Part 4

οὗ οὐκ ἔχει λόγον ἀληθέστερον ἡ ἁγία γραφή, _a word than which nothing more true is found in holy scripture_.

πατὴρ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἡ πίστις, ἀνδρεία δὲ τῶν ἀνδρικῶν ἔργων πατήρ, _faith is the father of courage, and courage is the father of manly deeds_.

κάλλιστα λέγεις, _admirable_.

καλὸς ὁ λόγος, κάλλιον δὲ τὸ ἔργον, _a beautiful saying, but more beautiful is the deed_.

ἄνευ ἔργου πάντων κενώτατον πραγμάτων ὁ λόγος, _without the deed speech is the most empty of all things_.

ἐλαφρότερον τῶν ἀχύρων, _more light than chaff_.

καὶ οὐδὲν ἥττον στεῖρον, _and not less barren_.

ἔρρωσο, _farewell_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

New. Polygon. Hagiography. Tactics. Crow. Biology. Prophet. Energetic. Plethora.

LESSON VII

THE FUTURE ACTIVE

The characteristic letter of the future tense is σ, inserted before the terminations that mark the persons, thus: λύω, _I loosen_; λύσω, _I will_; λύσεις, _thou wilt_; λύσει, _he will_; λύσομεν, _we will_; λύσετε, _ye will_; λύσουσι, _they will loosen_. Of course by inserting this σ, a preceding consonant, where the root is labial, uniting with it forms a ψ, as above in nouns (Lesson IV, 3); and in the same way, when the final vowel of the root is a palatal the κ or γ appears as ξ—so, from βλέπω, _I see_, βλέψω; from λέγω, _I say_, λέξω. But there are several variations, which will be learned by practice; the following are dominant:—

(α) Verbs with two consonants before the ω of the present eject the latter before inserting the σ, so that the π or φ of the root united with the σ becomes a ψ, as in τύπτω, τύψω; κόπτω, _I cut_, κόψω; σκάπτω, _I dig_, σκάψω; γράφω, _I write_, γράψω.

(β) The same rule holds with many verbs in σσω, Attic ττω, the root ending in κ or γ, as πράσσω, _I do_, root πραγ, future πράξω; τάσσω, _I arrange_, τάξω.

(γ) Verbs in άζω have either σω or ξω, or both, as θαυμάζω, _I admire_, θαυμάσω; νυστάζω, _I nod_, άσω or άξω; ἁρπάζω, _to carry off_, ξω, ἁρπάσομαι in Attic; βαστάζω, _to carry_, βαστάσω.

(δ) Pure verbs generally lengthen the vowel of the present, α being changed into η, except where a vowel or λ precedes the άω, as— τιμάω, _I honour_, τιμήσω. φιλέω, _I love_, φιλήσω. δηλόω, _I show_, δηλώσω. But— κλάω, _I break_, κλάσω. κοπιάω, _I labour at_, κοπιάσω.

But some in έω prefer έσω, as τελέω, _I finish_, τελέσω; τρέω, _to tremble_, τρέσω; ζέω, _to boil_, ζέσω.

(ε) Liquid verbs shorten the long vowel of the root, or throw out the last of two consonants in the root, and lay a circumflex accent on the termination ω, as— μένω, _I remain_, μενῶ. σπείρω, _I sow_, σπερῶ. φαίνω, _I show_, φανῶ. βάλλω, _I throw_, βαλῶ. τέμνω, _I cut_, τεμῶ.

νῦν δὴ φοβεῖς με· δεινὸς ὡς ἀληθῶς ὁ χρόνος οὗτος ὁ τοῦ μέλλοντος, _now indeed you frighten me; this future tense is terrible_.

γέλοια λέγεις· οὐκ ἐάσω σε τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγειν· λέγε μᾶλλον τὸ τῆς παροιμίας, χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά, _ridiculous; I will not permit you to speak thus; say rather, as the proverb has it, all excellent things are difficult_.

λέξω, _I will say so_.

ἔχε πίστιν, _have faith_.

πιστεύσω καὶ νῑκήσω, _I will believe and conquer_.

