Part 1220

See ELECTRICAL DISCOVERY AND INVENTION: A. D. 1825-1874 (page 772).

For other work of Henry;

_T. O'Conor Sloane The Standard Electrical Dictionary https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26535_

HERCULANEUM, Libraries of.

See LIBRARIES, ANCIENT (page 2005).

HIGHER-LAW SPEECH, Seward's.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850 (page 3387).

HINDU MEDICAL SCIENCE.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE, HINDU (page 2123).

HIPPOCRATES. The Hippocratic Oath.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE, GREEK (page 2125).

HOFFMANN, Frederic, and Humoral Pathology.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 17TH CENTURY (page 2136).

HOLLAND: Commerce.

See (in this Supplement) COMMERCE, MEDIÆVAL, and MODERN.

HOLLAND: Libraries.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN (page 2013).

HOLT, Lord, and the Law of Bailments.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1698-1710 (page 1971).

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, The.

See (in this Supplement) GERMANY: A. D. 9)62; also, page 2652.

HOMŒOPATHY, Origin of the system of.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 17-18TH CENTURIES (page 2139).

HUDSON, Henry, Northern voyages of.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1607, and after.

HUNTER, Dr. John, The work of.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 18TH CENTURY (page 2139).

HUTCHINSON, Governor Thomas. Conversation with King George.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1774 (pages 3210-3213).

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I.

ICARIA.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1840-1883 (page 2943).

ICILIAN LAW, The.

See ROME: B. C.456 (page 2665).

INDIA, Ancient Commerce.

See (In this Supplement) COMMERCE, ANCIENT.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, The question of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1807. and 1816-1817 (pages 3335 and 3360).

INTERNATIONAL, The.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1862-1872, and 1872-1886 (pages 2950 and 2953).

INVESTITURES, The question of.

See (in this Supplement) PAPACY: 11-12TH CENTURIES; also page 2427.

ITALY: Start--------

ITALY: 11-15th Centuries. Commerce of the city republics.

See (in this Supplement) COMMERCE, MEDIÆVAL.

ITALY: A. D. 1154-1190. Invasions of Frederick Barbarossa.

