Part 124

"The sovereigns of Persia were in the habit of purchasing young Turks, who were captured by the various frontier tribes in their mutual struggles, and employing them in their service. They generally had a body guard formed of them, and many of them were enfranchised and rose to posts of high influence, and in many cases supplanted their masters. The founder of the Khuarezmian power was such a slave, named Nushtekin, in the service of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah. He rose to the position of a Teshtedar or chamberlain, which carried with it the government of the province of Khuarezm, that is of the fertile valley of the Oxus and the wide steppes on either side of it, bounded on the west by the Caspian and on the east by Bukharia." The grandson of Nushtekin became virtually independent of the Seljuk sultan, and the two next succeeding princes began and completed the overthrow of the Seljuk throne. The last Seljuk sultan, Togrul III., was slain in battle, A. D. 1193, by Takish or Tokush, the Khuarezmian ruler, who sent his head to the Caliph at Bagdad and was formally invested by the Caliph with the sovereignty of Khorassan, Irak Adjem and other parts of the Persian domain not occupied by the Atabegs and the Assassins. Takish's son extended his conquests in Transoxiana and Turkestan (A. D. 1209), and acquired Samarkand, which he made his capital. "He controlled an army of 400,000 men, and his dominions, at the invasion of the Mongols, stretched from the Jaxartes to the Persian Gulf, and from the Indus to the Irak Arab and Azerbaidjan."

_H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, part 1, pages 7-8._

{1944}

KHUAREZM: A. D. 1220. Destruction by the Mongols.

In May, 1220, the Mongol army of Jingis Khan marched upon Urgendj, or Khuarezm—the original capital of the empire of Khuarezm, to which it gave its name. That city, which is represented by the modern Khiva, was "the capital of the rich cluster of cities that then bordered the Oxus, a river very like the Nile in forming a strip of green across two sandy deserts which bound it on either hand." The Mongols were commanded, at first, by the three elder sons of Jingis Khan: but two of them quarreled, and the siege was protracted through six months without much progress being made. Jingis then placed the youngest son, Ogotai, in charge of operations, and they were carried forward more vigorously. "The Mongols at length assaulted the town, fired its buildings with naptha, and after seven days of desperate street-fighting captured it. This was probably in December, 1220. They sent the artisans and skilled workmen into Tartary, set aside the young women and children as slaves, and then made a general massacre of the rest of the inhabitants. They destroyed the city, and then submerged it by opening the dykes of the Oxus. The ruins are probably those now known as Old Urgendj. Rasehid says that over 100,000 artisans and craftsmen were sent into Mongolia."

_H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, part 1, page 85._

ALSO IN: _J. Hutton, Central Asia, chapter 4._

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227.

KHUAREZM: A. D. 1873. Conquest by the Russians.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KHUAREZM: End--------

KHUAREZMIANS IN JERUSALEM, The.

See JERUSALEM: A. D. 1242.

KICHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES, QUICHES, and MAYAS.

KICKAPOO INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

KIEFT, Governor William, Administration of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1638-1647.

KIEL, Peace of.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1813-1814.

KIEV: Start--------

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 882. Capital of the Russian state.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 862.

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 1240. Destroyed by the Mongols.

In December, 1240, the Mongols, pursuing their devastating march through Russia, reached Kiev. It was then a famous city, known among the Russians as "the mother of cities, magnificently placed on the high banks of the Dnieper, with its white walls, its beautiful gardens, and its thirty churches, with their gilded cupolas, which gave it its pretty Tartar name, Altundash Khan (i. e., the court of the Golden Heads): it was the metropolitan city of the old Russian princes, the seat of the chief patriarch of all Russia. It had latterly, namely, in 1204, suffered from the internal broils of the Russian princes, and had been much plundered and burnt. It was now to be for a while erased altogether." Kiev was taken by storm and the inhabitants "slaughtered without mercy: the very bones were torn from the tombs and trampled under the horses' hoofs. … The magnificent city, with the ancient Byzantine treasures which it contained, was destroyed." During the 14th and 15th centuries Kiev seems to have remained in ruins, and the modern city is said to be "but a shadow of its former self."

_H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, volume 1, pages 141-142. (1876)_

KIEV: End--------

KILIDSCH.

See TIMAR.

KILIKIA.

See CILICIA.

KILKENNY, The Statute of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1327-1367.

KILKENNY ARTICLES, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1652.

KILLIECRANKIE, Battle of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1689 (JULY).

KILPATRICK'S RAID TO RICHMOND.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

KILSYTH, Battle of (1645).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1644-1645.

KIMON, Peace of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 460-449.

KINBURN, Battle of (1787).

See TURKS: A. D. 1776-1792.

KINDERGARTEN, The.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &c.: A. D. 1816-1892.

