History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman. Volume 1 (of 2)
Chapter XI.
Among the sites in Lucania on which vases have been found,[266] the most important is _Anzi_, the ancient Anxia, which appears to have been the chief centre for the manufacture of the Lucanian vases. Earlier examples of Greek red-figured vases have also come from this site, but the majority are of the Lucanian class.[267] Provenances in this district are, however, always doubtful, and in many cases nothing more definite than “Basilicata” can be ascertained. But discoveries on the following sites seem to be well attested: Armento,[268] Eboli,[269] Missanello, Grumento, Potenza,[270] Pomarico, and Pisticci.[271] The British Museum collection includes a fine B.F. krater (B 360) from Armento, the famous vase with the Doloneia (F 157 = Fig. 130.) from Pisticci, several from Anzi, and a few from Pomarico. In the Naples Museum are vases from Pomarico, Pisticci, and elsewhere (chiefly in the Santangelo collection), while the Koller collection, now in the Berlin Museum, contains many from Castelluccio, S. Arcangelo, and other sites. But none of these finds compare in any sense with those of Apulia and Campania. There were no ancient cities of special importance in this region, and hence no large cemeteries, while the local fabric was probably not of long duration.
In Apulia the site above all others important is that of _Ruvo_, which was no doubt the chief centre of the local pottery-manufactures, and has yielded a great majority of the vases known as “Apulian,” as well as many of earlier style. Excavations began here in the eighteenth century, but it was not until 1828 that they were undertaken on any large scale. Vases are still found from time to time at the present day, and one of the largest private collections still existing, that of Signor Jatta, is extraordinarily rich in the vases of Apulian style collected by this gentleman and preserved on the spot. It is curious that Ruvo (Rubi) had no special importance in antiquity; it may, however, be worth noting that remains of a pottery with furnaces, etc., have come to light.[272] The Apulian vases from Ruvo have no special characteristics which distinguish them from the other Apulian fabrics.
It would be futile to attempt a detailed description of the finds at Ruvo,[273] which include such a large proportion of the magnificent Apulian vases covered with paintings of an elaborate nature. Of earlier specimens, an isolated Corinthian vase, two Panathenaic amphorae, and sundry other B.F. vases are known, as also occasional R.F. vases, but these are almost exceptions. Among the most famous Apulian vases are those representing the Death of Talos, the Death of Archemoros, preparations for a Satyric Drama, and so on.[274]
More important in antiquity, though less productive in vases, is _Canosa_, the ancient Canusium, where a set of fine vases was first discovered in 1813 and published by Millin. Among the best of these is the great Dareios vase at Naples (see Chapter XIV. _ad fin._). Nearly all are of the Apulian class, with preferences for certain forms and details (such as the use of purple) not appearing at Ruvo, and a typical local product is a kind of _prochoös_ or tall jug.[275] Canosa was also a centre for the large terracotta vases which have been also found at Calvi (see p. 119).
At _Bari_ vases have been found from time to time, and there is a fair collection in the local museum[276]; they include the famous Poniatowski vase with Triptolemos’ setting-out, now in the Vatican, and the krater in the British Museum (F 269) with the burlesque combat of Ares and Hephaistos over Hera. _Ceglie_ has chiefly supplied the Berlin Museum with its Apulian specimens (from the Koller collection), others passing into a private collection at Naples. They are mostly of the later over-elaborated style.
_Altemura_ has supplied a few, but chiefly fine, vases, including the R.F. krater with the birth of Pandora (Brit. Mus. E 467) and the magnificent vase representing the Under-world found in 1847 and now in Naples. Other finds have been made at _Polignano_, _Putignano_, and _Fasano_ (Gnatia), which last site is interesting as the probable centre of a late fabric. Most of the vases found here have figures or patterns painted in opaque white and purple on the black glaze, and represent the latest stage of vase-painting in Southern Italy.[277] They are found almost exclusively on this site. It is also represented by some late R.F. vases with polychrome decoration.
In the region covered by the “heel” of Italy the most important site, as also the most important city in ancient times, is _Taranto_ or Tarentum. Chiefly on the authority of M. Lenormant,[278] this city was for a long time regarded as the centre of many South Italian fabrics, including the vases with burlesque scenes (φλύακες), those of Paestum, the Fasano ware, and, in fact, all Apulian fabrics. But the extensive excavations that have taken place at Tarentum of late years have shown that Lenormant and those who followed him were quite misled. Few Apulian vases have come to light, the Paestum fabric is unrepresented, and although the φλύακες of Tarentum were no doubt specially famous in antiquity, there is no authority for connecting this class of vases with them to the exclusion of other sites. Vases, in fact, are extremely rare at Tarentum, which made a much greater speciality of terracottas, especially of a votive kind; a few B.F. and R.F. specimens are known,[279] including the remarkable fragment of a R.F. krater in the British Museum (E 494), and a fine krater with an Amazonomachia (Bibl. Nat. 421).
