Part 125

The history of the knights of the shire is the history of the origin of county representation in the English Parliament. The representation of boroughs, or towns, has a history quite distinct. Of the leading part played by the knights of the shire in the development and establishment of the English Constitution Mr. Stubbs remarks ("Constitutional History of England," chapter 17, section 272): "Both historical evidence and the nature of the case lead to the conviction that the victory of the constitution was won by the knights of the shires; they were the leaders of parliamentary debate; they were the link between the good peers and the good towns; they were the indestructible element of the house of commons; they were the representatives of those local divisions of the realm which were coeval with the historical existence of the people of England, and the interests of which were most directly attacked by the abuses of royal prerogative."

See, also, PARLIAMENT, THE ENGLISH: EARLY STAGES IN ITS EVOLUTION.

KNOW NOTHING PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

KNOX, General Henry, in the Cabinet of President Washington.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.

KNOX, John, and the Reformation in Scotland.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1547-1557, to 1558-1560.

KNOXVILLE: Start--------

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (September). Evacuated by the Confederates and occupied by the Union forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: TENNESSEE).

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (November-December). Longstreet's siege.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER; TENNESSEE).

KNOXVILLE: End--------

KNUT, OR CANUTE, ERICSSON, King of Sweden, A. D. 1167-1199.

KNYDUS, OR CNYDUS, Battle of (B. C. 394).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

KOASSATI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

KOLARIANS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

KOLDING, Battle of (1849).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (DENMARK): A. D. 1848-1862.

KOLIN, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KOLOMAN, King of Hungary, A. D. 1095-1114.

KOLUSCHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KOLUSCHAN FAMILY.

KOMANS COMANS CUMANS, The.

See PATCHINAKS; KIPCHAKS; COSSACKS; also, HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.

KOMORN, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KONDUR, OR CONDORE, Battle of (1758).

See INDIA: A. D. 1758-1761.

KONIEH, Battle of (1832).

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

KÖNIGGRÄTZ, OR SADOWA, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

KONSAARBRUCK, Battle of (1675).

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

KOORDS KURDS, The.

See CARDUCHI.

KORAN, The.

"The Koran, as Mr. Kingsley quaintly, but truly, says, 'after all is not a book, but an irregular collection of Mohammed's meditations and notes for sermons.' It is not a code, it is not a journal, it is a mere gathering together of irregular scraps, written on palm-leaves and bones of mutton, which Abu-Bekr [the bosom friend of Mahomet and the first of the Caliphs or successors of the Prophet] put together without the slightest regard to chronological order, only putting the long fragments at the beginning, and the short fragments at the end. But so far from having the Koran of Mahomet, we have not even the Koran of Abu-Bekr. Caliph Othman [the third Caliph], we know, gave enormous scandal by burning all the existing copies, which were extremely discordant, and putting forth his own version as the 'textus ab omnibus receptus.' How much then of the existing Koran is really Mahomet's; how much has been lost, added, transposed, or perverted; when, where, and why each fragment was delivered, it is often impossible even to conjecture. And yet these baskets of fragments are positively worshipped."

_E. A. Freeman, History and Conquests of the Saracens, lecture 2._

ALSO IN: _S. Lane-Poole, Studies in a Mosque, chapter 4._

_Sir W. Muir, The Coran._

_T. Nöldeke, Sketches from Eastern History, chapter 2._

_The Koran; translated by G. Sale._

See, also, MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

KORASMIANS, The.

See KHUAREZM.

{1948}

KOREISH, The.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

KORKYRA: Start--------

KORKYRA, OR CORCYRA.

