Part 5
A boat’s deck and cockpit should be thoroughly washed at least once a day. Nothing looks worse than a dirty deck. Wooden decks should be washed before the heat of the day gets on them: Canvas decks can be scrubbed at any time. If on salt water, always take advantage of a rain and give your decks a good hard scrubbing to get the salt off. If you have a crew, teach them to wash down the first thing every morning, and see that they do it
KEEPING CLEAN BELOW:
The first lesson to learn on a yacht, and the first to teach your crew, is that there is a place for everything, and that everything must be kept in its place. If they take anything out to use make them put it back at once in its place just as soon as they are done with it. Make every man keep his berth tidy, his clothes put away, and his bedding properly aired and folded. Teach them not to throw cigarette butts, tobacco and match sticks on the floor, and to spit overboard and not on the deck or in the cockpit. Don’t leave dirty dishes about. Keep your cabin just as tidy as you do your deck.
TOOL BOX:
Every yacht should carry a simple kit of tools with them. You can always make temporary repairs, and sometimes save yourself expense, worry and toil. Have a box for them where they can be easily got at. You don’t want fine tools, as they will soon be ruined by the dampness. The following is a list of what is necessary for a cruising boat:
Hatchet, Monkey wrench, Small saw, Cold chisel, Brace and bits, Screw driver, Marline spike, Small vice, Wire nippers, Grommet set, Sail needle, Sail hook, Twine, Wax, Fid, Piece of sheet copper, Piece of sheet lead, Piece of sheet rubber, Copper tacks, Screws, Nails, Some galv. iron rod, Wire, Screw eyes.
BOS’N STORES:
Don’t have more than two or three sizes of rope in your rig, if you can help it, and carry a spare coil of a few fathoms of each. Also, have spare fittings, so if anything carries away you can replace it. Here is a short list:
Blocks, Shackles, Pins for same, Cleats, Rope, Marline, Hambroline, Canvas, Lacing, Paint, Varnish.
PUMP:
Every yacht, no matter of what size, should have a good pump fitted to draw from the lowest part of the bilge. If a full-decked cabin boat, have the pump put in through the deck, and not through the cockpit floor. Builders like to put it in the latter place, as the work is easier. In consequence of its being there the dirty water is pumped into the pit and makes it wet and nasty. In an open centerboard boat put the pump at the after end of the trunk and pump into it. Keep the pump well clean. If you do not use the pump daily, to keep the leather on the sucker in good condition wrap it about with an oiled rag. A small portable pump is very useful to completely dry out the bilges.
PUMPING:
If the boat has a leak, make it a practice to try the pump every morning before washing down. Keep the water out of her, so that when she heels down it won’t run up into the lockers and wet things. A good knockdown will distribute a few buckets of bilge water around a cabin in a way to make things damp for weeks to come.
BALLAST:
If you use inside ballast of any kind do not lump it in heaps along the keel; spread it out as much as possible over the bottom. It should be spaced in the middle half of the boat, leaving the ends empty. No rule can be laid down for placing weight in a boat; you must experiment and find out how much and where to put it. Remember, that too much ballast is as bad as too little.
BALLAST, KINDS OF:
Inside ballast is either lead, iron or stone. There is no question but what stone is the best ballast, so far as the effect is concerned, and lead the worst. Lead has the advantage of being always worth its money, second-hand lead bringing nearly the same price as new. Old iron is of little or no value. Lead stows snugly and is clean. Iron is very dirty, and the rust from it is a nuisance. The disadvantage of stone is that you cannot secure it. Inside ballast should be secured so as not to shift in case the vessel gets on her side. Heavy ballast should rest on the frame and not on the plank.
BILGES:
The cause of many yachts smelling below is dirty bilges. They are never properly cleaned from one season to the other. Before putting the yacht in commission the bilges should be thoroughly searched, cleaned and washed out, all the limbers poked open so as to allow the water to flow to the pump well. If the boat does not leak enough to keep her bilges sweet, water should be poured in at least once a week and pumped out again. Don’t sweep dirt or other rubbish into the bilge; it is liable to get into the pump and choke it.