Vases from _Metapontum_ also are few and far between; the British Museum possesses a specimen with figures in relief on black ground; and finds are also reported from _Lecce_, _Brindisi_, and _Oria_.[280] Many examples of local fabrics, described in Chapter XVIII., have been found in this district, and specimens are preserved in the museums at Bari, Lecce, and elsewhere. Lastly we have to speak of the finds made at _Locri_ on the east side of the “toe” of Italy, the only important site in that district which has yielded Greek vases. Many of these are white lekythi with figures in outline and polychrome, resembling the well-known Athenian fabrics. They were originally (like those of Gela) thought to be local products, but it is more likely that they were made at Athens and imported, the Locrians having a particular preference for these vases, as the people of Nola had for the slim amphorae. Some of the B.F. and R.F. vases found here are of a very fair order of merit.[281]
=Sicily=, so celebrated for its magnificent works of art, has yielded a considerable number of painted vases of all periods. The cities of the southern coast have produced the greatest number, especially Syracuse, Gela (Terranuova), and Agrigentum (Girgenti). Many have also come from the cemeteries of Acrae, Leontini, and Megara Hyblaea. Palermo, Messina, and Catania have produced isolated examples. The richest finds have been in the recently excavated cemeteries of _Syracuse_. The discoveries of early vases and fragments made here by Dr. Orsi are of the utmost importance, and include quantities of specimens of Mycenaean and “Proto-Corinthian” wares.[282]
At _Terranuova_ or Gela, one of the earliest settlements of the island, vases with black and with red figures were found as long ago as the eighteenth century,[283] and in 1792 a pottery with furnaces and vases was discovered in the neighbourhood.[284] Of late years vases with black and red figures, some of the latter being of the finest style, have been discovered in large numbers, as well as white lekythi, probably imported from Athens. Of these finds we have already given some description (p. 37). In 1862 Mr. George Dennis found a series of fine R.F. lekythi of the “severe” period, together with B.F. vases and archaic terracottas, now in the British Museum; and these have been fully rivalled by Mr. Arthur Evans’ discoveries in later years. The site has also yielded vases of a primitive character, imitating early Greek wares. Gela was always noted for its potteries, as the ceramic decorations of the Geloan Treasury at Olympia show (p. 100); many of the vases have characteristic Sicilian subjects, and there was undoubtedly a considerable local fabric.
Of the vases found at _Girgenti_ (Agrigentum) the most noteworthy is the beautiful lebes now in the British Museum,[285] of the finest R.F. style, described as “one of the finest specimens of Greek ceramography that has come down to us, absolutely unsurpassed in its combination of artistic merit and mythological interest.” It was found in 1830, and belonged to the poet Samuel Rogers; the subject is the combat of Theseus with the Amazons. Other B.F. and R.F. vases of fine style have come from this site,[286] as well as a series of moulds for vases with reliefs, of the Hellenistic period.[287] Fine vases are said to have been found at _Kamarina_,[288] a few with red figures at _Himera_, and some archaic lekythi at _Selinus_.[289] From _Lentini_ Jahn records polychrome and R.F. vases, the latter of the “strong” and later periods.[290] At _Palazzolo_ (Acrae) B.F. and R.F. vases have been found, including a B.F. kotyle in the British Museum (B 79), representing Dionysos in a car formed like a ship. At _Centorbi_ (Centuripae) almost the only find of note was a conical cover of a large bowl ornamented with encaustic paintings, the colours having been prepared with wax; parts of two bowls were also found decorated with designs in relief and gilt, of scrolls, small Cupids, and heads of Medusa.[291] Other sites that may be mentioned are: Hybla Heraea (Ragusa),[292] Catania, Alicata,[293] Aderno[294] at the foot of Etna, and Monte Saraceno.[295]
At Tharros, in _Sardinia_, extensive excavations were made in 1856, and a long series of tombs found containing Phoenician objects in porcelain, engraved scarabs, terracotta figures, and other objects, but little painted Greek pottery of any importance.[296] An interesting krater of late date, with the head of the Satyr Akratos, from the island of _Lipari_ is now in the collection of Mr. J. Stevenson at Glasgow[297]; and in _Ischia_ was found a krater with the subject of the infant Dionysos confided to the Nymphs.[298] In the public museum of _Malta_ some Greek vases are to be seen,[299] but it is not known whether they were actually found there.
We have now completed the circuit of the ancient world, so far as finds of Greek pottery are concerned, as with the exception of Marseilles, already alluded to none can be traced in Spain or Central Europe.
Footnote 48:
Curiously enough, the relative proportions of Greek and Oriental civilisation in Asia Minor are almost exactly the same at the present day as in the sixth century B.C. The Greeks are mostly to be found in towns like Smyrna, and the adjoining islands, while the central part of the country is almost entirely Turkish.
