Part 3

ὁρῶ, ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ, _I see, thou seest, he sees_. ἀκούω, ἀκούεις, ἀκούει, _I hear_, etc.

So—

θαυμάζω, _I wonder_. μῑσῶ, _I hate_. φιλῶ, _I love_. ἔχω, _I have_.

USEFUL IMPERATIVES

φέρε, _bring_. δός, _give_. ἰδοῦ, _behold! here!_

The article _the_ is declined masculine, feminine, and neuter like the nouns, thus—

ὁ ἡ τὸ τὸν τὴν τὸ

It never has α in the feminine.

The verb _to be_, εἰμί, has second person εἶ, third ἐστί, or before a vowel ἐστίν, and in plural ἐσμέν, ἐστέ, εἰσί.

The pronouns of the first and second persons are—

ἐγώ μοῦ, ἐμοῦ μοῖ, ἐμοί μέ, ἐμέ _I of me to me me_

σύ σοῦ σοί σέ _thou of thee to thee thee_

λαμπρός ἐστι ὁ ἥλιος, _the sun is bright_. καὶ καλὴ ἡ ἡμέρα, _and the day beautiful_. ὁρᾷς τὸν ἥλιον; _do you see the sun?_ ὁρῶ νεφέλην, _I see a cloud_. νεφέλην στυγνὴν ὁρῶ, _I see a dark cloud_. ὁρᾷς τὸν καπνόν; _do you see the smoke?_ ὁρᾷς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὸν κυανοῦν; _do you see the blue sky?_ ἀκούεις τοῦ ποταμοῦ; _do you hear the river?_ ἀκούεις τῆς βροντῆς; _do you hear the thunder?_ θαυμάζεις τὸ δένδρον τόδε τὸ ὑψηλόν; _do you admire this tall tree?_ θαυμάζω καὶ μ́ᾰλα γε, _I admire it extremely_. ὁρᾷς τὸ ῥόδον τοῦτο τὸ καλόν; _do you see this beautiful rose?_ καὶ τὸ λείριον τὸ λευκόν; _and the white lily?_ καὶ τὴν πόαν τὴν χλωράν; _and the green grass?_ καλός ἐστιν ὁ κῆπος, _the garden is beautiful_. καὶ σοφὸς ὁ κηπουρός, _and the gardener wise_. ὁρῶ ἄκανθαν, _I see a thistle_. κᾰκόν, κᾰκόν, _bad, bad!_ αἰσχρόν, αἰσχρόν, _ugly, ugly!_ μῑσῶ τὴν κακὴν ἄκανθαν, _I hate the ugly thistle_. φιλῶ τὸ ῥόδον τὸ καλόν, _I love the lovely rose_. μῑσεῖς τὴν ἀκαλήφην; _do you hate the nettle?_ μάλιστα, _certainly_. σφοδρός ἐστιν ὁ ἄνεμος, _the wind is strong_. φιλῶ τὴν σκιάν, _I love the shade_. καὶ τὴν σκέπην, _and the shelter_. φέρε τὴν τράπεζαν, _bring the table_. ποῦστι ὁ πέτασος ὁ ἐμός; _where is my hat?_ δός μοι τὸν πέτασον, _give me the hat_. φιλῶ πῖλον ἐγώ, _I love a cap_. κ́ῑνει τὸ πῦρ, _or_ τὴν ἐσχάραν, _stir the fire_. δός μοι τὸ σκάλευθρον, _give me the poker_. ἔχεις πυράγραν; _have you tongs?_ ἰδοῦ, _there_. ὁρᾷς τὸ κάτοπτρον; _do you see the mirror?_ ἔχεις ἕδρᾱν; _have you a seat?_ ἔχεις ὑποπόδιον; _have you a footstool?_ ἔχεις κλ́ῑνην; _have you a sofa?_ δός μοι τὴν βακτηρίαν, _give me my stick_. τὸ παιδίον τόδε τίς ἔστι; _who is this little boy?_ ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ἐμός, _my brother_. ἔστι σοι ἀδελφή; _have you a sister?_ φιλῶ δεῖπνον, _I love dinner_. ἔχεις ἄρτον καὶ βούτῡρον; _have you bread and butter_? καλὸν τὸ ἀργυροῦν ποτήριον τοῦτο, _this silver cup is beautiful_. φέρε τὸ καλαμάριον, _bring the inkstand_. λάβε, _take it_. οὐχ ὁρῶ κάλαμον, _I do not see a pen_. ἰδοῦ, _here_. χάριν ἔχω, _thanks_. δός μοι χειρόμακτρον, _give me a napkin_. ἔτι δὲ τοῦ σάπωνος, _and some soap_. ἰδοῦ σάπωνα τὸν τοῦ Πεαρσίου, _here it is, Pears’ soap_. θεῖον πάνυ χρῆμα τοῦ καθαρτικοῦ, _a splendid cleanser!_ νῦν δὴ λευκαί μοι αἱ χεῖρες ὥσπερ ἡ χιών. Ἔρρωσο. _now my hands are white as snow. Farewell_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Panorama. Lamp. Heliotrope. Calisthenics. Ephemeral. Urania. Acoustics. Thaumaturgy. Rose. Lily. Chlorine. Sophist. Cacophony. Misanthrope. Democrat. Animation. Philanthropy. Fire. Optics. Ophthalmia. Cathedral. Clinical. Philadelphia. Adelphi Court. Soap. Chiromancy. Cathartic.