"In November Frederick appeared in Lombardy and hung up his shield on a high post as a token that he was to hold a review of the army and a general court. The most of the complaints of the cities were directed against Milan, but on complaint of Pavia the emperor first attacked Tortona. … A horrible chastisement was inflicted on the city; … the inhabitants were driven away. … Now at length Frederick turned his attention to Rome. On June 18, 1155, he marched into the Leonine City and was at once crowned in St. Peter's. … The results of this first Italian expedition were nevertheless small. The emperor had not conquered Rome; William I of Naples was more independent than ever; in northern Italy after Frederick's departure Milan was pre-eminent. By her authority Tortona was built up again. The Milanese sent the city a brass trumpet with which to call her inhabitants together once more. … The emperor was determined to put an end forever to all this opposition. In July 1158 an immeasurably greater expedition started with the express purpose of restoring the authority of the empire in Italy. … The Milanese in addition (having after a short siege recognized the emperor's claims) paid a fine, gave 300 hostages, … and afterwards made their submission in the humblest manner: the nobles with drawn swords across their shoulders, the people with cords around their necks, fell down before the emperor and did him homage. … It was in pursuance of Frederick's intention, and of his desire to settle the matter once and for all, that to his purposed diet in the Roncaglian plains he also summoned some teachers of law from Bologna. … Enough, in the assembly at Roncaglia through a well authorized judicial sentence, those regalia [royal rights] which had gone over to the civic communes were adjudged to the emperor, save in cases where by special privilege they had been relinquished to special cities. The emperor was recognized as the highest legislative power. … Frederick had set himself the great problem of uniting together authority and freedom. In the best possible monarchical spirit he expressed it that he wished an empire resting on a legal foundation in order to maintain every man in his freedom. But it is none the less evident that he wished the centre of gravity to lie in his own authority. It was not the demand of the regalia alone that caused the trouble, but just this principle, and it comes to the fore in the clearest manner in his relations with Milan. The agreement on the occasion of the peace with Milan had been that the civic authorities should be freely elected but should be invested by the emperor. In Roncaglia on the other hand it was decreed that the emperor should nominate the authorities subject to the assent of the people. A slight change, but one which in reality betokened an immense difference. Thus at the diet of Roncaglia did the empire unfold once more its full glory. But in the carrying out of these decrees, and especially in the matter of nominating the authorities; immeasurable difficulties now showed themselves. … On this matter, then, it had to come to blows. At the very first attempt in Milan a popular tumult arose. Frederick instituted proceedings which ended with a new banning of the city. … Large as the city was a way was found of cutting off from it all supplies. Through extreme want it was at last compelled to surrender and to beg for mercy. … The city was actually made to cease to exist. It was to be divided into four different places. If every trace of it was not completely obliterated this was solely due to regard for certain churches. The Milanese were treated like a tributary people on conquered territory. … In November 1166 the emperor started out to drive Pope Alexander from Rome. But already under his eyes the Lombard cities were bestirring themselves against him. They were discontented on account of oppressions which they were obliged to suffer more through the violence of the imperial officials than from any fault of the laws. … The Lombards considered that if the pope were again to be beaten they should find no more help against the power which was holding them down. What especially goaded them on was the firmness of the imperial rule, its methodical and stern manner of proceeding against every one who opposed it. … It was after the imperial governors in consequence of the growing disaffection had claimed and received new hostages that the representatives of Cremona, Brescia, Ferrara and Mantua came together in Pontida (April 1167). … The decision of the Lombards was, not to consider due to the emperor any more than had been considered due to him at the death of Henry V and to oppose him by force should he demand more. They restored Milan, which joined them, compelled Lodi to go over to their side and captured, as they had once done before, the treasure of the emperor which was in Trezzo. … Frederick thought to crush all opposition in Upper Italy if he could only withdraw from it the help of the Greeks and of the pope. He therefore turned first against Ancona which the emperor Manuel had captured and compelled the city to give him hostages. … He then attacked Rome. … They (the Germans) conquered the Leonine City after a bloody fight. The emperor himself appeared, installed his own pope and caused his queen to be crowned (August 1, 1167). Alexander fled, the city of Rome consented to make peace. … Thus had the main point been gained and the emperor prepared to renew the struggle against the Lombards. {3789} It was then that his brilliant army, beyond a doubt the most efficient of its age, was struck down by the hand of fate. A plague broke out which ravaged the city as well as the army, but which almost annihilated the latter. … He could no longer strike an effective blow at the Lombards. But he did not on that account lose his head. In Pavia he pronounced the bann against the cities; they answered by now first strengthening their bonds of union on a large scale. The cities which had previously been allied with Venice, and all the others, entered into a league which all were to swear to uphold; at the head of it was Venice. They were to make common cause in war and peace and to perform no services other than the customary ones. … The emperor felt that he could not cope with this new development and left Pavia. Only after great perils did he escape. They strove quite openly to take his life. With only a few companions he rescued himself. … In March 1172 the emperor represented to the princes that the contagion of faithlessness with which Italy had contaminated herself was seeking to spread itself out over Greece and Sicily. The term for the imperial campaign nevertheless was only set for two years later. … In July 1174 the emperor with his army crossed the Alps over the Mt Cenis. At this very time the Italians had opposed to him a new bulwark—a new city which they called Allessandria in honor of the pope. The emperor first attacked this but met with an opposition similar to that which Archbishop Christian experienced before Ancona. … Many conferences took place between the imperial plenipotentiaries, the delegates of the cities and the papal legates. But these latter, standing as they did at the same time in league with the Greek emperor and the king of Sicily, felt themselves to be the stronger. … Everything depended on his [Frederick's] procuring new help. … The great all-deciding question was whether Frederick would have Henry the Lion on his side; not indeed exclusively on account of the actual help that he would render but because his name in itself would increase the prestige of the emperor. … The power of an emperor in its full development seemed unbearable to Henry the Lion, even as in earlier times it had been unbearable to the German princes. … Henry's defection gave courage to the Italian cities. … On May 29, 1176, a battle took place near Legnano. … Brave as the emperor was he nevertheless suffered a complete defeat. … The letter is extant which the Milanese wrote to the Bolognese concerning the battle. Countless, so they exclaim, are the slain, the drowned, the prisoners. We have the shield, the standard, the lance and the cross of the emperor. Incalculable is the booty. … It is the battle through which the freedom and the progress of Italian nationality were founded. … Here [in Venice] now, with the pope and the king of Sicily a peace, with the Lombards a truce of six years was brought about. Then took place that famous meeting of the pope and the emperor in Venice, on the 24th of July 1177. … With the cities the emperor closed the peace of Constance in the year 1183. He acknowledged therein the extension of their jurisdiction over the surrounding territory and sanctioned their league but retained for himself three things:

1. his regalia, of which however an estimate was to be made according to their value and which were to be compensated for by payment of a fixed sum from each city;

2. the investiture of the consuls; …

3. the right that appeals should be made within Italy to imperial representatives.

