ii. 341

Causes, final, the study of, abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. And by Bacon and Auguste Comte, 91 _note_. Authorities for the injury it has wrought, 91 _note_

Caussin, 'le petit père,' exiled by Richelieu, ii. 29, 30

Cavaliers, the name and the English civil war, ii. 149

Cavendish, Henry, method employed by him in the discovery of the composition of water, iii. 403

Celibacy of the clergy, opposed by the principle of hereditary rank, ii. 113. Period of the first general and decisive movement in its favour, 113 _note_

Centralization, in France, the natural successor of feudality, ii. 122. Its baneful effects, 123. How the system actually works, 123 _note_. Its results in France compared with the freedom of England, 126, 127

Certainty contrasted with precision in writing history, ii. 325

Cervantes, becomes a monk, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 _note_

Chance, doctrine of, i. 8. Causes of its displacement by the doctrine of Necessary Connection, 9. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10

Chancery, Court of, early exertion of its powers against persecution, i. 345 _note_

Chantilly, the actress, story of, ii. 243

Character, knowledge of, a key to results and action, i. 18, 19

Charlemagne. His droves of pigs, i. 314 _note_. His history as related by Archbishop Turpin, 318

Charles I., character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. This king's attempts to revive the power of the aristocracy, and adopt the superannuated theories of protection, ii. 147. How treated by his Scottish subjects, iii. 4, 134. Sold by the Scotch to the English, 135. His execution, 136. Character of the war against him in England compared with that of the Scotch, 197

Charles II., frivolous form of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 362. His deism, 362 _note_. His last refuge in superstition, 362 _note_. Antagonism in his reign between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Legislative improvements of this reign in spite of political degradation, 381. Character of Charles II., and condition of the kingdom in his reign, 381, 382. Aid given by his vices to the comprehensive reforms of his reign, 388. And by his dislike of the clergy, 389. Character of this king's ecclesiastical appointments, 391. His inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466. Compelled by the Scotch to sign a public declaration, iii. 136. His oppressions of the Scotch, 137-139. His attempted despotism baffled by the Scotch, 140

Charles II. of Spain, his character, ii. 468-470. Misery of Spain during his reign, 501-510. His death, 513

Charles III. of Spain, vigour and success of his rule, ii. 552 _et seq._ His death, 571

Charles IV. of Spain, his accession, ii. 571. Reaction begun by him, 571

Charles V. the Emperor, his domestic and foreign policy, ii. 446. His humiliation of the Protestant princes in Germany, 446. His repulse of the Turks before Vienna, 446. Number of heretics put to death in the Netherlands during his reign, 447. His codicil to his will as to dealing with heretics, 448. Causes of his barbarous policy, 449

Charles IX., his massacre of St. Bartholomew, ii. 13

'Charles XII., History of,' Voltaire's, ii. 292. Charles's only merits, 293. Voltaire's admiration of him, 293. His murder of Patkul, 293

Charles the Bald, initiates a hereditary aristocracy in Europe, ii. 112

Charron, Pierre, reputation of his 'De la Sagesse,' ii. 19. Its purity and systematic completeness, 19. Analysis of the work, 20, 21

Charta, Magna, peculiar beauty of, ii. 117

Chateaubriand, his method, ii. 389 _note_

Chatillon, Marshal, ii. 43

Chauvelin, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Chemistry, the law of definite proportions in as laid down by Turner, i. 59 _note_. Boyle's discoveries in, 369. His 'Sceptical Chemist,' 370. Study of, forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69. State of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. The existence of chemistry as a science due to France, 366. Discoveries of Lavoisier, 367. Formation of a chemical nomenclature, 368. Inability of chemistry to reduce mineralogical phenomena, 399. Popularity of Fourcroy's lectures, 407 _note_

Childebert, King of the Franks, attacks the Arian Visigoths, ii. 435 _note_

Chillingworth, William, his 'Religion of Protestants,' i. 347. His connexion and correspondence with Laud, 347. His work compared with those of Hooker and Jewel, 348. The right of private judgment held sacred by him, 349, 352. Popularity of his work, 352 _note_. His scepticism compared with that of Hooker, ii. 86

China, gunpowder said to have been used at an early period in, i. 203 _note_. Causes of the trustworthiness of the early annals of, 302. Antiquity of the history of, 302 _note_. Early knowledge of printing in, 302 _note_

Chivalry, origin of, ii. 131. Influence of, on the nobles, 132. Results of the institution of, 132. Origin of the orders of chivalry, 133. Merits ascribed to chivalry, 133 _note_. Small influence of chivalry in England, 134. The ballad of the 'Turnament of Tottenham,' 136 _note_. Extinct in England in the fifteenth century, 135. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 136

Choiseul, De, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 333. Openly protects the Jansenists, 345

Cholera, attempts made to revive the theological theory of disease on the first outbreak of the, i. 128 _note_. And again in Scotland,