LESSON II

CASES, GENITIVE AND DATIVE

The genitive case signifies the source _from_ which a thing comes and to which it belongs, as the _folly of fools_, the _fool’s folly_, the folly that comes from the fool. The dative case means either the secondary or more distant object of an action, as _I gave the book to the boy_; or it _signifies rest_ or _residence in a thing_, for which in English there is no special form; also in Greek it signifies the instrument with which, or by which, a thing is done, as to _cut_ with a _knife_. In Greek masculines in ος have the genitive in ου and the dative in ῳ; feminines in ρᾱ or ρᾰ and ίᾱ have the genitive in ας and the dative in ᾳ; other feminines in α—as τράπεζᾰ, _a table_—and feminines in η have ης in the genitive and ῃ in the dative.

ὁρῶ νεφέλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, _I see a cloud in the sky_. θαυμάζω τὴν σοφίαν τὴν ἐν τῷ σῷ ἀδελφῷ, _I admire the wisdom that is in your brother_. δὸς τῷ ἀδελφῷ τὸν κάλαμον τόνδε, _give your brother this pen_. καὶ τὸ καλαμάριον, _and the inkstand_. ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ σὸς θαυμάζει τὸ λευκὸν ῥόδον τὸ ἐν τῷ κήπῳ, _your brother admires the white rose in the garden_. ἀκούεις τῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ βροντῆς; _do you hear the thunder of the river?_ ἡ βία τοῦ ἀνέμου ταράττει τὸν κῆπον, _the violence of the wind disturbs the garden_. καὶ τόν γε πέτασον ἐπὶ τῇ ἐμῇ κεφαλῇ, _yes, and the hat on my head_. κ́ῑνει τὸ πῦρ τῷ σκαλεύθρῳ, _stir the fire with the poker_. ὁρᾷς τὴν ἕδραν τὴν τοῦ ἐπισκόπου; _do you see the bishop’s seat_? ἰσχυρός ἐστι· ἐσθίει τὸν τῶν πονούντων ἄρτον, _he is strong; he eats the bread of labour_. δός μοι τὸν κάλαμον τὸν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, _give me your brother’s pen_. φέρε τὸ καλαμάριον τὸ τῆς ἀδελφῆς, _bring your sister’s inkstand_. κόπτε τὸν κάλαμον τῇ μαχαίρᾳ, _cut the pen with the knife_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Bishop. Kinetics. Seat. Cathedral. Hydrocephalus.

LESSON III

PLURALS, NUMERALS, DIMINUTIVES

The plural of verbs is in ομεν, ετε, and ουσι for the three persons. In pure verbs αομεν becomes ῶμεν, ᾶτε, and ῶσι; ε becomes οῦμεν, εῖτε, and οῦσι.

