ii. 224

Dunbar, town of, iii. 32 _note_. Scotch presbyterian view of the battle of, 201 _note_

Dundee burnt by the English, iii. 16

Dunfermline burnt by the English, iii. 16. Scanty population of the town up to the seventeenth century, 27

Dupleix, Scipio, his new method of writing history, ii. 268. His system of philosophy, 269

Dury, John, opposes episcopacy in Scotland, iii. 95. Banished from Edinburgh, 102. Brought back in triumph, 103. Preaches in favour of the Ruthven conspiracy, 104

Duvernet, his punishment for having written a history of the Sorbonnes, ii. 237

Earthquakes, tendency of the fear of, to inflame the imagination, i. 122. Effect of the atmospherical changes preceding earthquakes upon the nervous system of man, 122. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Effect of earthquakes in encouraging superstition, 123. The great earthquake at Sumbawa in 1815, 126 _note_. Frequency of earthquakes in Spain, ii. 428

Eclipses, feelings with which our fathers regarded, i. 376. Authorities as to the superstition excited by, 377

Edda, compilation of the elder and younger, i. 301

Edinburgh burnt by Richard II., iii. 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30. Houses of the poorer classes at this time, 31 _note_. Riot of 1637, 132. Foundation of the 'Edinburgh Society' for the improvement of manufactures, 181 _note_

Edward I. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 12

Edward III. of England, his attacks on Scotland, iii. 16. His cruelty there, 16

Egypt, causes of its wealth and civilization, i. 48, 49. Area of the cultivable land of, 49 _note_. Science unknown to the Egyptians, 49. Causes of their civilization as compared with the condition of the other races in Africa, 82. Fertility of the soil, and abundance of the national food, dates, 83-86. Cheapness of the dhourra of Upper Egypt, 86. Lotos bread, 87. The [Greek: kyamos] of Herodotus, 87 _note_. Encouragement given to the increase of Egyptian population by the fertility of the Nile, 87 _note_. Evidence of Diodorus Siculus and Herodotus, 88, 89. Testimony of the condition of the people afforded by the existing costly and stupendous ruins, 90, 92. The two ranks of society in Egypt, 91. Tenacity with which old manners and customs were adhered to by them, 116. Forms of the incarnation of the Deity presented by their artists, 143 _note_. Fifty-three cities of Egypt bearing the same name, 298 _note_

Election, doctrine of. See Predestination

Electricity, experiments of [OE]pinus, D'Alibard, and Coulumb, ii. 362. Popularity of electricity in France at the latter part of the last century, 407 _note_

Elizabeth, Queen, feelings of the nobility in the reign of, ii. 139. Her conduct towards the nobility and clergy, 143. Character of her government, 146

Emilius, Paulus, his 'Actions of the French,' ii. 264

'Encylopædia,' publication of the, in France, ii. 351

Encylopædias, invention of, i. 433. Harris's 'Dictionary' the first, 433 _note_

England, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce in, i. 75. Causes of the extinction of the love of war in, 198. The military classes in the twelfth century, 205 _note_. And in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 205 _note_. Reasons why the present history is confined to that of England, 231. Characteristics of the history of England compared with those of France, 232-236. With those of Germany, 237. And with those of America, 240. Reasons why the history of England is more valuable than any other to the philosopher, 242, 252. England less interfered with by Government, and therefore more prosperous than other nations, 286. Popular belief in the Trojan descent of the English Kings, 309 _note_. Secular philosophy of the seventeenth century, 329. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of the political degradation of the age, 381-386. These improvements due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. And to the vices and prejudices of Charles II., 388, 389. Proximate causes of the Revolution of 1688, 399, 400. Importance of this Revolution, 402. War between England and the American Colonies, 477-481. Importance of the success of the Americans to the preservation of the liberties of England, 482, 483. The unjust war against France in 1793, 486. And its effect in England in producing arbitrary laws, 487. Obligations England is under to the Roman Catholic clergy, ii. 5 _note_. Feeling of the English people as to theological disputes in the twelfth as compared with the sixteenth centuries 6, 7. Secular character of the civil wars in England, 7. Indifference of the people to the rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 7. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 _note_. Importance of the press in England in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99. Analogy between the great Civil war and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in England, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 _et seq._ The first instance in England of the execution of an apostate, 109, 110 _note_. Reasons why the aristocracy in France were more powerful than in England, 113. Period of the union of Normans and Saxons, 116. Union of the nobles and people in forcing the Crown to concede popular privileges, 116, 117. Origin of the House of Commons, 117. Sources whence the people imbibed their tone of independence, 118. Consequences of the social divergence between France and England in the fourteenth century, 119. The three most important guarantees for the liberties of England, 119, 120. The state of France under centralization contrasted with that of England under municipal government, 126, 127. Extinction of villenage in England, 128. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, 131. Feeble influence of chivalry in England, 134. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the nobles, 138. The clergy and nobles both weakened by Elizabeth, 143. Aristocratic character of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Character of the reign of Elizabeth, 146. Attempts of James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles and the old protective spirit, 147. Difference between the great English Rebellion and the Fronde, 140, 150. Abolition of the house of Peers, 153. The self-denying ordinance, 153. The leaders of the Rebellion, 155, 159. Barbarism and ferocity of the English people of the seventeenth century, according to the French writers, 214, 215. The results of the suppression of religious scepticism in England and France compared, 257. Prejudice existing in England against Voltaire, 313. Arminianism the popular creed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 340. But it gives way to Calvinism at the death of Charles I., 340. Singular dearth of great thinkers in England during the eighteenth century, 374. Progress of England, notwithstanding the unskilfulness of her rulers, 466. Amazement of Frenchmen at the liberty enjoyed by Englishmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 237

Enlistment for life, Burke's opposition to, i. 463. Enlistment for a term of years first authorized, 463 _note_

Ensenada, his endeavours to improve the state of Spain, ii. 535

Episcopacy, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 94 _et seq._ Andrew Melville called [Greek: hepiskopomastix], 97 _note_. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100, 191

Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 _note_

Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the democrats, ii. 151, 152

Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152. The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and modern military genius in, 199-202

Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of, i. 259-263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269

Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians respecting, 59 _note_. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 _note_

Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst us, 426 _note_

Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78

Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312

Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of, 155 _note_. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427

Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340. Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the gross absurdities of the, 428

Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243

Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120

Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320

Fénelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His 'Telemachus,' 276

Ferdousi, his 'Shah Nameh,' and its authority in Persian history,