The Greek island now known as Corfu, separated from the coast of Epirus by a strait only two to seven miles in breadth, bore in ancient times the name of Korkyra, or, rather, took that name from its ruling city. "Korkyra [the city] was founded by the Corinthians, at the same time (we are told) as Syracuse. … The island was generally conceived in antiquity as the residence of the Homeric Phæakians, and it is to this fact that Thucydides ascribes in part the eminence of the Korkyræan marine. According to another story, some Eretrians from Eubœa had settled there, and were compelled to retire. A third statement represents the Liburnians as the prior inhabitants,—and this perhaps is the most probable, since the Liburnians were an enterprising, maritime, piratical race, who long continued to occupy the more northerly islands in the Adriatic along the Illyrian and Dalmatian coast. … At the time when the Corinthians were about to colonize Sicily, it was natural that they should also wish to plant a settlement at Korkyra, which was a post of great importance for facilitating the voyage from Peloponnesus to Italy, and was further convenient for traffic with Epirus, at that period altogether non-Hellenic. Their choice of a site was fully justified by the prosperity and power of the colony, which, however, though sometimes in combination with the mother-city, was more frequently alienated from her and hostile, and continued so from an early period throughout most part of the three centuries from 700-400 B. C. … Notwithstanding the long-continued dissensions between Korkyra and Corinth, it appears that four considerable settlements on this same line of coast were formed by the joint enterprise of both,—Leukas and Anaktorium to the south of the mouth of the Ambrakiotic Gulf—and Apollonia and Epidamnus [afterwards called Dyrrhachium], both in the territory of the Illyrians at some distance to the north of the Akrokeraunian promontory [modern Cape Glossa, on the Albanian coast]. … Leukas, Anaktorium and Ambrakia are all referred to the agency of Kypselus the Corinthian. … The six colonies just named—Korkyra, Ambrakia, Anaktorium, Leukas [near the modern St. Maura], Apollonia, and Epidamnus—form an aggregate lying apart from the rest of the Hellenic name, and connected with each other, though not always maintained in harmony, by analogy of race and position, as well as by their common origin from Corinth."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 23._

See, also, IONIAN ISLANDS.

KORKYRA: B. C. 435-432. Quarrel with Corinth. Help from Athens. Events leading to the Peloponnesian War.

See GREECE: B. C. 435-432.

KORKYRA: B. C. 432. Great sea-fight with the Corinthians. Athenian aid.

See GREECE: B. C. 432.

KORKYRA: Modern history.

See IONIAN ISLANDS; and CORFU.

KORKYRA: End----------

KORONEA, OR CORONEA, Battle of (B. C. 394).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

KOS.

See Cos.

KOSCIUSKO, and the Polish revolt.

See POLAND: A. D. 1793-1796.

KOSSÆANS, OR COSSÆANS, The.

A brave but predatory people in ancient times, occupying the mountains between Media and Persia, who were hunted down by Alexander the Great and the males among them exterminated.

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 94._

KOSSOVA, Battle of (1389).

See TURKS (THE OTTOMANS): A. D. 1360-1389.

KOSSUTH, Louis, and the Hungarian struggle for independence.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1815-1844, 1847-1849; and AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KOSSUTH: In America.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850-'1851.

KOTZEBUE, Assassination of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1817-1820.

KOTZIM.

See CHOZIM.

KOULEVSCHA, Battle of (1829).

See TURKS: A. D. 1826-1829.

KOYUNJIK.

See NINEVEH.

KRALE.

See CRAL.

KRANNON, OR CRANNON, Battle of (B. C. 322).

See GREECE: B. C. 323-322.

KRASNOE, Battle of.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER); and (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

KRETE.

See CRETE.

KRIM, The Khanate of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1238-1391.

KRIM TARTARY.

See CRIMEA.

KRIMESUS, The Battle of the.

See SYRACUSE, THE FALL OF THE DIONYSIAN TYRANNY AT.

KRISSA. KRISSÆAN WAR.

See DELPHI.

KRONIUM, Battle of.

See SICILY: B. C. 383.

KROTON.

See SYBARIS.

KRYPTEIA, The.

A secret police and system of espionage maintained at Sparta by the ephors.

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 6._

KSHATRIYAS.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

KU KLUX KLAN, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

KUBLAI KHAN, The Empire of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294; and CHINA: A. D. 1259-1294.

KUFA, The founding of.

See BUSSORAH AND KUFA.

KULANAPAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KULANAPAN FAMILY.

