Chapter XVIII.) and may be dated by the accompanying scarabs of

Psammetichus I. as belonging to the end of the sixth century.

But these are by no means the earliest examples. In the Bronze Age tombs of Cyprus occasional finds have been made of plates of blue porcelain or faïence, with Egyptian designs going back to the eighteenth dynasty[431]; and for several centuries other Egyptian objects in porcelain, or with enamelled glaze, continue to be found in the tombs of Cyprus, Rhodes, and Greece. And there is also a considerable quantity of such wares which is not Egyptian in character, although it may be to some extent imitative, and therefore demands notice. Of this the most remarkable examples are the _rhyta_, or drinking-horns, found at Enkomi in Cyprus, in 1896, and now in the British Museum.[432] The two finest specimens are in the form of a female head surmounted by a cup (Plate X.) and a ram’s head respectively. Although found in tombs with Mycenaean objects, and therefore presumably of early date, the style and modelling are so far advanced—so purely Hellenic—that they may be compared with archaic work of the sixth century B.C. or even later.

In the tombs of Kameiros in Rhodes,[433] along with Egyptian porcelain objects, were found many vases of this ware, of apparently Greek workmanship. This is further implied by the presence in one tomb of a figure of a dolphin with a Greek [[Π]Υ[Θ]ΕΩ [Ε]ΜΙ], “I belong to Pythes.”[434] It is quite conceivable that the Greeks of Rhodes (as of Naukratis: see below) knew and practised Egyptian methods. The finds include small _alabastra_ with friezes of men and animals in relief, and flasks of a compressed globular shape similarly ornamented; also _aryballi_ of various moulded forms, such as animals or helmeted heads (Plate X. fig. 3). The vase in the form of a head seems to be an early Phoenician idea; and this particular type of the helmeted head seems to have been adopted subsequently by Ionian artists in the Clazomenae sarcophagi.[435] Similar vases and figures have been discovered in the tombs of Melos, Corinth, Cervetri, and Vulci, and also in Syria and at Naukratis in Egypt.[436] Others again from the tombs of Kameiros and Vulci take the form of jars of opaque glass ornamented with zigzag patterns in white and dull crimson on a greenish ground.[437] A specimen of somewhat similar ware was found in a Bronze Age tomb at Curium, Cyprus, in 1895,[438] consisting of a tall funnel-shaped beaker of blue and yellow glazed ware with an edging of dark brown (Plate X.). The technique is superior to that of the later examples, and more on a level with that of the porcelain _rhyta_ from Enkomi.

In Greece Proper there are altogether few traces of this enamelled ware, and after the sixth century B.C. it quite disappeared. But some very fine specimens have been found in the tombs of Southern Italy. A jug with delicate ornamentation in blue and white came from Naples, and a similar vase from the same site, but shaped like a _kalathos_ and of a pale green colour, is now in the British Museum. Objects of this ware have also been found on the site of the ancient Tharros in Sardinia. Their glaze was a pale green, like that of the twenty-sixth dynasty wares, and with them was found a scarab of Psammetichus I, which shows them to be contemporaneous with the objects found in the Polledrara tomb. But the strong Phoenician element in Sardinia is sufficient to indicate that these fabrics are all of Egyptian importation.

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PLATE X

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In the Hellenistic period, when vase-painting had reached its latest stages, the fashion of glazed enamelled ware was revived; its chief centre was Alexandria, which would naturally have carried on the traditions of Egyptian porcelain or faïence. Specimens of glazed ware with reliefs or modelled in various forms have been found at Naukratis and in the Fayûm, including a fine blue porcelain head of a Ptolemaic queen (Plate X.). In a tomb at Tanagra were found a beautiful _askos_ in the form of a duck on which Eros rides, and another porcelain vase,[439] evidently imported from Alexandria, or some other industrial centre of Hellenised Egypt. Porcelain jugs, inscribed with the names of Arsinoe, Berenike, and one of the Ptolemies, have been found at Benghazi in North Africa, at Alexandria, and at Canosa in Southern Italy.[440] They are of blue ware, with reliefs of Greek style attached. Fragments of the same kind dating from the first century B.C. were found at Tarsos in Cilicia,[441] and in the Louvre there are glazed wares covered with yellow or green enamel from Smyrna and Kyme. The British Museum possesses similar vases from Kos and elsewhere, with wreaths and similar patterns in relief (Plate X.), but these are not earlier than the Roman period. Enamelled wares of early Roman date have also been found on the Esquiline, and the ware is common at Pompeii.[442]