GASOLENE PIPES:
To make the joints of pipes carrying gasolene or kerosene tight use common yellow soap. These pipes if used to carry either of these fluids to a stove should be frequently examined, so as to prevent leakage. If gasolene leaks into the bilge, flood it with water and pump out before making any light below decks.
LEAD LINE:
Keep your lead line where it can be instantly laid hands upon. For a small boat a five-fathom line is long enough, with an extra five that can be bent on in case of need. A three-pound lead is plenty heavy enough.
KNIFE:
Always keep about your person a sharp knife, so that you can get hold of it without delay. Many a man has lost his life for want of a knife. It is best when cruising to carry a sheath knife, as they are handiest.
OARS:
Always carry a large oar on deck and a pair of spare ones for the dingey stowed below. It is also well to have at least two pair of spare oarlocks on board.
LASHINGS AND STOPS:
Take some 6, 9 and 12-thread manila rope and cut it into 3, 5 and 8-foot lengths. Put an eye-splice in one end of each length and whip the other end. These short pieces are always of the greatest use, and will save much time and trouble. They can be employed for many purposes, and are especially handy for gasketing sails.
STANDING-BY:
It is the duty, and should be the pleasure, of every yachtsman to stand-by another yacht when in distress, or in need of any sort of help. It is always best if you see a boat in a predicament to stand-down to her and offer your services, even if they are not needed; it will generally be appreciated as an act of courtesy and good will. And all yachtsmen should receive such offers in the spirit in which they are advanced, and not as some do, if they do not need assistance, give a jeering or discourteous reply. I have been fairly insulted several times by skippers because I have offered my aid to get them out of a predicament, my advances being considered to be a reflection on their skill and ability. Power-boat skippers can do much to make yachting pleasant, by offering a tow to becalmed sail-craft men. The little attentions do much to establish a feeling of perfect comradeship that is so essential to the making of a sport.
INDEX
PAGE
Accidents to men, 97
Anchor light, 81 to get a line on a fluke, 72 to get in a seaway, 71 to lay out a heavy, 73 to lay one out, 73 to raise a heavy, 74 to sweep an, 72
Anchors, care of, 71
Anchored in a current, 51 in an exposed harbor, 80 vessels, 95
Attraction, effect on vessels, 94
Barometers, 86
Ballast, kinds of, 118 where to place, 118
Balloon-jib sheet, to shift a, 64
Bilges, 119
Binnacle lights, 83
Blocks, kind to buy, 23
Boat’s name, 19
Bobstay, burst, 66
Bos’n stores, 116
Booms, cause of springing, 22
Burst bobstay, 66 mainsheet, 65
Buying a boat, 13 a boat afloat, 15 a cruiser, 14 from fad, 16 from reason, 17 out of repair, 17 a racer, 14 through a broker, 18
Caught on a lee shore, 56
Chain, care of, 80 mooring, 78
Clubbing, 48
Coasters, 95
Coming-to at a dock, 48
Coils of gear, 39
Covers, sail, 38
Crew, discipline, 111 and skipper, 109 stations for, 28 stations for getting underway, 28 stations for reefing, 30 stations for setting a spinnaker, 32
Cruising, 96
Current, anchored in a, 57 sailing against, 49 sailing in a, 49 sailing in a calm, 51
Dock, coming-to at a, 48 or pier lying at a, 48
Downhaul, how to rig a peak, 40
Dropping a mooring, 79
Gasolene pipes, 119
Gears, coils of, 39
Gear, running, 39
Halyards, peak, 109
Hawsers, care of, 80
Heaving-to, 52
High water, 92 in tide tables, 93
Hoisting sails, 36
Hoops, working of, 23
Injury to sails, 112
Inventory, 18