The plural of nouns in ος is in

οι, nominative. ων, genitive. οις, dative. ους, objective.

Neuters have nominative and objective α.

The plural of feminines is in

αι, nominative. ῶν, genitive. αις, dative. ᾱς, objective.

The relative pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ, _who_, _which_, is declined all through, like masculine nouns in ος, and feminines in η, and neuters in ον.

The numerals are—εἷς, μία, ἕν; δύω, τρεῖς, τέσσαρες, πέντε, ἕξ, ἑπτά, ὀκτώ, ἐννέα, δέκα, in their order; εἴκοσι, _twenty_; ἑκατόν, _a hundred_; χίλιοι, _a thousand_; μύριοι, _ten thousand_.

Diminutives are mostly neuter, ending in άριον, ίον, and ύλλιον: as ἵππος, _a horse_—ἱππάριον, _a pony_; παῖς, _a boy_—παιδίον, _a little boy_; βρέφος, _a babe_—βρεφύλλιον, _a little babe_. Masculine is ίσκος, as παιδίσκος, _a young boy_, with feminine παιδίσκη, _a little girl_.

The adjective πολύς, _many_ (German _viel_), is declined in the nominative—

πολύς πολλή πολύ

and objective—

πολύν πολλήν πολύ

otherwise regularly, as if from πολλός-ή-όν.

It is a peculiarity of Greek syntax that neuter plurals are joined with a singular verb, as καλῶς ἔχει τὰ πράγματα, _matters are going on well_.

γράφομεν καλάμῳ, ὁρῶμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς, _we write with a pen, and see with our eyes_.

τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἥν σοι γράφω δὸς τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς, _the letter which I write for you give to your brothers_.

πόσους ἔχεις ἀδελφούς; _how many brothers have you?_

ἕξ, ἀδελφὰς δὲ ἑπτά, _six, and seven sisters_.

δεινὰ ταῦτα, _that is too bad!_

πόσα ἔχεις ῥόδα ἐν τῷ πετάσῳ; _how many roses have you in your hat?_

δώδεκα, λείρια δὲ ἕξ, _twelve, and six lilies_.

πόσους ἔχει ἵππους ὁ ἀδελφός; _how many horses has your brother?_

τρεῖς, _three_.

ὁρᾷς τοὺς κύκνους καὶ τοὺς γεράνους ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ; _do you see the swans and the cranes in the loch?_

ὁρῶ, δεινὸν τὸ πλῆθος, _yes, a very great number_.

καὶ δὴ καὶ τρεῖς μόσχους κομψοὺς ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ; _also three pretty calves in the field?_

ἔτι δὲ ἱππάριον, κόσμιον, βαλιόν; _also a neat little piebald pony?_

τί γελᾷς; _what are you laughing at?_

ἐκεῖνο τὸ παιδίον ἱππαζόμενον ἐπὶ τοῦ ἱππαρίου, _that boy riding on the little pony_.

καὶ δὴ καὶ τρέχει ὀπίσω ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ κομψή, _and behind runs the pretty little girl_.

τερπνὸν τὸ θέαμα, _a pleasant sight_.

ὁ θαυμαστὸς οὑτοσὶ δύο ὁρᾷ ἡλίους ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἕνα μόνον ὁρῶμεν, _this strange man sees two suns in the sky; we see only one_.

μῑσοῦμεν τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ μωροῦ, _we hate a fool’s voice_.

τοῦ δὲ σοφοῦ φωνὴν φιλοῦμεν, _but we love the voice of the wise man_.

οἱ ἀστρονόμοι πολλὰ ὁρῶσι τοῖς τηλεσκοπείοις ἃ ἡμεῖς οὐχ ὁρῶμεν, _the astronomers see many things with their telescopes which we do not see_.

πολλὰ μὲν ἔχει δένδρα ἡ ὕλη, λόγους δὲ πολλοὺς ἡ τῶν μωρῶν γλῶσσα, _there are many trees in the forest, and many words in a fool’s tongue_.

πολλὰς κόπτομεν ἀκάνθας ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς, _we are cutting down many thistles in the fields_.

καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγας, ὡς ἐλπίζω, ἀκαλήφας, _and not a few nettles also, I hope_.

ἃς σὺ μῑσεῖς, ἀκαλήφας, _the nettles which you hate_.

δικαίως ἔγωγε, πάντες γὰρ μῑσοῦσιν τὰς ἀκαλήφας τὰς κακάς, _with good reason too. All hate the evil nettles_.

τί πράττετε; _what are you about?_

γράφομεν ἐπιστολάς, _we are writing letters_.

ἐπιστολὰς λέγεις; _do you say letters?_

καὶ μάλα γε, πρὸς τὴν βασίλισσαν, _yes, to the queen_.

θαυμαστὰ λέγεις, _wonderful!_

ἀγαθὴ ἡ βασίλισσα, καὶ πρὸς τὰς εὐχὰς οὐ κωφὴ τὰς τῶν πιστῶν πολιτῶν, _good is the queen, and not deaf to the prayers of loyal citizens_.

δίκαια λέγεις, _you say what is just_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Epistle. Graphic. Hippodrome. Euphony. Astronomy. Telescope. Polyglot. Agriculture. Basilica. Basil. Police. Two. Triad. Pentarchy. Hexagon. Heptarchy. October. Decade. Myriad.

LESSON IV

THIRD DECLENSION, SINGULAR

The third declension of nouns in Greek is more rich and varied than the other two, and, besides, is distinguished by a peculiarity from which the others are free, viz. while in the first and second declensions all that requires to be done in forming the cases is to change the last syllable of the nominative commencing with a vowel, leaving the main body of the word unchanged, as ἡμέρα,-ας, ἄργυρ-ος,-ου, in the third we observe that the final consonant of the root seems in many cases to have been assimilated or absorbed by the termination of the nominative, and reappears in the other cases, as in ἐλπίς, genitive ἐλπίδος. Sometimes also the vowel of the last syllable of the nominative is shortened before the addition of the genitival termination, as in ποιμήν, ποιμένος. In some classes of nouns no change is made, and the analogy of the two other declensions is followed throughout. We shall take our examples from the more simple classes, leaving the more complex and exceptional to be learned in the course of reading.

The general type is—

-ος, genitive. -ι, dative. -α, objective.

as—

σωτήρ, _a saviour_. σωτῆρος, _of or from a saviour_. σωτῆρι, _to a saviour_. σωτῆρα, _a saviour_. κώδων, _a bell_. κώδωνος, _of a bell_, etc. λυμεών, -ῶνος, _a blackguard_, etc.

and a number of words signifying a dwelling-place, as—

ἵππος, _a horse_; ἱππών, -ῶνος, _a stable_. ἐλαιών, -ῶνος, _an oliveyard_. παρθενών, -ῶνος, _room of the virgin_;

and nicknames of men:

γάστρων, -ωνος } } _paunchy_. φύσκων }

And to this class which follows the analogy of the other declensions our first colloquy is confined.

(1) ὁρᾷς τὸν ἀροτῆρα τῷ ἀρότρῳ κόπτοντα τὴν γῆν; _do you see the ploughman cutting up the ground with his plough?_

χρήσιμον τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, _this is a useful and necessary work_.

ἰσχυρὸν ἔχει ἵππον ὁ ἀροτήρ, _the ploughman has a strong horse_.

τίνος ἐστὶν ἡ εἰκὼν ἐκείνη; _what likeness is that?_

τοῦ Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, _the likeness of Jesus Christ our Saviour_.

θεῖον πάνυ τὸ πρόσωπον, _an altogether divine countenance_.

τίς ἐστιν ἡ βίβλος ἐκείνη ἡ λαμπρά; _what is that grand book?_

ἡ γεωγραφία τοῦ Στράβωνος, _the geography of Strabo_.

τί πίνεις ἐκ τοῦ κρατῆρος ἐκείνου; _what are you drinking out of that bowl?_

πίνομεν τὸν οἶνον, _we are drinking wine_.

δός μοι τὸν τρίβωνα τὸν παλαιόν, _give me my old cloak_.