It does not appear that the manufacture of these enamelled wares was confined to one spot; they are found all over Asia Minor, Italy, and Gaul, and in other countries bordering on the Mediterranean. It seems probable, however, that there were three principal centres of the fabric, at least in the Roman period. The first of these was in Asia Minor, or the islands along its coasts, whence came the specimens found at Tarsos, in Ionia, and in the islands such as Kos. These are mostly small vases, of metallic form, especially in the treatment of the handles (cf. Plate X., fig. 5), the colour being usually a bluish green, though some examples are more polychromatic. These seem to have been exported to Italy, and _viâ_ Marseilles to Gaul. Next, there are the wares made at Alexandria, of which the vases described above are examples. And, thirdly, there was a Gaulish fabric, which must probably be located at Lezoux in the Auvergne (see Chapter XXIII.), examples from which are found at Vichy, in the Rhone Valley, and at Trier and Andernach in Germany.[443] Fragments of this ware are even reported to have been found in England—as, for instance, at Ewell in Surrey, at Colchester and Weymouth.[444] These are of grey clay with yellow, green, or brown glaze, with ornaments of leaves, vine-branches, or scrolls, stamped in moulds; the shapes are jugs, flasks, or two-handled cups. A later variety is of white clay with a malachite-green glaze, the forms being again of a metallic type, and towards the end of the period imitations of glass with _barbotine_ decoration (see Chapter XXIII.) appear. These two groups cover the first century after Christ.

Sometimes the ornamentation of the later glazed wares from Italy takes the form of small reliefs (_emblemata_), made separately and attached before the glaze was applied, and there are two or three specimens of this class in the British Museum. It was also not infrequently used for lamps, which, apart from the glaze, have all the characteristics of the ordinary kinds, and even for figures of gladiators, boats, and other objects. The glaze is of a thick vitreous character, and was not improbably produced by lead; at all events a French writer[445] maintains, in opposition to the views of Brongniart and Blümner, that by a study of this ware he has established a knowledge of lead-glaze among the ancients.[446]

Footnote 300:

Strabo, viii. p. 381 (the expression should probably be confined to vases with reliefs).

Footnote 301:

Paus. i. 3, 1; Harpokration, _s.v._ κεραμεῖς.

Footnote 302:

_Il._ v. 387.

Footnote 303:

ii. 8, 10.

Footnote 304:

Hdt. i. 179; Xen. _Anab._ iii. 4, 7. Cf. Ovid, _Mel._ iv. 57:

“ubi dicitur altam Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.”

Footnote 305:

_H.N._ vii. 194.

Footnote 306:

v. 5, 4; x. 35, 5 and 4, 3; ii. 27, 7 (ὠμῆς τῆς πλίνθου: see Frazer’s note ad loc.); Nissen, _Pompeian. Studien_, p. 24.

Footnote 307:

Vitr. ii. 8, 9.

Footnote 308:

Xen. _Hell._ v. 2, 5; Paus. viii. 8, 5.

Footnote 309:

ἀγάλματα ἐκ πηλοῦ, i. 2, 5.

Footnote 310:

xxxv. 155; see Milchhoefer in _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr._ p. 50.

Footnote 311:

vii. 22, 6.

Footnote 312:

i. 40, 4.

Footnote 313:

See on the subject generally Dörpfeld and others, _Die Verwendung von Terrakotten_, Berlin, 1881.

Footnote 314:

_Ath. Mitth._ xxiv. (1899), p. 350; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1903, pls. 2–6, p. 71 ff. Cf. the painted terracotta panels in wooden frames at Sparta, mentioned by Vitruvius (ii. 8, 9).

Footnote 315:

See a passage in Xenophon (_Mem._ iii. 1, 7) bearing on the different materials used in Greek domestic architecture.

Footnote 316:

See Dörpfeld, _Die antike Ziegelbau u. sein Einfluss auf d. dor. Styl_, in _Hist. u. Phil. Aufsätze E. Curtius gewidmet_, p. 139 ff.

Footnote 317:

Diod. Sic. xvii. 115.

Footnote 318:

i. 42, 5.

Footnote 319:

v. 20, 5.

Footnote 320:

Blümner, _Technologie_, ii. p. 11; _Olympia_ (_Ergebnisse_), ii. p. 129 ff.

Footnote 321:

_Inscr. Gr._ (_Atticae_), ii. 167.