αἰνέσει σε ὁ πατήρ, _your father will praise you_.

οὐδὲν διστάζω, _I do not doubt it_.

ἀνδρικὸν δηλώσεις θυμόν, _you will show a manly spirit_.

βλέψω ἀνδρικῶς πρὸς τὸν διάβολον καὶ οὐ τρέσω, _I will look manfully in the face of the devil and not tremble_.

τί σκάπτει ὁ φύσκων ἐκεῖνος ἐν τῷ λειμῶνι; _what is that paunchy fellow digging at in the meadow?_

σκάπτει τάφρον, _he is digging a trench_.

σκάπτει τοὺς θεμελίους λαμπροῦ οἰκήματος, _he is digging the foundations of a grand house_.

οὐδαμῶς· τὸν τοιοῦτον οὐ θαυμάσομεν, _not at all; such a fellow we will not admire_.

ἰδιώτης ἐστί· πόνον μὲν ἔχει, τέχνην δὲ οὔ· κόψει ποτὲ τὸν ἴδιον δάκτυλον τῇ μαχαίρᾳ, καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸν ἴδιον αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ σκάψει τάφον· τοιοῦτο γὰρ δὴ φιλεῖ γίνεσθαι τὸ τῶν ἀπαιδεύτων τέλος, _he is a bungler. He has labour, but no skill. He will cut his finger with his knife some day, and dig his own grave. Such is wont to be the end of the unlearned_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Hydrophobia. Chronology. Chronic. Andrew. Idiot. Penury. Technical. Polytechnic. Idiosyncrasy. Paedeutics.

LESSON VIII

THE PAST TENSE

The first aorist or indefinite past tense follows the type of the future, with a σ before the personal terminations, and an augment ε prefixed to the whole word, as a sign of the past tense, thus—

πράξω, _I will do_. ἔπραξα, -ας, -ε, _I, thou, he_ } _did_ ἐπράξαμεν, -ατε, -αν, _we, you, they_ }

In liquid verbs, where the future has no σ, the aorist lengthens the vowel of the penult, as—

μένω μενῶ ἔμεινα στέλλω στελῶ ἔστειλα τείνω τενῶ ἔτεινα

There is another form of the past in

-ον -ες -ε -ομεν -ετε -ον

as ἔτυπον for ἔτυψα, which some verbs prefer, as in ἔβαλον, _I threw_, from βάλλω, βαλῶ; ἔκραγον from κράζω, and some have both, as ἤνεγκα, ἤνεγκον, _I brought_, irregular from φέρω, _I bring_, future οἴσω, _I will bring_.

οἶδα, _I know_, has

οἶδα, οἶσθα, οἶδε, _I, thou, he_ } _know_. ἴσμεν, ἴστε, ἴσασι, _we, you, they_ }

and with the past participle, εἰδώς, -ότος.

ᾔδειν, ᾔδεις, ᾔδει, _I, thou, he_ } _knew_. ᾔδειμεν, ᾔδειτε, ᾔδεσαν, _we, you, they_ }

ἅπερ ἐγὼ ἔπραξα χθές, σὺ πράξεις αὔριον, ἀεὶ γὰρ ὑστερεῖς, _what I did yesterday you will do to-morrow; you are always behind_.

τίς τὰ φύλλα ἔκοψε τῆς καλῆς ἐκείνης βίβλου; _who cut the leaves of that beautiful book?_

ἐγώ, _I did_.

ἔκοψας, νὴ Δία, ἀμβλείᾳ τῇ μαχαίρᾳ· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ῥυπαροί εἰσι σοὶ οἱ δάκτυλοι, _verily you cut it with a blunt knife; besides, your fingers are filthy_.

νίψω τῶ χεῖρε,[5] _I will wash my hands_.

[5] A dual number for τὰς χεῖρας, which both in nouns and verbs the Greeks sometimes used for a pair of persons or things. See the grammar.

