ii. 306-308

Clergy, the influence of the, the cause of the corruption of early history, i. 307. Their meddling, inquisitive, and vexatious spirit, ii. 72. Supremacy of the clergy in the Dark Ages, 108. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 108, 109. And when the clergy began to punish men for thinking for themselves, 109. The first constitution addressed 'inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,' 109 _note_. Connection between the feudal system and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Causes of the alliance between the clergy and the nobles, 140. The clergy weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143

Clergy, English, attempts of the, in the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. Reasons for their hostility, 373. Destruction of the privileges of the clergy to burn heretics and tax themselves, 383. The tender of the ex-officio oath prevented by law, 384. Dislike of Charles II. of the clergy, 389. Causes of this dislike, 389. Character of his ecclesiastical appointments, 391. Efforts of the clergy in this reign to revive the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, 394. Good churchmen always bad citizens, 395 _note_. Alliance between the Protestant clergy and the Roman Catholic king James II., 395. Dissolution of this compact, 397. And union of the clergy with the Dissenters, 399. Which union produces the Revolution of 1688, 400. Sudden repentance of the clergy of their own act, 403. Hostility between them and William III., 405. Their growing unpopularity, 409. King William's deprivation of six of the prelates, 410. The consequent schism in the church, 411. Origin of the term 'high church' and 'low church' parties, 412 _note_. Adoption of the theory of the sovereign _de facto_ and _de jure_, 413. Encouragement which the clergy thus give to scepticism, 414. The church avoided by the ablest men, who prefer secular professions, 415, 416. The most honourable and lucrative posts formerly occupied by ecclesiastics, 416. Loss of the clergy of all offices out of the church, and diminution of their number in both Houses of Parliament, 416, 417. The last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state, 417 _note_. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Temporary rally of the church in the reign of Anne, 419. The clergy weakened by the Dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield, 419-424. Effects of the separation of theology from morals and from politics, 424-427. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies, 427. Diffusion of knowledge, and the popular form taken by it, 430. Opposition of the clergy to the establishment of Sunday schools, 431. Their factious and disloyal conduct during the reign of the first two Georges, 442. Joy of the clergy at the attachment of George III. to the church, 445. Their support of the policy of George III. against, and bitterness towards, the Americans, 479 _note_

Clergy, the French, greater power possessed by them than by the English clergy, ii. 3, 4. Their endeavours to suppress the progress of secular enquiry, 22. Their alarm at the protection given to the Protestants by Henry IV., Catherine de Medici, and Louis XIII., 26. Richelieu's treatment of the Clergy, and of the Protestants, 28-31. Animosity between the clergy and the secular tribunals, 32. Archbishop Sourdis ignominiously beaten, 32. Reasons why French literary men attacked the Church and not the Government, 247. And therefore to assail Christianity, 247. Personal character of the hierarchy during the reign of Louis XIV., 252. And during the reign of his successor, 252. Attack of the Government on the clergy, 332. Machault's edict against mortmain, 332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Machault hated by the clergy, 333 _note_. The power of the clergy weakened by the two hostile parties among themselves, 335. Decline of the respect entertained for the clergy, 348. Reasons why their fall was averted for a time, 349, 350

Clergy, Scottish, causes of the union of the Crown and the, iii. 34. Causes of the flourishing state of the clergy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 38. And of their great influence, 43. The Church favoured by James I., 46. Struggle between the Crown and clergy on one side and the nobles on the other, 55 _et seq._ Destruction of the Church, and supremacy of the nobles, 81. Abolition of episcopacy, 94. Struggle between the upper classes and the clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violence of the clergy, 105 _et seq._ Boons conferred by them upon their country, 112. Attempts of the King to subjugate the clergy, 115. His cruel treatment of them, 117-123. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The bishops overthrown, 133. But again forced upon the people, 141. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, and its consequences, 147. The struggle of the clergy with Cromwell, 194. And with Charles I., 197. Causes which produced the Solemn League and Covenant, 198. Character of the sermons and zeal of the people in hearing them in the seventeenth century, 203 _et seq._ The consequent extension and consolidation of the authority of the clergy, 206. Their great engine of power, the Kirk-session, and its tyranny, 206-210. Cases in which it was believed that their pretensions were upheld and vindicated by miracles, 212, 229. Their consequent arrogance, 220. Effect of their advocacy of horrible notions concerning evil spirits and future punishments, 232. And concerning the Deity, 239. Harmless and praiseworthy actions declared to be sinful, 252. Specimens of the sins invented by them, 261, 263. Their arbitrary regulations for punishing disobedience, 262. Their deductive method in philosophy, 286

Clergy, Spanish, rise of the influence of the, ii. 436-444. Proofs of their power, 437, 438. Consequences of the reverence for them, 461 _et seq._ Causes of their increasing influence, 472. Hold of the Church over all, high or low, 478-481. Use made by the clergy of their power in obtaining the expulsion of the whole of the Spanish Moors, 483. Forced to contribute to the support of the state, 522, 523. Deprived of their wealth by Mendizabal, 590. But re-endowed soon after, 591. The Concordat of 1851, 591, 592

Climate, its influence on the condition of the human race, i. 40. Its effect on the regularity and energy with which labour is conducted, 42, 43. Tartary, 45. Arabia, 45. The civilization of Europe governed by climate, 50. Influence of climate on the kind of food necessary for man, 56. And on his ease or difficulty in procuring it, 58. Modes in which the average temperature of a country affects its civilization, 95. Difference between the eastern and western coasts of North America, 97. Character of the climate of Spain, ii. 427

Clotaire, his attacks of the Visigoth Arians, ii. 435 _note_

Clovis, King of the Franks, his attack of the Visigoths, ii. 435

Clubs, establishment of, in France, at the end of the last century,