Footnote 322:

Αἰγύπτιοι πλινθοφόροι (l. 1133).

Footnote 323:

An obviously incorrect rendering of πηλός; Tr. pêlos the process of making sun-dried bricks is certainly here referred to, as the allusion to Αἰγύπτιοι πλινθοφόροι implies.

Footnote 324:

ii. 3, 3.

Footnote 325:

ii. 2, 4.

Footnote 326:

ii. 2, 1, 2. For further details see Chapter XIX.

Footnote 327:

Ar. _Ran._ 800, quoted by Pollux, x. 148: cf. Plut. _Vit. Sol._ 25.

Footnote 328:

For representations of this process in Egyptian wall-paintings see Rosellini, _Mon. Civili_, ii. p. 255, pl. 49, 1, and Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs_, i. p. 344.

Footnote 329:

Isid. _Orig._ xix. 10, 16: _lateres ... inde nominati sunt quod lati ligneis formis efficiuntur_. Cf. _ibid._ xv. 8, 16.

Footnote 330:

See on the subject generally, Dörpfeld, _Die Verwendung von Terrakotten_, 1881, and Borrmann’s excellent treatise in Durm’s _Handbuch d. Architektur, Die Keramik in d. Baukunst_ (1. Theil, Bd. 4), p. 28 ff.; also Wiegand, _Puteol. Bauinschr._ pp. 719, 756 ff.

Footnote 331:

On the origin of ἀκρωτήρια see Benndorf in _Jahreshefte_, 1899, p. 1 ff.

Footnote 332:

Cf. _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, C 904.

Footnote 333:

Rayet and Collignon, pl. 16.

Footnote 334:

_Cat. of Terracottas_, D 707–8.

Footnote 335:

Boeckh, _Urkunde über Scewesen_ (_Staatshaushaltung_, iii.), p. 406.

Footnote 336:

_H.N._ xxxv. 151.

Footnote 337:

_H.N._ xxxv. 152.

Footnote 338:

i. 3, 1.

Footnote 339:

The use of the word ἄγαλμα also seems to point to this conclusion.

Footnote 340:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1882, pl. 15.

Footnote 341:

_J.H.S._ xiii. p. 315. See generally, Minervini, _Terrecotte del Museo Campano_.

Footnote 342:

See Furtwaengler, _Meisterwerke_, p. 250.

Footnote 343:

_Cat. of Terracottas_, C 910 ff.

Footnote 344:

A good example of a painted tile from Aegion in Achaia is in the British Museum (_Cat. of Terracottas_, C 908).

Footnote 345:

Cf. also the tiles from the temple at Elateia in Boeotia, described by M. Paris, _Élatée_, p. 106.

Footnote 346:

v. 10, 3. It is noteworthy that Pausanias here uses the word κέραμος, although the tiles are not of terracotta, indicating that it had become by long usage the generic word for tiles of all kinds. Cf. St. Luke v. 19.

Footnote 347:

See Dörpfeld, etc., _Verwendung von Terrakotten_, pls. 1–4; _Olympia_, ii. p. 193 ff.

Footnote 348:

See _Builder_, 4 March 1899, p. 219.

Footnote 349:

_Fatture di argille in Sicilia_, pp. 27, 31.

Footnote 350:

Becker in _Mélanges Gréco-Romaines_, i. (1854), p. 482 ff.

Footnote 351:

_Inscr. Gr._ ix. p. 164.

Footnote 352:

_Antiqs. of Kertch_, pp. 72, 75, pl. 7.

Footnote 353:

See _Brit. Mus. Cat. of Terracottas_, E 131 ff., E 186.

Footnote 354:

Boeckh, _C.I.G._ i. 541.

Footnote 355:

_Élatée_, p. 110.

Footnote 356:

See also _Ath. Mitth._ 1877, p. 441, for a long inscription from Sparta.

Footnote 357:

Others with ἐπί and a magistrate’s name are in the British Museum (_Cat. of Terracottas_, E 131–33, 186 ff.): see also _Inscr. Gr._ ix. 735 ff.

Footnote 358:

_B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, E 130.

Footnote 359:

See Benndorf, _Gr. u. Sic. Vasenb._ p. 50, pl. 29, fig. 10; _Jahrbuch d. arch. Inst._ ii. (1887), p. 161; _Ath. Mitth._ 1897, p. 345; Hicks and Hill, _Gk. Hist. Inscrs._ p. 16.