ἔδωκα ἐκείνῃ παρθένῳ μῆλον, ὁ δὲ παῖς ἥρπαξε· τίς ποτε ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὸν τὸ τέχνημα τόδε; _I gave that girl an apple, and the boy seized it. Who taught him that trick?_

κακοδαίμων τις, _an evil genius_.

τίς ἔβαλε τὸν λίθον; _who threw the stone?_

ὁ παῖς ὁ ἐν τῷ κήπῳ, _the boy in the garden_.

παράνομός τις ἐστί, _he is a lawless boy_.

χθὲς διέθραυσε πλάκα ὑαλίνην ἐν τῇ τοῦ φροντιστηρίου τοῦ ἐμοῦ θυρίδι, _yesterday he broke a glass pane in my study window_.

οὐχί· ὁ αἴλουρος ἦν ὁ ἁμαρτωλός· ἐμήνυσαν αἱ ῥῖνες αἱματηραὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ ζῴου, _not so; the cat was the sinner; the bloody nose of the animal declared its sin_.

τὴν βίβλον ἣν ἔδωκά σοι χθὲς ἐγχειρίσεις (Attic ἐγχειριεῖς) τῇ ἀδελφῇ· ἀγαθὴ γὰρ ἡ παρθένος καὶ βιβλοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀξία, _the book which I gave you yesterday you will hand over to your sister; she is a good girl, and worthy of a good book_.

τίς ᾠκοδόμησε τοῦτο τὸ ἱερόν; _who built this church?_

τέκτων τις, _an architect_.

τέκτων μὲν οὔ, ἐργάτης δέ τις λίθων, _not an architect, a stonemason_.

ὁ γὰρ ἀληθὴς τέκτων ποιητής ἐστι· καὶ τὸ οἰκοδόμημα ὅπερ ᾠκοδόμησε χθὲς ποίημα μένει λίθινον αὔριον καὶ ἀεί, ὡς ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἐν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ, _for a true architect is a poet; and the edifice which he raised yesterday remains a stone poem to-morrow and for ever, as one may see in Egypt_.

τίς εἶδε τὸν παῖδα ὃς ἀπέκοψε τὸν κλάδον τοῦ δένδρου ἐκείνου; _who saw the boy who cut the branch of that tree?_

εἶδον ἐγώ, _I saw him_.

ἄγε αὐτὸν δεῦρο· μαστιγώσω τὸν κακοῦργον, _bring him to me; I will flog the rascal_.

σήμερον πάντως οὐ δειπνήσει, _he shall have no dinner to-day_.

ἢ δειπνήσει γε μετὰ τῶν συῶν, _or dine with the pigs_.

ἐβούλευσα αὐτῷ καλὴν βουλήν, _I gave him good advice_.

μάτην, _in vain_.

οὐκ ἤκουσε, _he did not hear_.

κωφός ἐστι, _he is deaf_.

κωφὸς δὴ πρός γε τὴν τῶν σοφῶν βουλήν, _yes, deaf to the counsel of the wise_.

χθὲς ἔκλεισε τὰ ὦτα πρὸς τὸν τοῦ σοφοῦ Σολομῶνος λόγον· τοῦ ἄφρονος οἱ ὀφθαλμοί εἰσιν ἐπ’ ἄκρα τῆς γῆς, _yesterday he closed his ears to the word of the wise Solomon: the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth_.

ἤκουσε τοῦ μὲν λόγου, τὸν δὲ νοῦν οὐ κατέλαβε, _he heard the word, but he did not take in the sense_.

ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἄφρων ἐπλήρωσε τὸν ἐγκέφαλον διανοημάτων κενῶν, _his foolish brother filled his brain with vain imaginations_.

καὶ ἐπίστευσε τῷ ἀδελφῷ μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ ἁγίᾳ γραφῇ, _and he believed his brother rather than the holy scripture_.

ὦ τοῦ ἀτυχήματος, _sad! sad!_

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Egotism. Practice. Foliation. Chiromancy. The Parthenon. Didactic. Technical. Cacodemon. Lithotomy. Rhinoceros. Zoology. Agatha. Hierarchy. Dendritis. Divine. Acrobat. Geography. Logic. Hagiology. Hagiolatry. Graphic.