ἐκ μικροῦ σπινθῆρος δεινὴ πολλάκις ἀνάπτεται φλόξ, _from a small spark often a fearful flame arises_.

ὡς γράφει ὁ Ἀπόστολος Ἰάκωβος, _as James the Apostle writes_.

καίτοι τί ταῦτα λέγεις; _but why do you say this?_

φοβεῖ μὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐκεῖνος καπνὸς ὁ ἐκ τῆς καπνοδόχης, _I fear that quantity of smoke from the chimney_.

ἀκούω τοῦ κώδωνος καὶ τῆς τοῦ κλητῆρος φωνῆς ὃς ἐγείρει τοὺς πολίτας, _I hear the bell, and the voice of the crier who wakes the people_.

οὐ σμικρὸς ὁ κίνδῡνος, _there is great danger_.

ἀκούω τοῦ ἀλεκτρυόνος, _I hear the cock_.

(2) Nouns in ωρ and ην shorten the long ultimate vowel of the nominative, as ῥήτωρ, ῥήτορος; ποιμήν, ποιμένος; ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, _water_.

ὁρᾷς τὸν ποιμένα ἐκεῖνον μετὰ τῶν προβάτων ἐν τῷ λειμῶνι; _do you see that shepherd with the sheep in the meadow?_

ὁρῶ, καὶ τὸν κύνα, _I see them and the dog_.

ἆρα οὖν ἀκούετε τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ δεινοῦ ἐκείνου ῥήτορος; _do you hear the voice of that great orator?_

ἀκούομεν· μᾶλλον δὲ ἀρέσκει ὁ τῶν χελῑδόνων τρισμὸς καὶ τῆς ἀηδόνος τὸ ἆσμα, _we hear; but like better the twitter of the swallows and the song of the nightingale_.

δίκαίως· αὗται γὰρ κινοῦσι τὸ βαθὺ τῆς ψυχῆς, _with good reason; for these stir the depths of the soul_.

(3) Feminines in ́ῐς and ́ᾰς, with the radical δ before the case terminations, as λαμπ́ᾰς,-άδος; ἐλπ́ῐς,-ίδος. Neuters in α have the genitive in τος. Words ending in ψ = πς or βς, as λαῖλαψ, λαίλαπος, _a storm_; φλέψ, φλεβός, _a vein_; Κύκλωψ,-ωπος, _a Cyclops, Giant Round Eye_, lose the σ of the nominative and present π or β before the case termination. In the same way nouns in ξ = κς or γς, by losing the final σ of the compound consonant, cause the single κ or γ to reappear in the oblique cases, as ἱέραξ, _a hawk_, ἱέρᾱκος; ἀλώπηξ, _a fox_, gen. ἀλώπεκος; κόραξ, κόρακος, _a crow_,

ἔρχεται ὁ ὑετός, _the rain is coming_.

οὐδαμῶς, _not at all_.

τὴν ψιλὴν ψεκάδα οὐκ ἔγωγε ὑετὸν λέγω, _a thin drizzle I do not call rain_.

ἐκείνη ἡ νεφέλη σημαίνει λαίλαπα, _that cloud foretells a storm_.

λαμπρὰν ἔχω ἐλπίδα καλῆς ἡμέρας, _I have bright hope of a beautiful day_.

ὁρᾷς ἐκεῖνο τὸ γυναικάριον ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ; _do you see that little woman in the field?_

λέγουσι μαινάδα εἶναι, _they say that she is mad_.

καὶ πιστεύω ἔγωγε, _I for one believe it_.

δός μοι τὴν κρηπῖδα, καὶ τὸν πέτασον καὶ τὴν χλαῖναν, _give me my boot, my hat, and my plaid_.

ποῦστι τὸ ὑπόδημά μου τὸ ἕτερον; _where is my other shoe?_

τί ἔχεις ἐν τῷ στόματι; _what have you in your mouth?_

ἄρτον· χάριν ἔχω τῷ Θεῷ, _bread, thank God!_

τί γράφεις; _what are you writing?_

ποίημα, _a poem_.