KING, Origin of the word.

"Cyning, by contraction King, is closely connected with the word 'Cyn' or 'Kin.' … I do not feel myself called upon to decide whether Cyning is strictly the patronymic of 'cyn,' or whether it comes immediately from a cognate adjective (see Allen, Royal Prerogative, 176: Kemble, i. 153). It is enough if the two words are of the same origin, as is shown by a whole crowd of cognates, 'cynebarn,' 'cynecyn,' 'cynedom,' 'cynehelm,' 'cynehlaford.' … (I copy from Mr. Earle's Glossarial Index.) In all these words 'cyn' has the meaning of 'royal.' The modern High-Dutch König is an odd corruption: but the elder form is 'Chuninc.' The word has never had an English feminine: Queen is simply 'Cwen,' woman, wife. … The notion of the King being the 'canning' or 'cunning' man [is] an idea which could have occurred only to a mind on which all Teutonic philology was thrown away."

_E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest of England, chapter 3, section 1, and note L (volume 1)._

KING GEORGE'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744: 1745: and 1745-1748.

KING MOVEMENT, The.

See NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1853-1883.

KING OF THE ROMANS.

See ROMANS, KING OF THE.

KING OF THE WOOD.

See ARICIAN GROVE.

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675: 1675: and 1676-1678.

KING WILLIAM'S WAR.

The war in Europe, of "the Grand Alliance" against Louis XIV. of France, frequently called "the War of the League of Augsburg," extended to the American colonies of England and France, and received in the former the name of King William's War.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1689-1690; CANADA: A. D. 1689-1690, and 1692-1697; also, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1690; and NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1694-1697.

KING'S BENCH.

See CURIA REGIS.

{1945}

KING'S COLLEGE.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1746-1787.

KING'S HEAD CLUB.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1678-1679.

KING'S MOUNTAIN, Battle of (1780).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780-1781.

KING'S PEACE, The.

"The peace, as it was called, the primitive alliance for mutual good behaviour, for the performance and enforcement of rights and duties, the voluntary restraint of free society in its earliest form, was from the beginning of monarchy [in early England] under the protection of the king. … But this position is far from that of the fountain of justice and source of jurisdiction. The king's guarantee was not the sole safeguard of the peace; the hundred had its peace as well as the king; the king too had a distinct peace which like that of the church was not that of the country at large, a special guarantee for those who were under special protection. … When the king becomes the lord, patron and 'mundborh' of his whole people, they pass from the ancient national peace of which he is the guardian into the closer personal or territorial relation of which he is the source. The peace is now the king's peace. … The process by which the national peace became the king's peace is almost imperceptible; and it is very gradually that we arrive at the time at which all peace and law are supposed to die with the old king, and rise again at the proclamation of the new."

_W. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, chapter 7, section 72 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN: _G. E. Howard, On the Development of the King's Peace (Nebraska University Studies, volume 1, number 3)._

_Sir F. Pollock, Oxford Lectures, 3._

See, also, ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN.

KINGSTON, Canada: Start--------

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1673. The building of Fort Frontenac. La Salle's seigniory.

In 1673, Count Frontenac, governor of Canada, personally superintended the construction of a fort on the north shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Cataraqui, where the city of Kingston now stands, the site having been recommended by the explorer La Salle. The following year this fort, with surrounding lands to the extent of four leagues in front and half a league in depth, was granted in seigniory to La Salle, he agreeing to pay the cost of its construction and to maintain it at his own charge. He named the post Frontenac.

_F. Parkman, La Salle, chapter. 6._

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1758. Fort Frontenac taken by the English.

See CANADA: A. D. 1758.

KINGSTON, Canada: End--------

KINSALE, Battle of (1601).

See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.

KINSTON, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: NORTH CAROLINA).

KIOWAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KIOWAN FAMILY.

KIPCHAKS, The.

"The Kipchaks were called Comans by European writers. … The name Coman is derived no doubt from the river Kuma, the country about which was known to the Persians as Kumestan. … A part of their old country on the Kuma is still called Desht Kipchak, and the Kumuks, who have been pushed somewhat south by the Nogays, are, I believe, their lineal descendants. Others of their descendants no doubt remain also among the Krim Tartars. To the early Arab writers the Kipchaks were known as Gusses, a name by which we also meet with them in the Byzantine annals. This shows that they belonged to the great section of the Turks' known as the Gusses or Oghuz Turks. … They first invaded the country west of the Volga at the end of the ninth century, from which time till their final dispersal by the Mongols in the thirteenth century they were very persistent enemies of Russia. After the Mongol conquest it is very probable that they became an important element in the various tribes that made up the Golden Horde or Khanate of Kipchak."

_H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, part 1, page 17._

See, also, MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294; and RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRCH-DENKERN, OR WELLINGHAUSEN, Battle of (1761).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1761-1762.