Footnote 49:
See for references to descriptions of tombs Hermann, _Lehrbuch d. Antiq._ iv. (1882), p. 377.
Footnote 50:
Room K, Cases 69–72.
Footnote 51:
For specimens of typical Athenian tombs see Stackelberg, _Gräber der Hellenen_, pl. 7. Fig. 1. gives a reproduction of a cist full of vases from _ibid._ pl. 8. For an admirable description of the tombs of the Dipylon, see _Ath. Mitth._ 1893, p. 74 ff.
Footnote 52:
_Compte-Rendu_, Atlas, 1859, pls. 5–6; Macpherson, _Antiqs. of Kertch_, _passim_.
Footnote 53:
_Arch. Zeit._ 1850, p. 209, pl. 19.
Footnote 54:
_Journ. Hell. Stud._ vi. p. 237.
Footnote 55:
See for illustrations of tombs at Agia Paraskevi, near Nicosia, _Ath. Mitth._ 1886, xi. p. 209 ff., and Suppl. pl. 2, from which Fig. 2. is taken.
Footnote 56:
For specimens of Cypriote tombs of all periods the reader is referred to Cesnola’s _Cyprus; Brit. Mus. Excavations in Cyprus_, 1893–96; _Journ. Hell. Stud._ ix. p. 264 (Paphos) and xi. p.19 ff. (Poli).
Footnote 57:
_Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit._ 2nd Ser. ix. (1870), p. 162.
Footnote 58:
Gardner, _Cat. of Vases in Ashmol. Mus._ p. vii.
Footnote 59:
Cavallari in _Bull. della Comm. di Antich. in Sicil._ 1872, v. p. 10, pl. 3.
Footnote 60:
Vol. ii. p. 57, vignette. Models of this tomb exist in cork, and specimens may be seen in the Winchester College Museum and Eton School Library.
Footnote 61:
_Scavi di Certosa_, 1875, text and plates.
Footnote 62:
For tombs at Ruvo see Jatta, _Cat. del Museo_, p. 53 ff.
Footnote 63:
Reference may also be made to Martha, _L'Art Étrusque_, p. 183 ff.
Footnote 64:
For an example in the B.M. see E 811 in the Fourth Vase Room, Cases 6–7. A plain jar of late date, from Halikarnassos, full of calcined bones, is in the Terracotta Room of the B.M., Case 20.
Footnote 65:
See also Rathgen, _Konservirung von Altertumsfunden_, p. 67.
Footnote 66:
Westropp, _Epochs of Painted Vases_, p. 17.
Footnote 67:
Inghirami, _Vasi Fittili_, i. pl. 13; a false vase is also published in Passeri, 300, and others in D'Hancarville, ii. 71, 84. The worst specimen is perhaps that engraved by Millin, _Peintures_, ii, pls. 54–5 (reproduced in Reinach’s edition), which yet for a long time found general acceptance. As a curiosity and a warning it deserves perpetuation.
Footnote 68:
Eng. transl. p. 180 ff.
Footnote 69:
Curiously enough there was in M. Tyszkiewicz’s own collection a white-ground cup with the subject of Phrixos (_Sale Cat._ pl. 35), which is certainly open to suspicion·
Footnote 70:
_Gaz. Arch._ 1875, pl. 14.
Footnote 71:
Reinach, ii. 62 (in Louvre).
Footnote 72:
B.M. E 458.
Footnote 73:
Munich 404.
Footnote 74:
B.M. E 468.
Footnote 75:
B.M. F 331.
Footnote 76:
B.M. B 130.
Footnote 77:
See Reinach, _Répertoire_, ii. p. 277.
Footnote 78:
Millin-Reinach, i. pl. 49; now at Deepdene (?).
Footnote 79:
This has been especially the case of late years, as in the sale of M. van Branteghem’s collection in 1892, when a small kylix signed by Sotades cost as much as £400, and two others slightly less.
Footnote 80:
Some account of the prices paid for vases will be found in De Witte’s _Description des Antiquités et Objets d’Art qui composent le cabinet de feu M. le Chev. E. Durand_, Paris, 1836; and in the same author’s _Description d’une collection de vases peints et bronzes antiques provenant des fouilles de l’Étrurie_, Paris, 1837.
Footnote 81:
His Introduction to the Munich Vase Catalogue gives a good account of finds of vases in Greece up to that time (1854); see p. xxi. ff.
Footnote 82:
Cf. Athenaeus, i. 28 C; xi. 484 F, and 480 C.
Footnote 83:
B 130. See _Cat._ vol. ii. for list of publications of this vase.
Footnote 84:
_Gräber der Hellenen._ He also gives some description of the tombs in which they were found, and the nature of their contents (see above, p. 33).
Footnote 85:
Good summaries of these discoveries will be found in the _Arch. Anzeiger_, 1893, p. 13 ff., and _Berliner Philol. Wochenschr._ 1895, p. 59.