It does not appear that these reservations greatly interfered with the liberty of the cities. … In a word, the two opponents of the empire in Italy had achieved great victories. The emperor had abandoned the idea of maintaining the old supremacy of the empire over the church and of subjecting the cities to his administration; he did not however on that account break off his connection with them. In 1184 he again came to Italy; for a yearly sum of 300 lire he abandoned all the rights that he had hitherto claimed from the cities and allied himself with them. … Meanwhile the emperor succeeded in making the greatest possible acquisition in Lower Italy. For that Norman kingdom which the Germans had so often attacked in vain there was only an heiress left, Constance, aunt of the ruling king. Bitterly as the pope opposed it the emperor was nevertheless able to bring about a marriage between her and his son Henry VI. and thus to secure for him the sure prospect of succeeding to Naples and Sicily. … Without knowing it Frederick thus tied a new knot which was to be decisive for the fate of his house and, we might even say, of Germany itself."

_L. von Ranke, Weltgeschichte (translated from the German). volume 8. pages 171-209._

ALSO IN: _K. Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte._

See, also, ITALY: A. D. 1154-1162, to 1174-1183 (pages 1811-1813).

ITALY: A. D. 1644. First publication of gazettes, or newspapers.

See PRINTING AND PRESS: A. D. 1612-1650 (page 2592).

ITALY: A. D. 1870. Law of the Papal Guarantees.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1870 (page 2477).

ITALY: A. D. 1882-1895. Acquisitions in Abyssinia.

See (in this Supplement) AFRICA: 1882, 1885, 1889, 1889-1890, 1890-1891, 1894-1895.

ITALY: Constitution.

For a translation of the text, see (in this Supplement) CONSTITUTION OF ITALY.

ITALY: Libraries.

See LIBRARIES, RENAISSANCE, and MODERN (page 2012).

ITALY: End--------

J.

JAPAN: A. D. 1894-1895. War with China.

See (in this Supplement) COREA.

JAPAN: Libraries.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN: JAPAN (page 2024).

JEANNE D'ARC, The family, the home and the circumstances of.

See (in this Supplement) FRANCE: A. D. 1423-1429; also, page 1175.

JEANNETTE, Polar voyage of the.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1879-1882.

JEFFERSON'S GUNBOATS.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1804-1805 (page 3332).

JENNER, Dr. Edward, and the discovery of Vaccination.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 18TH CENTURY (page 2140).

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JEWS: Ancient commerce. Connection with the Phœnicians.

See (in this Supplement) COMMERCE, ANCIENT.

JEWS: Ancient money.

See MONEY AND BANKING: JEWS (page 2203).

JEWS: Medical Science.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE, JEWISH (page 2124).

JOAN OF ARC, The family, the home and the circumstances of.

See (in this Supplement) FRANCE: A. D. 1423-1429; also, page 1175.

JOSEPH II., Emperor: His character and his reforms.

See (in this Supplement) AUSTRIA: A. D. 1780-1790.

JUDICATURE ACTS, The.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1873 (page 1981).

JURY, Trial by.

See LAW, COMMON (page 1956, and after).

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.

See LAW, CRIMINAL: A. D. 1344 (page 1983).

JUSTICIARY, Chief: Disappearance of the office.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1265 (page 1962).

K.

KANE, Dr. Elisha Kent, Polar expeditions and adventures of.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1850-1851, and 1853-1855.

KARNATIC, The.

"Bishop Caldwell says: 'When the Muhammadans arrived in Southern India, they found that part of it with which they first became acquainted-the country above the Gháts, including Mysore and part of Telingána—called the Karnataka country. In course of time, by a misapplication of terms, they applied the same name Karnatak, or Carnatic, to designate the country below the Gháts, as well as that which was above. The English have carried the misapplication a step further, and restricted the name to the country below the Gháts, which never had any right to it whatever. Hence the Mysore country, which is properly the true Karnatic, is no longer called by that name; and what is now geographically termed "the Karnatic" is exclusively the country below the Gháts, on the Coromandel coast, including the whole of the Tamil country and the Telugu-speaking District of Nellore.'"

_W. W. Hunter, Imperial Gazetteer of India: Karnatic (volume 5)._

KASHGAR.

See TURKESTAN (page 3130), and YAKOOB BEG (page 3662).

KASSHITE, OR KASSITE, DYNASTY, The.

See SEMITES: THE FIRST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (page 2890).

KENT, Chancellor, and American jurisprudence.