LESSON IX

INFINITIVE MOOD AND PARTICIPLES

The infinitive mood gives the action of the verb substantively as we use the participle in _seeing is a good thing_, but in Greek, as in Latin, always the infinitive, as καλὸν τὸ ὁρᾶν, and declined with the article like a noun, through all the cases, of course neuter, as the gender does not lie in the action, but in the actor. Its normal ending in the active voice is ειν, as in the present βάλλειν, _to throw_, and second aorist βαλεῖν; but in first aorist its termination is αι, as κόψαι, from κόπτω. Pure verbs follow their vowel, as τῑμᾶν, _to honour_; φιλεῖν, _to love_.

Like substantives, verbal infinitives are governed by prepositions through all the cases, as περί, _about_; παρά, _from beside_; μετά, _with_; ἐν, _in_, and εἰς _into_—as περὶ τοῦ καπνίζειν λέγω μέτρον ἄριστον, _about smoking I say moderation is best_.

Participles are verbal adjectives declined as such, and signifying the quality or accident of a certain state of being or action belonging to an agent.

The participles of the present and of the second aorist are declined in masculine and neuter according to the type of the second declension, in feminine according to the first, as—

τύπτων, τύπτουσα, τύπτον, _he, she, or it_ } τύπτ-οντος, ούσης, οντος, _of him, her, or it_ } _striking_. οντι, ούσῃ, οντι, _to him, her, or it_ }

The first aorist participle bears the type of the third declension, as in γίγας, γίγαντος, _a giant_—so ποιήσας, _having made_; feminine ποιήσᾱσα, neuter ποιῆσαν.

genitive, -αντος -ᾱσης -αντος. dative, -αντι -ᾱσῃ -αντι. objective, -αντα -ᾱσαν -αν.

Pure verbs have a long vowel or diphthong: thus, from

περιπατέω περιπατῶν περιπατοῦντος τιμάω τιμῶν τιμῶντος

ἆράγε εἶδες ἐκεῖνον τὸν παῖδα ἐν τῷ κήπῳ περιπατοῦντα; _did you see that boy walking in the garden?_

εἶδον, _I did_.

καλὸν τὸ περιπατεῖν καὶ ὑγιές, οὐ τοιοῦτον δὲ τῷ κλέψαντι τὰ μῆλα, _walking is good and healthy, but not for him who stole the apples_.

τῑμῶσα τὴν βασίλισσαν τῑμᾷς τὴν πόλιν ἧς δὴ ἐκείνη κεφαλὴ ἐστίν, _in honouring the queen you honour the state of which she is the head_.

περὶ τοῦ ὑπνοῦσθαι οὐδὲν ἀκριβῶς ἐπιτάττω· ἓν μόνον λέγω, οὐχ ὑγιὲς τὸ ὑπερβάλλειν ὀκτὼ ὥρας ἐν τῇ κοίτῃ, _about sleeping I prescribe nothing curiously; only this one thing I say, that to lie in bed more than eight hours is not healthy_.

ἀληθῆ λέγεις, _you say well_.

τοῖς γε ὑγιὲς ἔχουσι τὸ σῶμα, _at least for those who have a healthy body_.

τὸ γὰρ ἀργεῖν διαφθείρει τό τε σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, _for lying idle damages both body and soul_.

μάλιστα· καὶ τὸ πράττειν ὁτιοῦν ἐναντίον τῷ συστήματι τοῦ ὅλου διαφθείρει τὴν ψυχήν, ὡς λέγει ὁ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἀπόστολος, ὁ Ἰάκωβος· εἰδότι τὸ καλὸν καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, αὐτῷ ἁμαρτία ἐστίν, _certainly, for to do anything contrary to the system of the universe destroys the soul, as James the apostle of good works says, “to him that knoweth what is good and doeth it not, to him it is sin.”_

τῷ λαλοῦντι πολλὰ πολὺς ὁ κίνδῡνος, _to the great talker there is great danger_.