Footnote 86:
_E.g._ Bibl. Nat. 865 _bis_; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1885, pls. 8–9; 1888, pl. 12; 1898, pls. 2–5; 1901, pl. 1.
Footnote 87:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1893, p. 46 ff.: see also Bibl. Nat. 496 _bis_, 506.
Footnote 88:
Bibl. Nat. 417 is from the neighbouring Munychia.
Footnote 89:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1896, p. 385 ff.; and see below, p. 278.
Footnote 90:
Berlin 56 = _Jahrbuch_, 1887, pl. 5.
Footnote 91:
A fine R.F. and polychrome kylix = _Mon. dell’ Inst._ x. 37 _a_ = Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. p. 207; also Athens 688 = Reinach, i. 164.
Footnote 92:
Berlin 2030; Athens 1167.
Footnote 93:
Berlin 2493, 2690; _Arch. Zeit._ 1880, pl. 16 = Reinach, i. p. 428.
Footnote 94:
Berlin 2373.
Footnote 95:
Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1895, pl. 11 (Mycenaean).
Footnote 96:
Berlin 1887–89.
Footnote 97:
Athens 1241; _Amer. Journ. of Arch._ 1903, p. 320.
Footnote 98:
See for the Vourva vases Athens 592 ff.; _Ath. Mitth._ 1890, p. 318 ff.; _Jahrbuch_, 1903, p. 124 ff.; and p. 299 below.
Footnote 99:
See Dodwell, _Tour_, ii. p. 180. Stephanus of Byzantium speaks of the pottery of Megara (_s.v._) See also Athens 1858; Petersburg 1563 _a_.
Footnote 100:
viii. p. 381: cf. p. 134.
Footnote 101:
Ross, _Arch. Aufs._ ii. p. 344; Bibl. Nat. 101: see also Jahn’s _Einleitung_, p. xxv.
Footnote 102:
_Ibid._ i. p. 57.
Footnote 103:
See p. 316.
Footnote 104:
_E.g._ Bibl. Nat. 94, 313, 1179.
Footnote 105:
See generally Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, _Myken. Vasen_, p. 50; for notices of Mycenaean fragments by early travellers, Dodwell, _Tour_, ii. p. 237, and Burgon in _Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit._ 2nd Ser. ii. (1847), p. 258 ff., with plate opposite p. 296.
Footnote 106:
Fig. 88, p. 297.
Footnote 107:
_Ibid._ pls. 15, 21, p. 45; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1895, pl. 11.
Footnote 108:
Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 47.
Footnote 109:
_Arch. Zeit._ 1859, pl. 125 = Reinach, i. 389: see also _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1832, p. 62; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1847, p. 250.
Footnote 110:
_Cat._ 1615, 1901, 1931–32: see also _Branteghem Sale Cat._ 94.
Footnote 111:
_Cat._ 1974.
Footnote 112:
Bibl. Nat. 166; _Class. Review_, 1891, p. 73; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1892, pl. 4.
Footnote 113:
See _Ergebnisse_, iv. p. 198 ff.
Footnote 114:
See p. 391.
Footnote 115:
See p. 451.
Footnote 116:
See Kekulé, _Thonfiguren aus Tanagra_, p. 13.
Footnote 117:
Isolated vase-finds from Tanagra are the early B.F. tripod, Berlin 1727, and the fine R.F. krater, Athens 1259.
Footnote 118:
_Bull. de Corr. Hell._ xix. p. 177.
Footnote 119:
Cf. Athens 678, 809, 1156, 1158.
Footnote 120:
Vases from Lamia are Nos. 1621 and 1984; from Lokris, 1354, 1434; from Phokis, 1177, 1181.
Footnote 121:
_Branteghem Sale Cat._ No. 96.
Footnote 122:
_Ibid._ No. 43; Berlin 2938.
Footnote 123:
B.M. E 719, an alabastron formerly in the Branteghem collection.
Footnote 124:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1889, p. 151: see below, p. 217. A late B.F. vase of “Kabeirion” style.
Footnote 125:
Fragments from Delphi are recorded in _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1841, p. 10; Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. xxv; _Morgenblatt_, 1835, p. 698.
Footnote 126:
Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 43.
Footnote 127:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1901, p. 237.
Footnote 128:
For Kephallenia see _J.H.S._ xxiv. p. 126.
Footnote 129:
_Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1847, p. 247, note 5; Mustoxidi, _Delle cose Corciresi_, i. p. 271; B.M. A 1670.
Footnote 130:
A beautiful polychrome lekythos in the B.M. (D 70 = Plate LV.) is from this island, on the authority of Raoul-Rochette (_Peint. Antiq._ p. 415); but see Benndorf, _Gr. u. Sic. Vasenb._ p. 42, where it is attributed to Aegina.
Footnote 131:
Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, vii. pp. 51, 208.
Footnote 132:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1897, p. 259.
Footnote 133:
Stackelberg, pl. 48; _Magazin Encycl._ 1811, ii. p. 140; and see note 130.
