and Spain in the fifth and sixth centuries, 435

Francis I. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12

Franks, their conversion to Christianity and attack of their Visigoth neighbours, ii. 435

Frauds and Perjuries, security to private property effected by the Statute of, i. 385

Frederick the Great, contrast between his warlike and domestic policy,