See LAW, EQUITY: A. D. 1814-1823 (page 19(3).

KILMAINHAM TREATY, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1881-1882 (page 1797).

KING'S LIBRARY, The.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN (page 2014).

KING'S PEACE, The.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 871-1066, 1100, 1135, and 1300 (pages 1956, 1958 and 1963).

KNIGHTS OF LABOR, The.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1869-1883 (page 2952).

KOCH, Dr. Robert, Bacteriological studies of.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 19TH CENTURY (page 2146).

KOLDEWY, Captain, Polar expedition of.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1869-1870.

KOREA.

See (in this Supplement) COREA.

KULTURKAMPF, The.

See (in this Supplement) GERMANY: A. D. 1870-1874.

L.

LAFAYETTE, General: Visit to the United States.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1824-1825 (page 3365).

LAND, Ultimate property in.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1776 (page 1974).

LAND, Indian right of occupancy.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1823 (page 1976).

LAND ACT OF 1881, The Irish.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1881-1882 (page 1797).

LAND REGISTRATION.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1630-1641 (page 1969).

LAND-TRANSFER REFORM.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1854-1882, and 1889 (pages 1980-1981).

LASSALLE, Ferdinand, and German Socialism.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1862-1864 (page 2949).

LATIN UNION, The.

See MONEY and BANKING: A. D. 1853-1874 (page 2218).

LAW, Roman.

See ROMAN LAW (page 2652).

LEE, Arthur, in France.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776-1778 (pages 3242-3244).

LEGAL TENDER NOTES.

See MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1861-1878 (page 2219).

LEO THE GREAT, Pope.

See PAPACY: A. D. 42-461 (page 2421); and HUNS: A. D. 452 (page 1689).

L'ESTRANGE, Roger, and the early newspaper press in England.

See PRINTING AND PRESS: A. D. 1654-1694 (page 2596).

LEVANT, The.

A term applied to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, from the western part of Greece round to the western border of Egypt—more specifically to the coasts and islands of Asia Minor and Syria. The name—which signifies "rising" hence "the East"—was given to this region by the Italians.

LIBEL, The Criminal Law of.

See LAW, CRIMINAL: A. D. 1770, and 1843 (pages 1984 and 1986).

LIBERTY, Religious.

See in this Supplement: TOLERATION, RELIGIOUS. (page 3807)

LINCOLN, Abraham: Debate with Douglas.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1858 (page 3401).

First Inaugural Address.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3417).

First Message.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (pages 3421 and 3448).

First call for troops.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3423).

Proclamation of Blockade.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3427).

Suspensions of Habeas Corpus.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3447).

Message proposing compensated Emancipation.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3453).

{3791}

Letter to Horace Greeley.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3476).

Preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3480).

Final Proclamation of Emancipation.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3487).

Letter to General Hooker.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3489).

Letters to New York and Ohio Democrats.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3407).

Address at Gettysburg.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3514).

Proclamation of Amnesty and Message.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3515).

Plan of Reconstruction.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3518).

Re-election.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3533).

Hampton Roads Peace Conference.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3546).

Second Inaugural Address.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3549).

Last Speech.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3551).

At Richmond.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3554).

Assassination.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: (page 3(55).

LINE-OF-BATTLE SHIP.

See SHIP OF THE LINE (page 2901).

LISTER, and Antiseptic Surgery.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 10TH CENTURY (page 2145).

LIVINGSTONE, David, Explorations of.

See (in this Supplement) AFRICA: 1840, 1840, and after.

LOBENGULA, War of the English with.

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1885-1893 (page 2965).

LOMBARD BANKERS AND MONEY-CHANGERS.

See MONEY AND BANKING (pages 2205 and 2206).

LORD KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL, The.

See LAW, EQUITY: A. D. 1538 (page 1000).

LOUIS IX., King of France (called St. Louis).

See (in this Supplement) FRANCE: A. D. 1226-1270.

_François Guizot, Great Christians of France: Saint Louis and Calvin. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62518_

LOUIS XV., King of France, Fatal foreign policy of the reign of.

See (in this Supplement) FRANCE: A. p. 1715-1770.

McCLINTOCK, Captain, Franklin search expeditions of.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1852-1854, and 1857-1859.

McCLURE, Captain, Franklin search expedition of.

See (in this Supplement) ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1850-1854.

McKINLEY TARIFF ACT, The.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION: A. D. 1890 (page 3085).

MADAGASCAR.

See (in this Supplement) AFRICA.

MANCHUS. MANCHURIA.