Footnote 134:
See also Brongniart, _Mus. Céram._ pl. 13, 11, and _Traité_, i. p. 576; _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1829, p. 113, 1830, p. 129; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1837, p. 135, 1842, p. 103, 1847, p. 250; and numerous vases in the Bibl. Nat. (see p. 689 of Catalogue).
Footnote 135:
_J.H.S._ xvii. p. 77; xviii. p. 281 ff.
Footnote 136:
B.M. B 8; Berlin 1682 = Reinach, i. 441; Reinach, i. 118, 2; B.M. E 508; Gerhard, _A.V.B._ iii. 238 = Reinach, ii. 120 (in Berlin), signed by Ergotimos.
Footnote 137:
Pallat in _Ath. Mitth._ 1897, p. 265.
Footnote 138:
_Berl. Phil. Woch._ 1901, pp. 1001, 1436.
Footnote 139:
See Hesychius, _s.v._ Ἠχώ; he adds, λέγει δὲ Αἴγιναν, ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖ ὄστρακα πολλά ἐστι.
Footnote 140:
_Jahrbuch_, 1903, p. 124 ff.; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1901, pls. 9–12, p. 173 ff.
Footnote 141:
Athens 618 = Baumeister, iii. p. 1963, fig. 2098.
Footnote 142:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1886, p. 16.
Footnote 143:
Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 33.
Footnote 144:
Ross, _Reisen_, iii. p. 25.
Footnote 145:
Athens 1861.
Footnote 146:
_Class. Review_, 1899, p. 468.
Footnote 147:
E 732: see p. 357 and Fig. III.
Footnote 148:
Furtwaengler and Reichhold, _Gr. Vasenmalerei_, p. 220.
Footnote 149:
Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 21. For Geometrical, see Brongniart and Riocreux, _Mus. de Sèvres_, pl. 13, figs. 4, 13, 15, 16.
Footnote 150:
_Reisen_, i. p. 66; iii. p. 27. See also Berlin 3901, 4088; Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 577; Bibl. Nat. 19, 21, 22. The Sèvres vases mentioned by Brongniart were found about thirty feet below the volcanic deposits.
Footnote 151:
See _Ath. Mitth._ 1903, p. 1 ff.; H. von Gaertringen, _Thera_, vol. ii.
Footnote 152:
See Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. xxvi; Berlin 1886; _Rhein. Mus._ 1843, p. 435; Boettiger, _Vasengem._ i. p. 29.
Footnote 153:
These are fully described and illustrated in a volume issued by the Hellenic Society (1904).
Footnote 154:
_Op. cit._ iii. p. 15 ff.
Footnote 155:
_J.H.S._ xxii. p. 46 ff.
Footnote 156:
_Mon. Grecs_, 1875, pls. 1–2.
Footnote 157:
_Rhein. Mus._ 1843. p. 435; Bibl. Nat. 873 (Chios); for Tenedos as a pottery centre see Dio Chrys. _Orat._ 42, 5; Plutarch, _Vit. aer. alien._ 2.
Footnote 158:
For ancient references to Samian ware see Chapter XXII., where the subject is discussed in detail.
Footnote 159:
_Aus ion. u. ital. Nekrop._ (1898); he also found Cyrenaic, Corinthian, and Attic pottery (p. 125 ff.). See below, p. 336.
Footnote 160:
See also _Arch. Zeit._ 1848, p. 280.
Footnote 161:
See Ross, _Reisen_, iv. p. 44.
Footnote 162:
Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 581 (plain wares only).
Footnote 163:
_J.H.S._ viii. p. 446. pl. 83.
Footnote 164:
Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 33.
Footnote 165:
See Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ i. p. 130 ff.
Footnote 166:
See on the Geometrical pottery Pottier, _op. cit._ p. 136. It is probably imported, although Dümmler (_Jahrbuch_, 1891, p. 268) thinks otherwise.
Footnote 167:
There is at least one late R.F. vase from Crete in the National Museum at Athens (_Cat._ 1851, 1860, 1921). See for other instances of earlier finds, below, p. 269; Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 22; Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ i. p. 176.
Footnote 168:
_Proc. Soc. Antiqs._ 2nd Ser. xv. (1895), p. 351 ff.
Footnote 169:
See _J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 157 ff. for an estimate of the Knossos pottery; also p. 265 below.
Footnote 170:
_British School Annual_, 1899–1900, p. 94 ff.; _J.H.S._ xxi. p. 78 ff.
Footnote 171:
_Ibid._ 1900–01, p. 121 ff.; _J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 248 ff.
Footnote 172:
_Ibid._ 1901–2, p. 289 ff.; 1902–3, p. 297.
Footnote 173:
_Rendiconti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, 1900, p. 631.
Footnote 174:
_American Journ. of Arch._ 1901, p. 371 ff., 302, 128; _British School Annual_, 1901–02, p. 235 (Praesos).