KULM, OR CULM, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (AUGUST).

KULTURKAMPF, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1873-1887.

KUNAXA, Battle of (B. C. 401).

See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.

KUNBIS.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

KUNERSDORF, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1759 (JULY-NOVEMBER).

KURDISTAN: A. D. 1514. Annexed to the Ottoman Empire.

See TURKS: A. D. 1481-1520.

KURDS, OR KOORDS.

See CARDUCHI, THE.

KUREEM KHAN, Shah of Persia, A. D. 1759-1779.

KURFÜRST.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152.

KURUCS, Insurrection of the.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1487-1526.

KUSAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KUSAN FAMILY.

{1949}

KUSH. KUSHITES.

See CUSH.—CUSHITES.

KUTAYAH, Peace of (1833).

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

KUTCHINS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

KUTSCHUK KAINARDJI, Battle and Treaty of (1774).

See TURKS: A. D. 1768-1774.

KYLON, Conspiracy of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 612-595.

KYMRY, OR CYMRY, The.

The name which the Britons of Wales and Cumberland gave to themselves during their struggle with the Angles and Saxons, meaning "Cym-bro (Combrox) or the compatriot, the native of the country, the rightful owner of the soil. … From the occupation by the English of the plain of the Dee and the Mersey, the Kymry dwelt in two lands, known in quasi-Latin as Cambria, in Welsh Cymru, which denotes the Principality of Wales, and Cumbria, or the kingdom of Cumberland. … Kambria was regularly used for Wales by such writers as Giraldus in the twelfth century, … but the fashion was not yet established of distinguishing between Cambria and Cumbria as we do."

_J. Rhys, Celtic Britain, chapter 4._

The term Cymry or Kymry is sometimes used in a larger sense to denote the whole Brythonic branch of the Celtic race, as distinguished from the Goidelic, or Gaelic; but that use of it does not seem to be justified. On the question whether the name Kymry, or Cymry, bears any relation to that of the ancient Cimbri.

See CIMBRI AND TEUTONES.

KYNOSSEMA, Battle of.

See CYNOSSEMA.

KYNURIANS, OR CYNURIANS, The.

One of the three races of people who inhabited the Peloponnesian peninsula of Greece before the Dorian conquest,—the other two races being the Arcadians and the Achæans. "They were never (so far as history knows them) an independent population. They occupied the larger portion of the territory of Argolis, from Orneæ, near the northern or Phliasian border, to Thyrea and the Thyreatis, on the Laconian border: and though belonging originally (as Herodotus imagines rather than asserts) to the Ionic race—they had been so long subjects of Argos in his time that almost all evidence of their ante-Dorian condition had vanished."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 4._

KYRENE.

See CYRENAICA.

KYZICUS.

See CYZICUS.

LABARUM, The.

"The chief banner of the Christian emperors [Roman] was the so-called 'labarum.' Eusebius describes it as a long lance with a cross-piece; to the latter a square silk flag was attached, into which the images of the reigning emperor and his children were woven. To the point of the lance was fastened a golden crown enclosing the monogram of Christ and the sign of the cross."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, section 107._

ALSO IN: _E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 20._

See CHRISTIANITY: A.D. 312-337.

LA BICOQUE, Battle of (1522).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1520-1523.

LABOR ORGANIZATION.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.

LABRADOR, The Name.

"Labrador—Laboratoris Terra—is so called from the circumstance that Cortereal in the year 1500 stole thence a cargo of Indians for slaves."

_F. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World: Champlain, chapter 1, foot-note._

LABYRINTHS. MAZES.

