ii. 339

America, South, no great river on the western side of, i. 97, 98. Difference between the heat and moisture of the eastern and western coasts of, 100. Way in which the trade-wind is connected with the civilization of, 103. Physical condition of Brazil, 103-107. And of Peru, 107 _et seq._ Exuberance of the maize plant in Mexico and Peru, 109. And of the banana, 111. The Mexican and Peruvian kingdoms, and the effect of the physical laws under which they existed, 113-117

America, United States of. See United States

Anabaptists, number of, put to death in Holland, i. 189 _note_

Anatomy, experiments of Descartes in, ii. 80. State of the study of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197 _note_. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy with geology, 371. Cuvier's system, 376, 377. Bichat's labours, 378. Results of the study of the tissues, 383. Value of the examination of the teeth of animals, 384

Andrews, St., burnt by the English, iii. 14. The University of, founded, 40 _note_

Aneurism, Hunter's improvement in the practice of, iii. 456

Anglo-Saxons, free men of the, all trained to the use of arms, i. 203 _note_. War and religion the absorbing subjects among the, 204 _note_

Animal life, examination of Bichat's work on, ii. 390

Anne, Queen, effects of her love for the clergy, i. 419. Her want of abilities, as shown in her letters, 419 _note_

Antichrist, Audigier's statement respecting, ii. 281

Antinomianism, principles of Calvin leading to, ii. 338

Antiquities, study of, i. 2

Antiquity, harm worked by veneration of, i. 134. Marvellous feats of the ancients as recorded in Sanscrit works, 135. The Hindu poets' statements as to the duration of life in the early age of the world, 135. Undue reverence for antiquity, ii. 139. Voltaire's attack on the admiration entertained for old writers, 306

Antonio, Spanish bibliographer, ii. 480

Apostates, number of, produced by religious persecution, i. 189

Aquinas, Thomas, on the doctrine of providential interference, i. 19

Arabs, causes of their permanent barbarism in Arabia, i. 45. Their foundation of empires in Europe and Asia, 46. Their cultivation of astronomy, 47 _note_. Their conquests in Spain, ii. 439. The struggles which ensued between the Spaniards and Arabians, 439. Re-establishment of the Spanish Christian monarchy, and extinction of the Arab power, 440. Their expulsion from Spain, 485 _et seq._ Number expelled, 494. Their manufactures and system of husbandry, 497

Aranda, his attacks on the Inquisition, ii. 547

Archery, attempts to revive, in the reign of Elizabeth, i. 205 _note_

Architecture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Argensola, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Arian controversy, the, at the beginning of the last century, i. 427

Arianism established in Spain by the Visigoths, ii. 434

Aristocracy, commencement of hereditary, in Europe, ii. 112. Reason why the aristocracy possessed more power in France than in England, 113. Policy of William the Conqueror and of Henry II. in reducing the power of the nobles, 114 and _note_. Right of the nobles in France to wage private war, 115. But in England they were glad to ally themselves with the people against the Crown, 116. Instances of the power of the French nobles, 128. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the English nobles, 138. Aversion of the aristocracy to innovation, and reverence for antiquity, 139. Causes of the alliance between the nobles and clergy, 140. The noble class weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143, 145. Aristocratic characters of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Abeyance of the ducal order, 146. Attempts made by James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles, 147. Conduct of the nobles in the Great English Rebellion, 152. Determination of the rebels as to the nobles, 153. The House of Peers abolished, 153. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162. Instances of this, 164 _et seq._ Arminianism always connected with aristocracy, 339. Reasons for this, 341. Causes of the power of the nobles of Scotland, iii. 19. Coalition of the Crown and clergy in Scotland against the nobles, 34. Ignorance of the Scotch nobles, 40, 41. Causes of the decline of the power of the Scotch nobles, 162, 167

Aristotle, authority of, overthrown by Descartes, ii. 91, 92

Ark, the, of Auriol, i. 331

Armada, the Spanish, ii. 453

Armies, origin of standing, i. 206, 207, 397. And of the custom of employing mercenaries, 207. Computation of the proportion of soldiers to civilians which a country can bear, 208 _note_

Arminianism, connexion of free will with, i. 14. Its feud with Calvinism, ii. 338. Arminianism always aristocratic, 339. Arminianism the popular creed in England at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 339, 340. This doctrine one for the rich, 340. Causes of this, 341, 342. Arminianism more favourable to the arts than to the sciences, 342

Armorial bearings, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112

Arran, Earl of, regent of Scotland, iii. 70

Art, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 206-208

Arthur, King, history of, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 321

Aselli, his discovery of the lacteals, ii. 81

Asia, region of, in which wealth and progress can alone exist, i. 44, 45. The birthplace of almost all the cruel diseases now prevalent in Europe, 130

Asser, question of the genuineness of his Life of Alfred, ii. 249

Astronomy, the only branch of knowledge raised to a science by the Arabs, i. 47 _note_. Success with which it was cultivated by the ancient Mexicans, 112. Encouraged by Louis XIV., ii. 191. His eminent astronomers not French but foreigners, 191. Newton's discoveries, 191. Practical astronomy unknown in Scotland in the seventeenth century, iii. 285 _note_

Atomic theory, importance of the, ii. 364 _note_

Atheism, rise and progress of, in France, ii. 351. Publication of the 'Encyclopædia,' 351. The 'System of Nature,' 351. French atheists in 1623, 95 _note_

Atmosphere, consequences resulting from the weight of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 78

Atomic doctrine, the natural precursor of Platonism, i. 10. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10

Atterbury, Bishop, his remarks on the condition of the Church in the time of Anne and George I., i. 442 _note_

Audigier, examination of his 'Origin of the French,' ii. 279

Audra, his 'Abridgment of General History,' suppressed, ii. 238. His death, 239

Augustin, St., the doctrine of predestination first systematically methodized by, i. 13

Aurelius, Marcus, the Emperor, causes of his violent persecution of the Christians, i. 186

Averages, doctrine of, its importance, i. 23 _note_

Avocats-généraux, of the eighteenth century, their functions, ii. 245 _note_

Bacon, Lord, effect of his secular philosophy, i. 329. Translation of his works into French, ii. 218

Baikal, dangers of the Lake of, and their effect on the Baikal sailors, i. 376 _note_

Baillou, his advancement of pathology, ii. 195

Bali, Javanese traditions preserved in the island of, i. 306

Ballads the form and groundwork of early history, i. 291. National bards, 292. Antiquity of rhyme, 293 _note_. General accuracy of the early ballads, 295 _note_

Balls forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Banana, extraordinary reproductive powers of the, i. 111. Its nutritive powers as compared with those of potatoes and wheat, 111

Bangorian controversy, effect of the, i. 427

Bank, the first County, in Scotland, iii. 181

Bannockburn, battle of, iii. 15

Bards known in almost all nations, i. 292, 293. Those of Gaul, Scotland, and Ireland, 292 _note_. Cause of the extinction of the class of bards, 296

Bargeton, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 238

Bark, its discredit in France as a 'remède anglais,' ii. 214 _note_

Baron, different meanings attached to the word, ii. 114

Barrow, Isaac, his virtues and abilities, i. 393. Neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393

Barter, misconception of the true nature of barter in early times,