ἐν δὲ τῷ ὀλίγα λέγειν μεγάλη ἡ σωτηρία, _but in speaking little there is great safety_.

μεγάλη βιβλιοθήκη χρησίμη ἐστὶν εἰς τὸ πολλὰ εἰδέναι, _a good library is useful to get great knowledge_.

πῶς γὰρ οὔ; ὅμως οὐκ ἀεὶ εἰς τὸ σοφῶς βιῶναι, _certainly, but not always for wise living_.

πολλὰς βίβλους δυνατὸν τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς ἐγκεφάλους κυκᾶν, _it is possible that many books may confound weak brains_.

τὸ λεγόμενον, πολλοὶ ὄντες οἱ μάγειροι διαφθείρουσι τὸν ζωμόν, _as they say, many cooks spoil the broth_.

καὶ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον παμπλήθη ἔπιπλα ὑπὲρ τὸ πρέπον καὶ τὸ ἡδὺ ἐκπληροῖ τὸ οἴκημα καὶ ταράττει τοὺς εἰσβαίνοντας, _and in the same way, a great quantity of furniture, beyond what is proper and comfortable, fills up the room, and inconveniences those who enter_.

σοφῶς. ἀεὶ κακὸν τὸ ὑπερβαίνειν, _wise. All excess is bad._

τὴν σοφίαν λέγεις τοῦ Ἀριστοτέλους· ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἀεὶ ἡ σωτηρία, _the wisdom of Aristotle: safety lies in the mean_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Peripatetics. Hygiene. Cleptomania. Hypnotism. System. Psychology. Apostle. Polyanthus. Trope. Hyperbole. Plethora.

LESSON X

THE OTHER PAST TENSES

The imperfect, with the augment prefixed as the sign of the past, is as follows; from κόπτω—

ἔκοπτ-ον, -ες, -ε, _I, thou, he was_ } _cutting_. ἐκόπτ-ομεν, -ετε, -ον, _we, you, they were_ }

Pure verbs contract

αον into ων αες ” ας αε ” α άομεν ” ῶμεν άετε ” ᾶτε αον ” ων

as in—

ἐτίμων ἐτίμας ἐτίμα ἐτιμῶμεν ἐτιμᾶτε ἐτίμων

εον into ουν εες ” εις εε ” ει έομεν ” οῦμεν έετε ” εῖτε εον ” ουν

as in—

ἐφίλουν ἐφίλεις ἐφίλει ἐφιλοῦμεν ἐφιλεῖτε ἐφίλουν

The present perfect, or the immediately past perfect, in addition to the augment, reduplicates the initial consonant of the root, and its terminations are—

-α, -ας, -ε, _I, thou, he has_ ... -αμεν, -ατε, -ᾱσι, _we, you, they have_ ...

It changes also the σ of the future into a κ—

τιμήσω—τετίμηκα τετίμηκας τετίμηκε τετιμήκαμεν τετιμήκατε τετιμήκāσι

but this κ, when the root ends in γ or κ, appears as χ; thus—

πλέκω πλέξω πέπλεχα πράσσω πράξω πέπρᾱχα

and in the same way the final π of the root appears as φ; thus—

τύπτω τύψω τέτυφα γράφω γράψω γέγραφα

In the pluperfect, which is not often used, the same reduplication takes place, and the terminations are—

-ειν -εις -ει -ειμεν -ειτε -εισαν or -εσαν

as in—

ἐτετύφειν ἐτετύφεις ἐτετύφει ἐτετύφειμεν ἐτετύφειτε ἐτετύφεισαν

ἔτυπτον ἐγὼ τὸ παιδάριον, ὅτε εἰσελθὼν ὁ ἀστυνόμος ἥρπασέ με εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον, _I was beating the boy, when the policeman entering took me to prison_.

γέγραφα ἐπιστολὴν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα σου λέγων παῖδά σε εἶναι κόσμιον τοὺς τρόπους, _I have written a letter to your father saying that you are a well-behaved young man_.