Footnote 175:
Nos. 98 and 99 in the collection of M. van Branteghem were two fine R.F. “aryballi” from Apollonia in Thrace.
Footnote 176:
The reader who wishes to gain a comprehensive idea of these vases is referred to the plates of the Atlas to Stephani’s _Compte-Rendu de la Comm. imp. arch. de St.-Pétersbourg_ (1861–83) = Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. p. 1 ff.
Footnote 177:
See also Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. xxvii.
Footnote 178:
_Compte-Rendu_, 1870–71, pl. 4 = Reinach, i. 34.
Footnote 179:
See an interesting article in _Anzeiger_, 1900, p. 151, on the relations of the Black Sea colonies to Greece, especially in regard to pottery.
Footnote 180:
See Dörpfeld, _Troja und Ilion_, i. p. 304 ff.
Footnote 181:
So Jahn, _Vasens_. p. xxvii, but from the illustration given in Choiseul-Gouffier’s _Voyage pittoresque_, pt. 2, pl. 30, this seems doubtful.
Footnote 182:
Jahn, _Vasens_. p. xxvii.
Footnote 183:
_Monuments Piot_, x. pls. 6–7.
Footnote 184:
The style resembled that of B 80 in the Brit. Mus.
Footnote 185:
See Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, vi. pp. 929, 931. The British Museum possesses a similar one from Kalymnos (p. 273).
Footnote 186:
_Ion. u. ital. Nekrop._ pp. 86–7.
Footnote 187:
_Louvre Cat._ ii. p. 274; Pottier and Reinach, _Nécropole de Myrina_, pp. 221, 499; _Bull. de Corr. Hell._ 1884, p. 509; _Ath. Mitth._ 1887, p. 228.
Footnote 188:
_Röm. Mitth._ 1888, pl. 6; now in Brit. Mus.
Footnote 189:
See generally Chapter VIII.
Footnote 190:
_Ath. Mitth._ 1898, pl. 6, p. 38 ff.
Footnote 191:
Athen. xi. 481 A. See also _Ath. Mitth._ 1900, p. 94.
Footnote 192:
_Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit._ 2nd Ser. ii. (1847), p. 258, and plate, fig. D.
Footnote 193:
Chantre, _Recherches archéol._ pls. 8–14; _J.H.S._ xix. p. 37 ff.
Footnote 194:
_Ath. Mitth._ xii. (1887), pp. 226, 376.
Footnote 195:
Cf. Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 161; Athenaeus, i. 28 D; Lucian, _Lexiph._ 7. For pottery from Datcha, near Knidos, see _Rev. Arch._ xxv. (1894), p. 27.
Footnote 196:
Jahn, p. xxvii.
Footnote 197:
_Comptes-Rendus de l’Acad. des Inscr._ Aug. 1902, p. 428 ff.; 1903, p. 216.
Footnote 198:
_Catalogue of Cyprus Museum_, Oxford, 1899.
Footnote 199:
See Hermann, _Gräberfeld von Marion_ (1888); _J.H.S._ xi. p. 41 ff., xii. p. 315; _Branteghem Sale Cat._ Nos. 14–18, 28–30.
Footnote 200:
_J.H.S._ xi. p. 273.
Footnote 201:
_B.M. Cat. of Vases_, iv. F 510–12.
Footnote 202:
Petrie, _Hawara_, pl. 16, figs. 1–4.
Footnote 203:
It was presented to the British Museum by Sir E. Codrington in 1830. Similar painted vases were found in Roman tombs at Curium, Cyprus (_Excavations in Cyprus_, p. 78).
Footnote 204:
_Amer. Journ. of Arch._ 1885, p. 18.
Footnote 205:
See _Trans. Roy. Soc. of Lit._ 2nd Ser. ix. p. 165 ff., and _Arch. Zeit._ 1846, p. 216; also p. 36 above.
Footnote 206:
_Bull. de Corr. Hell._ 1884, pl. 13; Froehner, _Ant. du Mus. de Marseilles_, 1928–30.
Footnote 207:
_H.N._ xxxv. 161.
Footnote 208:
See Jahn, _Vasens. zu München_, p. lxxxiv; _Arch. Zeit._ 1850, pl. 18 = Reinach, i. 372; Micali, _Mon. Ined._ pl. 45, p. 279; and Schöne, _Mus. Bocchi_, 1878.
Footnote 209:
_H.N._ xxxv. 160.
Footnote 210:
See Chapter XXII., and Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 583.
Footnote 211:
_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1848, p. 62.
Footnote 212:
_Ibid._ 1847, p. 17.
Footnote 213:
_Class. Review_, 1899, p. 329; _Röm. Mitth._ 1899, pl. 7.
Footnote 214:
_Scavi della Certosa di Bologna_, text and plates, 1876: see also _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1872, pp. 12 ff., 76 ff., 108 ff.