πότερον νοῦς ἔστιν ἐν τῷ ποιήματι; _is there any sense in the poem?_

πῶς οὔ; οὐ φυσῶ φυσήματα ἐκ σαπῶνος, _of course; I don’t blow soap-bubbles_.

ὁρᾷς ἐκεῖνον τὸν κόρακα; _do you see that crow?_

ὁρῶ, περιπατεῖ ὡς κληρικὸς σεμνῷ τῷ βήματι, _I do; he walks like a clergyman, with a grave step_.

τί ἐστι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἐνδόξου ἐκείνου ῥήτορος; _what is the name of that famous orator_?

Γλάδστων, _Gladstone_.

ὄνομα Σκωτικόν, _a Scotch name_.

καὶ μάλα γε· ἔχει γὰρ ἑρμηνείαν τὸ ὄνομα, λίθος ὁ τοῦ ἱέρᾱκος, _certainly, for the interpretation of the name is_ the stone of the hawk.

ἔστι Γλάδστων ὄνομα δήμου τινὸς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τοῦ Μεσολωθιᾶνος, _Gladstone is the name of a parish in Midlothian_.

τί πράττει ὁ παῖς ἐκεῖνος; _what is that boy doing?_

μαστιγοῖ τὴν βέμβῑκα, _he is whipping his top_.

αὐτὸς μᾶλλον ἄξιος τῆς μάστῑγος, κακοῦργον γὰρ τὸ θρέμμα, _himself is more worthy of the whip, for he is a wicked creature_.

ἔτι δὲ ἀργός· οὐκ ἄξιος τοῦ ἄρτου, _also idle; not worthy of his bread_.

νομίζω ἔγωγε τὸ νῶτον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μάστῑγα ἐγγὺς προσήκειν γένει, _I think the whip and his back are nearly related_.

κακός ἐστιν· ἀλώπεκος καὶ ἄρκτου μῖγμα παράδοξον, _he is bad; a strange mixture of a fox and a bear_.

(4) Nouns in ῑς and ῡς have ν in the objective, as σῦς, _a pig_; ἰχθ́ῡς, _a fish_, κ́ῑς, _a woodworm_. Also those in ῐς and ῠς, as πόλις, _a city_, πόλιν; ὄφις, _a snake_, ὄφιν; πῆχυς, _a forearm_, πῆχυν. These have the genitive in εως, and the dative in ει, as πόλεως, πόλει.

πατήρ, _a father_, and μήτηρ, _a mother_, have πατρός and μητρός in genitive, and πατρί and μητρί in dative; but the objective is in the regular form with the short penult πατέρα. θυγάτηρ, _a daughter_, follows the same rule, ἀνήρ has ἀνδρός, ἀνδρί, ἄνδρα.

βασιλεύς, _a king_, and ἱερεύς, _a priest_, have the genitive in έως, and the dative in εῖ, like πόλις, but the objective is έα. βοῦς, _an ox_, has βοός, βοί, and βοῦν.

γυνή, _a woman_, has genitive and dative -αικός, -αικί, and objective -αῖκα.

ὁρᾷς τὸν καλὸν ἰχθ́ῡν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι; _do you see that beautiful fish in the water_?

ὁρῶ, στίλβει τὸ θρέμμα, ὥσπερ μαργαρίτης, _yes, the creature glances like a pearl_.

ἕτερον πάνυ ὁ σῦς ὁ ῥυπαρὸς ἐν τῷ συφεῷ, _very different is the filthy pig in the sty_.

μῑσῶ τὸν σῦν, _I hate the pig_.

ὅμως χοῖρος σιτευτὸς λαμπρὸν ἄγαλμα τοῦ δείπνου, _nevertheless a fatted pig—bacon—is the great glory of a dinner_.

ὁρᾷς τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ πόᾳ; _do you see the snake in the grass?_

μῑσῶ τὸ θρέμμα, _I hate the creature_.

διὰ τί; _why?_

ἔχει κίνδῡνον, _it is dangerous_.

φρίττω τὸ ζῷον, πρόσωπόν γε τοῦ διαβόλου, _I shudder at the creature, a mask of the devil_.