ἐτύγχανον ὕπτιος κείμενος ἐν τῇ κοίτῃ ὅτε μέγας τις μῦς ὑπερπηδήσας τὰ στρώματα δεινόν μοι ἐνεποίησε φόβον, _I happened to be lying on my back in the bed when a rat, leaping over the bedcover, gave me a great fright_.

δικαίως γε, _and with good reason_.

τὰ νῦν δὲ ποῦστι τὸ ἀναιδὲς θρέμμα; _and now, where is the shameless creature?_

κέκαφεν αὐτὸ τὸ κυνάριόν μου τὸ ἐκ τῆς Ὀρεινῆς, _my little Skye terrier has just snapped it up_.

δίκαια ἔπαθεν, _served it right!_

ποῦστι τὸ μελανοδοχεῖόν μου; _where is my inkstand?_

εὕρηκα, εὕρηκα, ἐν τῷ λουτρῶνι, _I have found it, I have found it, in the bathroom_.

παράδοξον τοῦτο· οὐκ ἔγραφον ἔγωγε ἐν τῷ λουτρῶνι, _strange; I was not writing in the bathroom_.

οὐχ ὁρῶ τὸν κάλαμον, _I do not see my pen_.

ἰδοῦ· εὗρον ἐν τῷ δειπνητηρίῳ, _here it is; I found it in the dining-room_.

ἔπαιζεν ὁ αἴλουρος τῷ καλάμῳ σου καὶ τῷ πετάσῳ, καὶ τῇ χλαμύδι, καὶ ταῖς κρηπῖσι, καὶ δεινόν τινα ἐποίει θόρυβον, _the cat was playing with your pen, and with your hat, and your plaid, and your boots, and making a terrible row._

σφάξον τὸ θρέμμα, _kill the brute!_

οὐδαμῶς· αὐτὸς σὺ αἴτιος, ὃς δὴ ἔλιπες τὸ οἴκημα ἐν πάσῃ ἀκοσμίᾳ, ὁ δὲ αἴλουρος πεπλήρωκε τὸ ἔργον σου, _not at all; you yourself are to blame, who left the room in great disorder, and the cat has finished your work_.

δίκαια λέγεις, _you are right_.

καὶ ἐγὼ μεγάλην ὤφληκα μωρίαν, _and I have committed an act of great folly_.

μετανοῶ ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι, _I repent of the business_.

ἔρρωσο, _farewell_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Harpy. Graphic. Epistle. Tropic. The Cosmos. Cosmetic. Big. Melancholy. Paradox. Autonomy. Pragmatic.

LESSON XI

VERBS IN μι

The great mass of Greek verbs, whatever their variations of person and tense may be, agree in this one prominent feature, that the first person singular of the present indicative ends in ω, as in Latin _ō_, possibly a relic of the pronoun ἐγώ, _I_. But there is a small class of verbs in familiar use which, instead of the ω, affix to the first person μι, evidently identical with the English _me_ and the German _mich_—a confusion of the nominative and accusative cases familiar to our ears in French and vulgar English, when we say _it is me_ instead of _it is I_. Whatever may have been the original form of the verbs in μι, as a matter of practice, if we fling off the μι from the present, the future and the tenses cognate with it may be formed directly from an assumed form in ω: thus ἵστημι, _I cause to stand_, στήσω, _I will cause to stand_, as if from στάω; τίθημι, _I place_, θήσω, _I will place_, as if from θέω; δείκνῡμι, _I show_, δείξω, _I will show_, as if from δείκω; and δίδωμι, _I give_, future δώσω, _I will give_, as if from δόω, the Latin _dō_ evidently preserving the simple form from which δίδωμι comes by the prefix of δι and the suffix μι.

_Present_

ἵστημι, ἵστης, ἵστησι, _I, thou, he_ } _cause to stand_. ἵσταμεν, ἵστατε, ἱστᾶσι, _we, you, they_ }

_Imperfect_

ἵστην ἵστης ἵστη ἵσταμεν ἵστατε ἵστασαν

_Second Aorist_

ἔστην ἔστης ἔστη ἔστημεν ἔστητε ἔστησαν

The middle and passive voice follow the form of the regular verb.