Footnote 360:

_Musée de Sèvres_, p. 19.

Footnote 361:

_Ath. Mitth._ ii. (1877), pl. 8, p. 119; Daremberg and Saglio, _Dict._ i. p. 1260, fig. 1673.

Footnote 362:

Daremberg and Saglio, i. p. 338, fig. 399.

Footnote 363:

Cf. Stackelberg, _Gräber der Hellenen_, pl. 7; Dodwell, _Tour_, i. p. 452.

Footnote 364:

_Cat. of Terracottas_, B 494 ff.

Footnote 365:

Benndorf in _Eranos Vindobonensis_, p. 384.

Footnote 366:

Fig. 67.. Cf. also Berlin 2294, and see Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Caminus.

Footnote 367:

_Jahrbuch_, vi. (1891), p. 110.

Footnote 368:

_B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, E 156 ff.

Footnote 369:

See _J.H.S._ xiii. p. 80.

Footnote 370:

Cf. Macpherson, _Antiqs. of Kertch_, p. 103.

Footnote 371:

Boeckh, _C.I.G._ iii. 5686.

Footnote 372:

For examples of these see _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, E 93 ff.

Footnote 373:

ii. 62.

Footnote 374:

See Daremberg and Saglio, _art._ Lucerna, _init._; _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ p. 80.

Footnote 375:

vii. 215.

Footnote 376:

Ar. _Eccl._ 1; Axionikos, quoted by Pollux, x. 122.

Footnote 377:

The words φλόμος and θρυαλλίς seem to denote the _material_ of which the wick was made (cf. Pollux, x. 115).

Footnote 378:

Pollux, vi. 103; x. 115.

Footnote 379:

_Loc. cit. supr._

Footnote 380:

_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1868, p. 59.

Footnote 381:

Probably an imitation of the projections on bronze lamps, to which chains for suspension were attached. See on this type _Amer. Journ. of Arch._ 1903, p. 338 ff.

Footnote 382:

Newton, _Travels and Discoveries_, ii. p. 184=_Discoveries_, ii. pt. 2, p. 395.

Footnote 383:

Barker and Ainsworth, _Lares and Penates_, p. 201.

Footnote 384:

See _C.I.L._ iii. Suppl. No. 7310.

Footnote 385:

_Div. Inst._ ii. 11.

Footnote 386:

Juvenal, xi. 116; Propertius, v. 1, 5; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 202.

Footnote 387:

_H.N._ xxxiv. 34.

Footnote 388:

_H.N._ xxxv. 151.

Footnote 389:

_Leg. pro Christ._ 17, 293, _ed._ Migne; see Blümner, _Technologie_, ii. p. 129, note 2.

Footnote 390:

_H.N._ xxxv. 153.

Footnote 391:

_Ibid._ 156.

Footnote 392:

_Apotheosis_, 458. See generally Blümner, ii. p. 140 ff.

Footnote 393:

Pollux, x. 189; Hesych., _s.v._; _Ber. d. sächs. Gesellsch._ 1854, p. 42; Blümner, ii. pp. 42, 117; and cf. p. 153 below.

Footnote 394:

Tertull. _Apol._ 12; _ad Nat._ i. 12.

Footnote 395:

_Anim. Gener._ ii. 6; _Hist. Anim._ iii. 5.

Footnote 396:

Plut. _De profect. in virt._ 17, p. 86 A; _Quaest. conviv._ ii. 3, 2, p. 636 C.

Footnote 397:

_De permut._ 2.

Footnote 398:

_Fab._ 137 (Teubner).

Footnote 399:

_Phil._ i. 9, § 47.

Footnote 400:

_Anth. P._ vi. 280.

Footnote 401:

_Phaedr._ 230 B.

Footnote 402:

Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 305.

Footnote 403:

_Op. et Di._ 60: ἐκλευσε ... γαῖαν ὕδει φύρειν.

Footnote 404:

_Anth. P._ xvi. 191.

Footnote 405:

_Statuettes de Terre Cuite_, p. 251.

Footnote 406:

_Cat. of Terracottas_, E 1 ff.

Footnote 407:

See also for some interesting moulds from Girgenti, _Röm. Mitth._ xii. (1897), p. 253 ff. Similar specimens have been found at Kertch and Smyrna.

Footnote 408:

See also on the subject C. C. Edgar, _Greek Moulds_ (_Cat. du Musée du Caire_, viii. 1903), pls. 23–8, 33, p. xiv ff. These moulds are nearly all made of plaster; but the account there given of the technical processes would hold good of terracotta moulds.