Footnote 215:
See _Vasi Fitt._ iv. pl. 355, p. 82; _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1849, p. 23.
Footnote 216:
P. lxxxiii.
Footnote 217:
Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_, ii. p. 189; Micali, _Mon. Ined._ p. 216.
Footnote 218:
_H.N._ xxxv. 160: Retinet hanc nobilitatem (_sc._ of Samian ware) et Arretium in Italia.
Footnote 219:
Jahn, _Vasens._ p. lxxxii; Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. 163, 332; and see 166.
Footnote 220:
Dennis, _Etruria_, ii. p. 431; Jahn, p. lxxxii; Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. 137, 161, 251, 384.
Footnote 221:
See Plate XXVIII. and p. 370.
Footnote 222:
See Dennis, ii. p. 307 ff.; Jahn, p. lxxix.
Footnote 223:
Dennis, _ibid._
Footnote 224:
_Brit. Mus. Cat. of Vases_, iv. p. 25, Nos. G 179–94: cf. _Class. Review_, 1897, p. 276, and _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1871, p. 5 ff.
Footnote 225:
xi. 480 E.
Footnote 226:
Dennis, _Etruria_, ii. p. 46. _Class. Review_, 1894, p. 277, gives some more recent finds.
Footnote 227:
Hartwig, _Meistersch._ pl. 47, p. 466: cf. _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1830, p. 233.
Footnote 228:
See Jahn, p. lxxviii.
Footnote 229:
Reinach, i. 203, 222 (Plate XXXIX).
Footnote 230:
See also _Class. Review_, 1893, pp. 84, 381; 1894, p. 277.
Footnote 231:
Dennis, i. p. 405; Jahn, p. lxviii.
Footnote 232:
B.M. A 469, 1537, 1540.
Footnote 233:
_Jahrbuch_, 1889, pls. 5–6, p. 218.
Footnote 234:
F 479; also Reinach, i. 215. For a late R.F. vase with a Latin inscription from this site see _Röm. Mitth._ 1887, pl. 10, p. 231.
Footnote 235:
Jahn, p. lxv.
Footnote 236:
For an account of this tomb see Dennis, i. p. 33 ff., and above, p. 39.
Footnote 237:
See Chapter XVIII., and Roberts, _Gk. Epigraphy_, i. p. 17.
Footnote 238:
See for these Chapter XVIII.
Footnote 239:
_Cat._ 1655=Reinach, i. 199: see p. 319.
Footnote 240:
The Antaios krater and the Petersburg psykter: see p. 431.
Footnote 241:
Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. p. 106.
Footnote 242:
P. lxvi. ff.: see also generally Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ ii. p. 355 ff.
Footnote 243:
B.M. E 41.
Footnote 244:
_Notizie degli Scavi_, 1902, p. 84 ff.
Footnote 245:
_Class. Review_, 1894, p. 277.
Footnote 246:
Reinach, i. 320.
Footnote 247:
_Class. Review_, 1897, p. 226.
Footnote 248:
Jahn, p. lxiv; Reinach, i. 109, 368; _Class. Review_, 1897, p. 276.
Footnote 249:
Reinach, i. 345.
Footnote 250:
1831; see also _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1831, p. 161. A view of the site is given in _Mon. dell’ Inst._ i. pl. 41.
Footnote 251:
See generally Chapter XVIII. The finds are described in a work edited by Gsell, entitled _Fouilles de Vulci_ (1891).
Footnote 252:
Eng. transl. p. 112.
Footnote 253:
Besides the already cited _Rapporto Volcente_ of Gerhard in the _Annali_ for 1831, an account of these discoveries will be found in the _Muséum Étrusque_ of the Prince of Canino; _Trans. Royal Soc. of Lit._ ii. (1834), p. 76 ff. (Millingen); _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1829, p. 188 ff.; Jahn’s _Einleitung_, p. lxviii; and an excellent description in Dennis’s _Etruria_, 2nd edn. i. p. 448 ff.: see also Chapter XVIII. Above all, reference should be made to the recent summary by Gsell (see above).
Footnote 254:
Those who are curious in such matters may be grateful for a bibliography of the controversy: Lanzi, _Dei Vasi antichi dipinti_; Winckelmann, _Hist. de l’Art_, i. p. 188 ff.; Canino, _Mus. Étr._ (1829), and _Cat. di scelte ant. Étr._; _Annali_, 1831, p. 105 ff., 1834, p. 285; _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1829, pp. 60, 113 ff., 1831, p. 161 ff., 1832, p. 74 ff., 1833, p. 73 ff.; Gerhard, _Berl. ant. Bildw._ p. 143; _Journal de Savans_, 1830, pp. 115 ff., 177 ff.; Kramer, _Styl und Herkunft_, p. 146; Thiersch, _Hell. bemalte Vasen_, etc.
Footnote 255:
Finds of “Proto-Corinthian,” B.F., and R.F. fragments have been recently made in the precincts of the temple of Vesta (_Class. Review_, 1901, p. 93).