KIRGHIZ, Russian subjugation of the.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRIRI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

KIRK OF SCOTLAND.

See CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

KIRKE'S LAMBS.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

KIRKI, Battle of (1817).

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819.

KIRKSVILLE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

KIRRHA.

See DELPHI.

KISSIA.

See ELAM.

KIT KAT CLUB, The.

See CLUBS.

KITCHEN CABINET, President Jackson's.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1829.

KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

"Amongst the accumulations of Neolithic age which are thought by many archæologists to be oldest are the well-known 'Kjökkenmödingr' or kitchen-middens of Denmark. These are heaps and mounds composed principally of shells of edible molluscs, of which the most abundant are oyster, cockle, mussel, and periwinkle. Commingled with the shells occur bones of mammals, birds, and fish in less or greater abundance, and likewise many implements of stone, bone, and horn, together with potsherds. The middens are met with generally near the coast, and principally on the shores of the Lymfjord and the Kattegat; they would appear, indeed, never to be found on the borders of the North Sea. They form mounds or banks that vary in height from 3 or 5 feet up to 10 feet, with a width of 150 to 200 feet, and a length of sometimes nearly 350 yards. … The Danish savants (Forchhammer, Steenstrupp, and Worsaae), who first examined these curious shell-mounds, came to the conclusion that they were the refuse-heaps which had accumulated round the dwellings of some ancient coast-tribe. … Shell-mounds of similar character occur in other countries."

_J. Geikie, Prehistoric Europe, chapter 15._

KIT'S COTY HOUSE.

The popular name of a conspicuous Cromlech or stone burial monument in Kent, England, near Addington.

KITTIM.

The Hebrew name of the island of Cyprus.

See, also, JAVAN.

KITUNAHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KITUNAHAN FAMILY.

KJÖKKENMÖDINGR.

See KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

{1946}

KLAMATHS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS, &c.

KLEINE RATH, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

KLEISTHENES, Constitution of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.

KLEOMENIC WAR, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 280-146.

KLERUCHS.

"Another consequence of some moment arose out of this victory [of the Athenians over the citizens of Chalkis, or Chalcis, in the island of Eubœa, B. C. 506—see ATHENS: B. C. 509-506]. The Athenians planted a body of 4,000 of their citizens as Kleruchs (lot-holders) or settlers upon the lands of the wealthy Chalkidian oligarchy called the Hippobotæ—proprietors probably in the fertile plain of Lelantum between Chalkis and Eretria. This is a system which we shall find hereafter extensively followed out by the Athenians in the days of their power; partly with the view of providing for their poorer citizens—partly to serve as garrison among a population either hostile or of doubtful fidelity. These Attic Kleruchs (I can find no other name by which to speak of them) did not lose their birthright as Athenian citizens. They were not colonists in the Grecian sense, and they are known by a totally different name—but they corresponded very nearly to the colonies formerly planted out on the conquered lands by Rome."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 31 (volume 4)._

ALSO IN: _A. Boeckh, Public Economy of Athens, book 3, chapter 18._

See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 440-437.

KLOSTER-SEVEN, Convention of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (JULY-DECEMBER); and 1758.

KNECHTE, The.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: GERMANY.

KNIGHT-SERVICE.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

KNIGHTHOOD: Orders of, and their modern imitations. Alcantara.

See ALCANTARA.

KNIGHTHOOD: American Knights.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD: Avis.

See AVIS.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Bath.

See BATH.

KNIGHTHOOD: Black Eagle: A Prussian Order instituted by Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg, in 1701.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Blue Ribbon.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD: Brethren of Dobrin.

See PRUSSIA: 13TH CENTURY.

KNIGHTHOOD: Calatrava.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD: Christ: a Papal Order, instituted by Pope John XXII., in 1319; also a Portuguese Order.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1415-1460.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Crescent: instituted by René of Anjou, titular King of Naples, in 1448, but suppressed by Pope Paul II., in 1464; also a Turkish Order

See CRESCENT.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Ecu.

See BOURBON: THE HOUSE OF.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Elephant: a Danish Order, instituted in 1693, by King Christian V.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Garter.

See GARTER.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Golden Circle.

See GOLDEN CIRCLE.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Golden Fleece.

See GOLDEN FLEECE.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Golden Horseshoe.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1710-1716.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Golden Spur: instituted by Pope Paul III., in 1550.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Guelphs of Hanover.

See GUELPHS OF HANOVER.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Holy Ghost.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1578-1580.

KNIGHTHOOD: Hospitallers.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Indian Empire: instituted by Queen Victoria, in 1878.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Iron Cross: a Prussian Order, instituted in 1815 by Frederick William III.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Iron Crown.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Legion of Honor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1803.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Lion and the Sun: a Persian Order, instituted in 1808.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Lone Star.