"The Labyrinths of the classical age and the quaint devices of later times, the Mazes, of which they were the prototypes, present to the archaeologist a subject of investigation which hitherto has not received that degree of attention of which it appears so well deserving. … Labyrinths may be divided into several distinct classes, comprising complicated ranges of caverns, architectural labyrinths or sepulchral buildings, tortuous devices indicated by coloured marbles or cut in turf, and topiary labyrinths or mazes formed by clipped hedges. … Of the first class we may instance the labyrinth near Nauplia in Argolis, termed that of the Cyclops, and described by Strabo; also the celebrated Cretan example, which from the observations of modern travellers is supposed to have consisted of a series of caves, resembling in some degree the catacombs of Rome or Paris. It has been questioned, however, whether such a labyrinth actually existed. … Of architectural labyrinths, the most extraordinary specimen was without doubt that at the southern end of the lake Mœris in Egypt, and about thirty miles from Arsinoe. Herodotus, who describes it very distinctly, says that … it consisted of twelve covered courts, 1,500 subterranean chambers, in which the bodies of the Egyptian princes and the sacred crocodiles were interred, and of as many chambers above ground, which last only he was permitted to enter."

_E. Trollope, Notices of Ancient and Mediaeval Labyrinths (Archaeological Journal, volume 15)._

ALSO IN: _Herodotus, History, book 2, chapter 148._

LA CADIE, ACADIA.

See NOVA SCOTIA.

LACEDÆMON.

See SPARTA: THE CITY.

LACEDÆMONIAN EMPIRE, The.

See SPARTA: B. C. 404-403.

LACONIA.

See SPARTA: THE CITY.

LACONIA, the American Province.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1621-1631.

LACUSTRINE HABITATIONS.

See LAKE DWELLINGS.

LADE, Naval Battle of (B. C. 495).

See PERSIA: B. C. 521-493.

LADIES' PEACE, The.

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

LADISLAS, King of Naples, A. D. 1386-1414.

LADISLAUS I. (called Saint), King of Hungary, A. D. 1077-1095.

Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, 1162.

Ladislaus III., King of Hungary, 1204-1205.

Ladislaus IV. (called The Cuman), King of Hungary, 1272-1290.

Ladislaus V. (called The Posthumous), King, of Hungary and Bohemia, 1439-1457.

Ladislaus VI. (Jagellon), King of Hungary, 1440-1444; King of Poland, 1434-1444.

{1950}

LADOCEA, OR LADOKEIA, Battle of.

Fought in what was called the Cleomenic War, between Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and the Achæan League, B. C. 226. The battle was fought near the city of Megalopolis, in Arcadia, which belonged to the League and which was threatened by Cleomenes. The latter won a complete victory, and Lydiades, of Megalopolis, one of the noblest of the later Greeks, was slain.

_C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, chapter 62._

LADY, Original use of the title.

"Hlæfdige," the Saxon word from which our modern English word "lady" comes, was the highest female title among the West-Saxons, being reserved for the king's wife.

_E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest of England, volume 1, note F._

LADY OF THE ENGLISH.

By the custom of the West Saxons, the king's wife was called Lady, not Queen, and when the Wessex kingdom widened to cover England, its queen was known as the Lady of the English.

LÆNLAND.

"Either book land or folkland could be leased out by its holders [in early England]; and, under the name of 'lænland,' held by free cultivators."

_W. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, chapter 5, section 36 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN: _J. M. Kemble, The Saxons in England, book 1, chapter 11._

LÆTI. LÆT. LAZZI.

"Families of the conquered tribes of Germany, who were forcibly settled within the 'limes' of the Roman provinces, in order that they might repeople desolated districts, or replace the otherwise dwindling provincial population—in order that they might bear the public burdens and minister to the public needs, i. e., till the public land, pay the public tribute, and also provide for the defence of the empire. They formed a semi-servile class, partly agricultural and partly military; they furnished corn for the granaries and soldiers for the cohorts of the empire, and were generally known in later times by the name of Læti or Liti."

_F. Seebohm, English Village Community, chapter 8._

"There seems to be no reason for questioning that the eorl, ceorl and læt of the earliest English laws, those of Ethelbert, answer exactly to the edhiling, the friling and the lazzus of the old Saxons. Whether the Kentish læts were of German origin has been questioned. Lappenberg thinks they were 'unfree of kindred race.' K. Maurer thinks them a relic of ancient British population who came between the free wealh and the slave. … The name (lazzus= slow or lazy) signifies condition, not nationality. … The wer-gild of the Kentish læt was 40, 60, or 80 shillings, according to rank, that of the ceorl being 200."