Jibing a mainsail, 46 a yawl, 47
Jib sheets, how to reeve, 40
Jibs, shifting in heavy weather, 38 storm, 38
Keeping clean below, 114
Knife, 120
Knotting and splicing, 113
Lashing and stops, 121
Lead-line, to make a, 98 where to keep, 120
Leak in scupper-pipe, 103 to frap a, 103
Leaks in centerboard boats, 99 in deck, 101 in rabbet, 101 stopping, 102 in topsides, 99 where most dangerous, 98
Lee shores, sailing on, 53 shore, caught on a, 53 caught on a, 56
Light sails, handling, 30 sheeting, 60
Light, anchor, 81 a flare, 81 stern, 83
Lights, binnacle, 83 side, 83 side, 104 taking care of, 81
Log, use of, 85
Lookout, 105 reports, 104
Lying at a dock or pier, 48
Lying-to, 52
Making a mooring, 75 to leeward, 77 a quick run, 97
Mainsail hoisting on track, 41 to jibe, 46
Mainsheet, burst, 65 to knot a, 46
Mark, rounding a, 60 a leeward, 61 a windward, 63 with an overlap, 61
Mast carried away, 66
Masts, removing, 21 to remove, 21
Medicine chest, 85
Mending sails, 112
Miss-staying in a seaway, 54 how to get out of irons, 54
Mizzen on a yawl, 57 how to handle, 57
Mooring, care of, 79 chain, 78 dropping a, 79 how to make a, 75 hook, how to shape, 77 making one to leeward, 77 warp, 78
Moorings, what weight, 74
Nautical instruments, charts, etc., 19
Oars, 120
Off the wind, 107
Peak downhaul, 40 halyards, 109
Pendants for reefing, 42
Pump, 117
Pumping, 118
Reef points, 108 shaking out a, 44
Reefing before starting, 45 not to haul out too hard, 44 in heavy seaway, 44 at night, 41 pendants for, 42 to practice a crew at, 41 tacks for, 42 to belay sheet when, 42
Rigging, running, 40 on racing craft, 22
Right of way, 108
Run, making a quick, 96
Running off, to carry a small jib, 45 gear, 39 in a seaway, 45 rigging, 40
Rounding a mark, 60 a windward mark, 63 a mark to leeward, 60 a mark, with overlap, 61
Sail covers, 38
Sails, hoisting, 36 how to treat, 34 injury to, 112 measuring for, 34 mending, 112 stowing, 36 to be aired, 34 to take care of, 36
Sailing against current, 49 in a current, 49 in a seaway, 56 what sail to carry, 57
Scupper-pipe leaking, 103
Sheets, jib, 40
Sheeting, light sails, 60
Shore, caught on a lee, 53 weather, 53
Shores, lee, 53
Shifting jibs in heavy weather, 38
Shroud parting, 64
Side lights, 104 lights, 83
Skipper and mate, 110
Skipper’s duties, 110
Spinnaker pole, how to rig for racing, 24
Spinnakers, to prepare for hoisting, 24
Spinnaker to set when rigged with a lift, 26 to shift from side to side, 25
Spinnakers, when to use, 25
Squall, struck by a, 90
Squalls, 88 how to meet one, 89 time of, 89
Standing-by, 121
Standing order to mate, 111
Speed, to judge, 68 reasons for want of, 67
Steering a yawl, 47
Stern light, 83
Storm jibs, 38
Stowing sails, 36
Swigging a tackle, 108
Tacks for reefing, how to fit, 42
Tack, which, 106
Tanks, water, 84
Tide under the lee, 51
Tides, a knowledge of, 93 effecting the wind, 90 time of, 92 where strongest, 92
To get an anchor in a seaway, 71
To lay out an anchor, 73
To lay out a heavy anchor, 73
To sweep an anchor, 72
Tool box, 115
Towing a heavy boat, 68 alongside, 70 making the warp fast, 70 to tack when, 70
Trimming a vessel, 63
To raise a heavy anchor, 74
Vessels underway, 96
Want of speed, 67
Warp, mooring, 78
Washing down, 114
Watch tackle, 106
Water, cause of sickness, 84 tanks, 84
Wearing a yawl, 46
Weather shore, sailing on, 53 the study of, 87
Winds, 88
Winds, study of, 87
Working craft and steamers, 94 forward at night, 105 to windward, 58 to windward cruising, 59 to windward, to get favoring breeze, 59
Yawl, jibing a, 47 mizzen on a, 57 steering a, 47 wearing a, 46
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