PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

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INTRODUCTION 1

1. The Idea of Christianity 1

2. The Fathers and Heterodoxies 10

3. Church and State 23

SECTION ONE

ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY 26

A. The Philosophy of the Medabberim 30

B. Commentators of Aristotle 34

C. Jewish Philosophers: Moses Maimonides 35

SECTION TWO

THE SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY 37

A. Relationship of the Scholastic Philosophy to Christianity 45

B. General Historical Points of View 60

1. The Building up of Dogmas on Metaphysical Grounds 61 _a._ Anselm 61 _b._ Abelard 67

2. Methodical Representation of the Doctrinal System of the Church 68 _a._ Peter Lombard 69 _b._ Thomas Aquinas 71 _c._ John Duns Scotus 72

3. Acquaintanceship with Aristotelian Writings 73 _a._ Alexander of Hales 73 _b._ Albertus Magnus 75

4. Opposition between Realism and Nominalism 77 _a._ Roscelinus 78 _b._ Walter of Mortagne 80 _c._ William Occam 82 _d._ Buridan 85

5. Formal Dialectic 86 _a._ Julian, Archbishop of Toledo 87 _b._ Paschasius Radbertus 88

6. Mystics 91 _a._ John Charlier 91 _b._ Raymundus of Sabunde 91 _c._ Roger Bacon 92 _d._ Raymundus Lullus 92

C. General Standpoint of the Scholastics 94

SECTION THREE

REVIVAL OF THE SCIENCES 108

A. Study of the Ancients 109

1. Pomponatius 111

2. Bessarion, Ficinus, Picus 112

3. Gassendi, Lipsius, Reuchlin, Helmont 112

4. Ciceronian Popular Philosophy 113

B. Certain Attempts in Philosophy 115

1. Cardanus 116

2. Campanella 119

3. Bruno 119

4. Vanini 137

5. Petrus Ramus 143

C. The Reformation 146