_W. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, chapter 4, section 31, foot-note (volume 1)._

LA FAVORITA, Battle of (1797).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

LAFAYETTE IN THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (JUNE), (JULY-NOVEMBER); 1780 (JULY); 1781 (JANUARY-MAY), and (MAY-OCTOBER).

LAFAYETTE: And the French Revolution.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (JULY), to 1792 (AUGUST).

LA FÈRE, Siege and capture by Henry IV. of France (1596).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.

LA FÈRE-CHAMPENOISE, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (JANUARY-MARCH).

LAGIDE PRINCES.

The Egyptian dynasty founded by Ptolemy Soter, the Macedonian general, is sometimes called the Lagide dynasty and its princes the Lagide princes, with reference to the reputed father of Ptolemy, who bore the name of Lagus.

LAGOS, Naval Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1759 (AUGUST-NOVEMBER).

LAGTHING.

See CONSTITUTION OF NORWAY.

LA HOGUE, Naval Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1692.

LAKE DWELLINGS.

"Among the most interesting relics of antiquity which have yet been discovered are the famous lake-dwellings of Switzerland, described by Dr. Keller and others. … Dr. Keller … has arranged them in three groups, according to the character of their substructure.

[1] Those of the first group, the Pile Dwellings, are, he tells us, by far the most numerous in the lakes of Switzerland and Upper Italy. In these the substructure consists of piles of various kinds of wood, sharpened sometimes by fire, sometimes by stone hatchets or celts, and in later times by tools of bronze, and probably of iron, the piles being driven into the bottom of the lake at various distances from the shore. …

[2] The Frame Pile-Dwellings are very rare. 'The distinction between this form and the regular pile-settlement consists in the fact that the piles, instead of having been driven into the mud of the lake, had been fixed by a mortise-and-tenon arrangement into split trunks, lying horizontally on the bed of the lake.' …

[3] In the Fascine Dwellings, as Dr. Keller terms his third group of lake-habitations, the substructure consisted of successive layers of sticks or small stems of trees built up from the bottom of the lake till they reached above the lake-level. …

Lake-dwellings have been met with in many other regions of Europe besides Switzerland and Italy, as in Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, France, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. The 'Crannoges' of Ireland and Scotland were rather artificial islands than dwellings like those described above."

_J. Geikie, Prehistoric Europe, pages 369-372._

ALSO IN: _F. Keller, Lake Dwellings._

_R. Munro, Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings._

_E. P. S., Crannoges (in Archaeological Journal, volume 3)._

LAKE GEORGE, Battle of.

See CANADA: A. D. 1755 (SEPTEMBER).

LAMARTINE, and the French Government of 1848.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1848 (FEBRUARY-MAY), and (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LAMAS. LAMAISM.

"The development of the Buddhist doctrine which has taken place in the Panjab, Nepal, and Tibet … has resulted at last in the complete establishment of Lamaism, a religion not only in many points different from, but actually antagonistic to, the primitive system of Buddhism; and this not only in its doctrine, but also in its church organization." Tibet is "the only country where the Order has become a hierarchy, and acquired temporal power. Here, as in so many other countries, civilization entered and history began with Buddhism. When the first missionaries went there is not, however, accurately known; but Nepal was becoming Buddhist in the 6th century, and the first Buddhist king of Tibet sent to India for the holy scriptures in 632 A. D. A century afterwards an adherent of the native devil-worship drove the monks away, destroyed the monasteries, and burnt the holy books; but the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the church—it returned triumphant after his death, and rapidly gained in wealth and influence. … {1951} As the Order became wealthy, rival abbots had contended for supremacy, and the chiefs had first tried to use the church as a means of binding the people to themselves, and then, startled at its progress, had to fight against it for their own privilege and power. When, in the long run, the crozier proved stronger than the sword, the Dalai Lama became in 1419 sole temporal sovereign of Tibet."

_T. W. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, chapters 8-9._