ἔχει πατέρα ὁ ὄφις τὸν Σατανᾶν, _the snake has Satan for his father_.

πολλὰ ἔχει πρόσωπα ὁ διάβολος, _the devil has many masks_.

αἱρετώτερον δὲ καλῆς γυναικὸς τὸ πρόσωπον, _specially that of a fair woman_.

καὶ δὴ καὶ ἱερέως ὑπερηφάνου, _and that of a proud priest_.

ἔτι δὲ βασιλέως ἀνόμου καὶ τυράννου ὠμοῦ, _also of a lawless king, and a cruel tyrant_.

καὶ ἀνδρὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν πόλει ὅσοι πονηροί, _and of any bad man in the town_.

(5) Adjectives of this declension occur most commonly in one of these three forms—

(α) ων, -ονος, masculine and feminine; ον, neuter—as σώφρων, _sound-minded_; πρόφρων, _forward_, _ready_—like nouns in ων _supra_. (β) ής, as ἀληθής, masculine and feminine; ἀληθές, neuter; genitive in οῦς and dative in εῖ—ὑγιής, _healthy_; σαφής, -ές, _distinct_, _clear_.

(γ) ύς, masculine; εῖα, feminine; ύ, neuter; as γλυκύς, _sweet_; βαρύς, _heavy_.

μέλας, _black_, has μέλαινα, μέλαν, and τάλας, _wretched_, the same.

ἀληθὲς τὸ δόγμα τοῦτο τὸ περὶ τοῦ διαβόλου, _this doctrine about the devil is true_.

καὶ μάλα γε καὶ βαρύ, _yes, and weighty_.

γλυκὺ τὸ μέλι μετὰ τὸ πικρόν, _sweet is honey after sour_.

δημιουργοὶ αἱ μέλισσαι τοῦ μέλιτος τοῦ γλυκέος, _the bees are the makers of sweet honey_.

βασιλέως γλύκυσμα τὸ μέλι, _it is a king’s dainty, honey_.

στέργομεν σύμπαντες τὰ νώγαλα καὶ τὰ τρωγάλια ἀκόλουθα τοῦ δείπνου, _we all like dainties and a dessert to follow the dinner_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Gastric juice. Work. Bible. Geography. Crater. Wine. Palæography. Phlox (the name of a flame-coloured flower). Apostle. Police. Rhetorician. Pound. Abyss. Phrenzy. Wet. Phlebotomy. Cyclops. Hydropathy. Mænad. Heterodoxy. Poem. Crow. Genesis. Generation. Mixture. Paradox. Ichthyology. Paternal. Andrew. Alexander. Bovine. Gynæcology. Sow. Devil. Hierarchy. Tyrant. Glycerine. Barometer. Mellifluous.

LESSON V

THIRD DECLENSION, PLURAL

The plural terminations of the third declension are—

ες, nominative, α, neuter. ων, genitive. σι, dative. ᾰς, objective, α, neuter;

as ποιμήν, ποιμένες, λαῖλαψ, λαίλαπες, following always the type of the genitive singular, as πατέρες, not πατρές; but ἀνήρ has ἄνδρες, not ἀνέρες. Only in the dative plural the final consonant ν, δ, or τ is dropped before the σι of the dative, as ποιμέσι, _to shepherds_; στόμασι, _to mouths_; λαμπάσι, _to torches_.

The adjective πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν follows this rule, having παντός in the genitive, but πᾶσι in dative plural; so γίγας, _a giant_; γίγαντος, _of a giant_; but γιγᾶσι, _to giants_.

οὗτος ὁ πατὴρ πάντα τὰ χρήματα δίδωσι ταῖς θυγατράσι, τῷ δὲ υἱῷ οὐδέν, _this father gives all the money to his daughters, to his son nothing_.

οἱ μὲν τῆς ἐκκλησίας πατέρες πολλοί, ἕκαστος δὲ παῖς ἕνα μόνον ἔχει πατέρα, _the fathers of the church are many, but each boy has only one father_.