See CUBA: A. D. 1845-1860.

KNIGHTHOOD: Malta.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD: Maria Theresa.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KNIGHTHOOD: La Merced.

See MERCED.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Mighty Host.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD: Our Lady of Montesa.

See OUR LADY, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Polar Star: a Swedish Order, of uncertain origin.

KNIGHTHOOD: Rhodes.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Round Table.

See ARTHUR, KING.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Andrew: a Scotch Order

See ST. ANDREW; also a Russian Order, instituted in 1698 by Peter the Great.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. George: a Russian Order, founded by Catharine II.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Gregory: an Order instituted in 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Jago or Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. James of Compostella.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Januarius: instituted by Charles, King of the Two Sicilies, in 1738.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. John.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. John of the Lateran: instituted in 1560, by Pope Pius IV.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Lazarus.

See ST. LAZARUS.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Louis.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Michael.

See ST. MICHAEL.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Michael and St. George.

See ST. MICHAEL, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Patrick: instituted by George III. of England, in 1783.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Stephen.

See ST. STEPHEN.

KNIGHTHOOD: St. Thomas of Acre.

See ST. THOMAS.

KNIGHTHOOD: Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Seraphim.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Sons of Liberty.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD: The Southern Cross.

See SOUTHERN CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Star.

See STAR.

KNIGHTHOOD: Star of India.

See STAR OF INDIA.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Starry Cross.

See STARRY CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Swan.

See SWAN.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Sword: a Swedish Order.

See SWORD;

KNIGHTHOOD: The Sword: a German Order.

See LIVONIA: 12TH-13TH CENTURIES.

KNIGHTHOOD: Templars.

See TEMPLARS.

KNIGHTHOOD: Teutonic.

See TEUTONIC KNIGHTS.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Thistle: instituted by James V. of Scotland, in 1530.

KNIGHTHOOD: The Tower and Sword.

See TOWER AND SWORD.

KNIGHTHOOD: Victoria Cross.

See VICTORIA CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD: The White Camellia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

KNIGHTHOOD: The White Cross: an Order founded by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, in 1814.

KNIGHTHOOD: White Eagle: a Polish Order, instituted in 1325 by Ladislaus IV., and revived by Augustus in 1705.

KNIGHTS.

See CHIVALRY; also, COMITATUS.

KNIGHTS BACHELORS.

"The word 'bachelor,' from whence has come 'bachelier,' does not signify 'bas chevalier,' but a knight who has not the number of 'bachelles' of land requisite to display a banner: that is to say, four 'bachelles.' The 'bachelle' was composed of ten 'maz,' or 'meix' (farms or domains), each of which contained a sufficiency of land for the work of two oxen during a whole year."

_J. Froissart, Chronicles (translated by Johnes), book 1, chapter 61, foot-note (volume 1)._

ALSO IN: _Sir W. Scott, Essay on Chivalry_

_R. T. Hampson, Origines Patriciœ, page 338._

{1947}

KNIGHTS BANNERETS.

"The name [banneret] imports the bearer of a small banner, and, in this respect, he differed from the baron, who bore a gonfanon or banner of war, and the simple knight, who bore a penon. The banner, properly so called, was a square flag; the penon, according to the illuminations of ancient manuscripts, was a small square, having two long triangles attached to the side opposite that which was fixed to the lance or spear. These pendant portions resembling tails were so denominated. Rastal defines a banneret to be a knight made upon the field of battle, with the ceremony of cutting off the point of his standard, and so making this like a banner. And such, he says, are allowed to display their arms on a banner in the king's army, like the barons. That was, no doubt, the mode of creation; but it appears … that a knight, or an esquire of four bacelles, or cow lands, and therefore, a bachelor, to whom the king had presented a banner on his first battle, became a banneret on the second; so that, in such cases, there would be no such ceremony necessary."

_R. T. Hampson. Origines Patriciœ, chapter 11._

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE.

During the thirteenth century there grew up in England the practice of sending to the Great Council of the king a certain number of knights from each shire to represent the "lesser baronage." which had formerly possessed the privilege of attending the council in person, but which had become more neglectful of attendance as their numbers increased. In theory, these knights of the shire, as they came to be called, were representatives of that "lesser baronage" only. "But the necessity of holding their election in the County Court rendered any restriction of the electoral body physically impossible. The court was composed of the whole body of freeholders, and no sheriff could distinguish the 'aye, aye' of the yeoman from the 'aye, aye' of the lesser baron. From the first moment therefore of their attendance we find the knights regarded not as mere representatives of the baronage, but as knights of the shire, and by this silent revolution the whole body of the rural freeholders were admitted to a share in the government of the realm."

_J. R. Green, Short History of the English People, chapter 4._