The perfect active of ἵστημι, ἕστηκα, is used as a present with a neuter sense, _I stand_, and in like manner, the pluperfect ἑστήκειν, and the 2nd aorist ἔστην, _I stood_.

τίθημι and its analogues have ε for the α in the plural, and first aorist ἔθηκα instead of ἔθησα; and in the same way ἵημι, _to send_, has first aorist ἧκα, _I sent_; so also δίδωμι has ἔδωκα, _I gave_, not ἔδωσα.

The irregular verbs εἰμί, _I am_, εἶμι, _I go_ (usually future: _I will go_), evidently fall under this scheme. For εἰμί, _I am_, see supra, Lesson I. The verb _to go_ has εἶμι, _I go_; εἶ, _thou art going_; εἶσι, _he is going_; ἴμεν, _we are going_; ἴτε, _you are going_; ἴᾱσιν, _they are going_. Imperative ἴθι, _go_.

ἄπιθι, ἄπιθι, ἄκλητος καθίζεις ἐπ’ ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἕδρᾳ· στήσω σε ἐνταῦθα, _begone, begone! you have no business in that seat; I will plant you here_.

ἕστηκα ὅπου ἕστηκα, καὶ καθίζω ὅπου καθίζω, _I stand where I stand, and I sit where I sit_.

σοὶ ἔδωκα τὴν βίβλον τὴν κομψήν, σὺ δὲ ἔδωκας τῷ παιδισκαρίῳ τούτῳ· ἐς τοσοῦτον ἆρα καταφρονεῖς μου, καὶ τοῦ δώρου μου; _I gave the pretty book to you, and you gave it to that little girl. Do you so despise me and my gift?_

συνῆκα ἃ λέγεις· ἡ δὲ παρθένος μᾶλλον τῆς βίβλον ὀνήσεται ἢ ἐγώ, _I understand what you say; but the young lady will be more profited by the book than I_.

μάλα ταπεινόφρων σύ γε, _you are very humble_.

οὐχ οὕτως· φιλῶ τὴν παρθένον, _not at all; I love the girl_.

πιθανόν, _likely enough_.

οἱ πολλοὶ τί φασι περὶ τοῦ Γλάδστωνος; _what do people say about Gladstone?_

θαυμάζουσι αὐτὸν δικαίως ὡς δεινὸν μὲν περὶ τοὺς λόγους, τῶν δὲ περὶ τὰς τῆς πόλεως προσόδους ἐμπειρότατον, καὶ δὴ καὶ τῶν τε Ἰταλικῶν καὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν γραμμάτων ἐπιστήμονα, _they admire him, with good reason, as a great speaker, also as an expert and apt financier, and besides a great Greek and Italian scholar_.

ἀληθέστατα λέγεις· εἰ κατέστησαν αὐτὸν καθηγητὴν τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς φιλολογίας ἐν τῷ τοῦ Βουπόρου πανεπιστημίῳ, οὐκ ἐλάττων ἂν ἐγένετο[6] τοῦ Βοεκίου, τοῦ Ἑρμάννου, τοῦ Μυλλέρου, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Γερμανῶν ὅσοι περὶ τὴν πολυμαθίαν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις εὐδοκιμοῦσι, _very true; if they had made him professor of Greek in the university of Oxford, he would not have stood below Boeckh, or Hermann, or Müller, or any of the Germans who are most distinguished for great learning_.

[6] For the use of the particle ἄν here and below see Lesson XV _infra_.

καὶ οὕτως γε ἐτύγχανεν ἂν εὐτυχῶς διαφυγὼν τόν τε πολὺν θόρυβον καὶ διαφθορὰν τοῦ βίου πολιτικοῦ, _and so he might have happily escaped the great bother and the corruption of political life_.

δυνατὰ λέγεις· ὅμως οὐκ ἄν τις τυγχάνοι διαπεφευγὼς τὴν εἱμαρμένην, _possibly; however no man can escape his destiny_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Stand. Sit. Seat. Dowry. Philology. Mathematics. Empiric. Dynamics. Logic. Grammar. Allopathy. Biology.