Footnote 256:
A 1054 = _Bull. Arch. Nap._ ii. pl. 1, 1–2.
Footnote 257:
See p. 483, and Patroni, _Ceramica Antica_, p. 79 ff.
Footnote 258:
Mart. _Ep._ xiv. 114; Stat. _Silv._ iv. 9, 43.
Footnote 259:
See Patroni, _op. cit._ p. 93, also Jahn, _op. cit._ p. lxii, for B.F. and other vases found here. Some of the vases are direct imitations of Athenian fabrics.
Footnote 260:
Naples 3352–55.
Footnote 261:
B.M. B 610.
Footnote 262:
See Jahn, p. lxiii; Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. 317.
Footnote 263:
See Jahn, p. lii. Those in the British Museum from Nola came chiefly from the Blacas collection.
Footnote 264:
See also Reinach, _Répertoire_, i. 228, 348; _Branteghem Sale Cat._ Nos. 84–5; and Jahn, p. li.
Footnote 265:
Walters, _B.M. Cat. of Vases_, iv. p. 16; Patroni, _Ceram. Ant._ pp. 37, 76.
Footnote 266:
See Jahn, p. xlvi ff.
Footnote 267:
_E.g._ Petersburg 355, and others in B.M.
Footnote 268:
Petersburg 1187, 1427; Naples 2991, S.A. 11, 708–9.
Footnote 269:
See Jahn, p. l, for examples from this site, mostly of inferior merit; also Reinach, i. 250.
Footnote 270:
Berlin 2694; _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1830, p. 21.
Footnote 271:
B.M. F 157; Bibl. Nat. 422.
Footnote 272:
Lenormant, _Grande Grèce_, i. p. 94.
Footnote 273:
See Jahn, p. xl.
Footnote 274:
For recent excavations see _Class. Review_, 1893, p. 381; 1894, p. 129 (vases with subjects of Kanake and Theseus with the ring).
Footnote 275:
Patroni, _Ceram. Ant._ p. 142; B.M. F 237–38.
Footnote 276:
Cf. also Petersburg 778, 895.
Footnote 277:
See p. 488, and B.M. F 543 ff.; for earlier vases, Reinach, i. pp. 471–77.
Footnote 278:
_La Grande Grèce_, i. p. 92 ff.
Footnote 279:
See _Class. Review_, 1898, p. 185, for mention of two B.F. kylikes signed by Antidoros; also _Notizie degli Scavi_, 1903, p. 34 ff., 205 ff., for other interesting B.F. vases, including signatures of Tleson, Sakonides, and Thrax. The two latter were found at Leporano, about ten miles S.W. of Tarentum.
Footnote 280:
Mycenaean vases from this site are in the Louvre (Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, _Myken. Vasen_, p. 48).
Footnote 281:
As for instance Munich 781 = Reinach, ii. 126.
Footnote 282:
These discoveries are summarised in the _Class. Review_, 1894, p. 278; 1896, p. 173; 1898, p. 428. Fuller details are given in the _Notizie degli Scavi_ for those years. See also Furtwaengler and Loeschcke, p. 47.
Footnote 283:
Jahn, p. xxxi.
Footnote 284:
_Arch.-Intell. Blatt_, 1836, No. 34, p. 283.
Footnote 285:
Gerhard, _Auserl. Vasenb._ 329–30; _Forman Sale Cat._ No. 357.
Footnote 286:
Millin-Reinach, ii. 61–2 (Taleides); _Mon. dell’ Inst._ i. pl. 52; B.M. B 295 (Nikosthenes); B.M. E 474, E 478: cf. Jahn, p. xxxii, and the index to Reinach’s _Répertoire_, _s.v._ Agrigente.
Footnote 287:
_Röm. Mitth._ 1897, p. 261 ff.
Footnote 288:
Jahn, p. xxxi.
Footnote 289:
_Arch.-Intell. Blatt_, 1834, No. 56, p. 457 ff.: see also _Bull. della Comm. di Antich. in Sicilia_, 1872, p. 13 ff. pls. 4–5.
Footnote 290:
P. xxxi. One of the late vases with burlesque scenes (_Mon. dell’ Inst._ iv. pl. 12) was also found here.
Footnote 291:
See _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, D 1–2; _Röm. Mitth._ 1897, p. 262.
Footnote 292:
_Class. Review_, 1893, p. 231.
Footnote 293:
Jahn, p. xxxii.
Footnote 294:
_Ibid._ p. xxx.
Footnote 295:
Reinach, i. 408.
Footnote 296:
A B.F. vase in the Cagliari Museum is published in _Bull. Arch. Nap._ N.S. iv. pl. 13.
Footnote 297:
_J.H.S._ vii. pl. 62, p. 55.
Footnote 298:
_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1842, p. 10.
Footnote 299:
Jahn, p. xxix.