Footnote 409:

_Op. cit._ p. 254.

Footnote 410:

_Poplic._ 13: see Chapter XVIII.

Footnote 411:

_Lexiph._ 22.

Footnote 412:

vii. 163.

Footnote 413:

_Cat._ B 458–59, D 392.

Footnote 414:

See Blümner, _Technologie_, iv. p. 464 ff.

Footnote 415:

Hirt, _Gesch. d. bild. Kunst_, p. 165.

Footnote 416:

Pliny (_H.N._ xxxvi. 189) mentions one Agrippa who painted in encaustic on terracotta: see Chapter XIX. for possible examples of this process.

Footnote 417:

Schöne, _Gr. Reliefs_, p. 62.

Footnote 418:

_Sitzungber. d. k. bayer. Akad. Phil. Cl._ 1883, p. 299 ff.

Footnote 419:

See for those from Athens _J.H.S._ xvii. p. 306 ff.

Footnote 420:

iv. 55.

Footnote 421:

_De Mundo_, 6, 398.

Footnote 422:

See on the subject Hermann, _Lehrbuch d. gr. Altert._ iv. (1882), p. 295; Blümner, _Technol._ ii. p. 123; Baumeister, _Denkm._ ii. p. 778.

Footnote 423:

A _Corpus_ of all the known types of terracotta statuettes has recently been published by the German Archaeological Institute, edited by Dr. F. Winter (_Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten_, 2 vols. 1903).

Footnote 424:

Cf. the types on painted vases, Vol. II. Chapter XII. (Eleusinian deities).

Footnote 425:

Paus. viii. 15, 3.

Footnote 426:

B.M. B 258, 410.

Footnote 427:

B.M. B 256, 286, 335.

Footnote 428:

B.M. B 359: cf. p. 344.

Footnote 429:

_J.H.S._ vii. p. 9 ff.

Footnote 430:

_J.H.S._ vi. pl. 61.

Footnote 431:

Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 102; _B.M. Excavations in Cyprus_, p. 35, fig. 63.

Footnote 432:

_B.M. Excavations_, p. 22, pl. 3.

Footnote 433:

See Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ i. p. 150; Dumont-Pottier, i. p. 193; Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. pl. 5.

Footnote 434:

Roberts, _Gk. Epigraphy_, i. p. 192.

Footnote 435:

Cf. _J.H.S._ iv. p. 11. Heuzey, however, thinks that the Phoenicians imitated the Greek painted examples of this time (such as A 1117 ff. in B.M.). Cf. _Gaz. Arch._ 1880, p. 159.

Footnote 436:

Good examples are given in Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. p. 676; _Gaz. Arch._ 1880, pl. 28 (in Louvre, from Corinth); _Ath. Mitth._ 1879, pl. 19: cf. also Berlin 1288–91, and many examples in B.M. (First Vase Room). On one from Kos was found the name of Apries (599–569 B.C.). See also _Naukratis I_. pl. 2, figs. 6–18.

Footnote 437:

Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art._ iii. pl. 6.

Footnote 438:

_B.M. Excavations_, p. 69, fig. 99.

Footnote 439:

Furtwaengler, _Coll. Sabouroff_, i. pl. 70, fig. 3 (with text); Rayet and Collignon, p. 374.

Footnote 440:

See _Journ. des Savans_, March 1862, p. 163; _Rev. Arch._ vii. (1863), p. 259 (name of Ptolemy wrongly read as Kleopatra); _Arch. Zeit._ 1869, p. 35; Rayet and Collignon, p. 372.

Footnote 441:

_Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, Nov. 1876, p. 385 ff.

Footnote 442:

Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, p. 29.

Footnote 443:

Hettner in _Festschr. für J. Overbeck_, p. 169.

Footnote 444:

_Archaeologia_, xxxii. p. 452 (Ewell); British Museum, Romano-British Room, Case H.

Footnote 445:

Mazard, _De la connaissance par les anciens des glaçures plombifères_; cf. Blümner, _Technol._ ii. p. 89.

Footnote 446:

On the subject generally see Dumont-Pottier, i. chap. xiii.; Rayet and Collignon, p. 365 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Figlinum, p. 1131; and for the Graeco-Roman enamelled wares, _Bonner Jahrbücher_, xcvi. p. 117, and Mazard, _op. cit._, where a full description and list of examples is given.