LESSON XII

COMPOUND VERBS

Verbs compounded with a preposition place the augment and reduplication between the preposition and the verb. Except περὶ and πρὸ all prepositions ending in a vowel have the vowel elided before the augment; πρὸ generally forms a crasis with the augment and becomes προὐ. The ν in ἐν and σύν, which had been assimilated in the present, is resumed before the augment.

The prepositions that most frequently occur in compound verbs are—

περί, _round about_, as in English _periphery_. ἀπό, _off_ or _away from_, as in _apogee_. ὑπό, _under_, as in _hypocrite_. ἐν, _in_, as in _energy_. εἰς, _into_. σύν, _together_, as in _sympathy_. πρό, _before_, as in _prophet_. παρά, _alongside_ or _away_, as in _parallel_, _parasite_. ἀντί, _instead of_, _opposite to_, as in _antidote_. μετά, _with_ or _after_, as in _metaphysics_. πρός, _toward_, as in _proselyte_. ἀνά, _up_ or _back_, as in _anatomy_. κατά, _down_, as in _catalepsy_. ἐπί, _on_ or _upon_, as in _epilogue_.

ὁ φίλος μου ὁ ἀληθῶς φιλικὸς περιέβαλε τοῖς ὤμοις μου τὴν χλαῖναν σκέπην ψύχους, _my true friend threw his cloak round my shoulders as a protection against the cold_.

ὑπόδησον τὰ ὑποδήματά μου, _put on my shoes_.

ἀπέβαλον τὰ ὑποδήματα τὰ ἀρχαϊκά· κομψότερα τὰ καινότροπα, _I flung away the old-fashioned shoes; those of the new fashion are more elegant_.

χάριν ἔχω σοι τοῦ ἀγάλματος, _thanks to you for the pretty gift_.

σήμερον μεταβέβληκεν ὁ οὐρανὸς εἰς τὸ χεῖρον, _to-day the weather has changed for the worse_.

κατὰ φύσιν τοῦτο ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ πατρίδι οὗ οὐδὲν ἔχει στάσιμον ὁ οὐρανός, _quite natural, at least in our country, where the weather is never steady_.

χθὲς κατέβην εἰς τὸ χῶμα, καὶ εἶδον τὸ μέγα ἀτμόπλοιον, _yesterday I went down to the pier and saw the big steamboat_.

πότερον ἤρεσέ σοι ἢ οὔ; _did it please you or not?_

ὑπερεθαύμασά γε, _I admired it exceedingly_.

ἆρα οὐκ εἰσέβης; _did you not go on board?_

εἰσέβην γὰρ καὶ τὸν ναύκληρον εἶδον καὶ τῶν ναυβατῶν δεινὸν πλῆθος, _I did, and saw the captain and a great number of the crew_.

ἔπειτα δὲ κατέβην εἰς τὴν κοίλην καὶ ἐθαύμασα ἄπειρα σάγματα πίθων καὶ λαρνάκων καὶ κιστῶν καὶ κοφίνων καὶ ἄλλης παντοδαπῆς κατασκευῆς, _afterwards I went down into the hold, and saw with wonder countless piles of barrels, boxes and chests, baskets, and all sorts of stuff_.

ἔπειτα δὲ ἀνέβην, καὶ προσέβλεψα τὸν κυανοῦν οὐρανόν, καὶ χάριν εἶχον τῷ Θεῷ, _then I came up, and looked on the blue sky, and thanked God_.

τελευταῖον δὲ συνέλεξα τὰ σκεύη μου, καὶ ἕστηκα ἐνώπιόν σου ἐν ὁλοκλήρῳ δέρματι, _lastly, I gathered up my chattels, and stand before you with a whole skin_.

ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ· ἀεὶ εὐτυχεῖς· πανταχοῦ πίπτεις, τρόπον τῶν αἰλούρων, τοὺς πόδας ἔχων ἐμπέδους ἐν τῷ δαπέδῳ, _good luck be with you; you are a lucky dog; you always fall on your feet like the cats_.