δὸς τοῖς μὲν παισὶ βακτηρίαν, ταῖς δὲ παρθένοις σκιάδειον, _give a stick to the boys, a parasol to the young ladies_.

γίγᾱς πάνυ ὁ παῖς οὑτοσί, καὶ τέρας γε πρός· δακτύλους γὰρ δὴ ἑπτὰ ἔχει ἐπὶ τοῖς ποσίν, _this boy is a giant, and a monster to boot; he has seven toes on his feet_.

τούτων τῶν παιδῶν πάντων ἄτοπόν τι ἔχει ἡ ἐσθής, παρέχουσά γε τὴν μὲν χλαμύδα μέλαιναν, τὸ δὲ πῑλίδιον ξανθόν, _the dress of all these boys is ridiculous, a black plaid with a yellow cap_.

ἀληθῆ λέγεις, _true_.

ENGLISH AFFINITIES

Father. Panorama. Daughter. Ecclesiastical. Polytheism. Monologue. Giant. Dactyl. Seven. Foot. Melancholy. Lecture. Parthenon.

LESSON VI

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON IN ADJECTIVES

The general form is τερος for the comparative and τατος for the superlative, the genders following the type of the substantives of the first and second declensions, as δίκαιος, _just_, δικαιότερος, δικαιότατος; also, to avoid the concurrence of four short syllables unfavourable to the dactylic rhythm of the early poetry, the ότερος in certain cases becomes ώτερος, and the ότατος, ώτατος, as—

σοφός, _wise_, σοφώτερος, σοφώτατος.

So— φοβερός, _terrible_. χαλεπός, _difficult_. φανερός, _plain_.

Adjectives in ας, αινα, αν, and in ης, ες, add the τερος and τατος to the neuter, as—

μέλας, _black_, μελάντερος, -τατος. ἀληθής, _true_, ἀληθέστερος, -τατος. ἀκριβής, _accurate_, ἀκριβέστερος, -τατος;

a termination which is assumed also by adjectives in ων, as εὐδαίμων, _happy_, εὐδαιμονέστερος,-τατος.

Some adjectives are compared by ιων,-ον, and ιστος,-η,-ον, as—

καλός, _beautiful_; καλλίων, _more beautiful_; κάλλιστος, _very beautiful_. ἡδύς, _sweet_, ἡδίων, ἥδιστος. ταχύς, _swift_; θάσσων for ταχίων, _swifter_; and τάχιστος, _very swift_.

This form belongs also to some common irregular comparisons as—

ἀγαθός, βελτίων, βέλτιστος, _good, better, best_. μέγας, _great_, μείζων, μέγιστος. κακός, _bad_, χείρων, κάκιστος. πολύς, _many_, πλείων, πλεῖστος;

which follow in declension the law of the substantives of the same type, as μείζων, μείζονος; πλείων,-ονος, plural πλείονες, contracted πλείους.

Comparatives are either accompanied with a genitive or followed by ἤ—as ὁ υἱὸς μείζων ἐστὶ τοῦ πατρός, _the son is taller than the father_—or ἢ ὁ πατήρ.

οὗτος ὁ νεανίσκος πολὺ μικρότερός ἐστι τῆς ἀδελφῆς· νᾶνός ἐστι, _this young man is much less than his sister; he is a dwarf_.

λέγει ἡ ἁγία γραφὴ ὅτι ὁ Σαοὺλ πολὺ μέγιστος ἦν πάντων τῶν συμπολιτῶν, _the holy scripture says that Saul was by far the tallest of all his fellow citizens_.

οὐ σοφώτατος δέ, _but not the wisest_.

ἄμεινον τοῦ μεγέθους ἡ σοφία, _wisdom is better than stature_.

πόσα ἄτακτα ῥήματά ἐστιν ἐν τῇ Ἑλληνικῇ γλώσσῃ; _how many irregular verbs are there in the Greek tongue?_

οὐκ οἶδα, _I do not know_.

περὶ τούτου γε χρὴ ἐρωτᾳν τὸν μάντιν, τὸν Οὐείτχιον, _on this point you must consult the oracle, Veitch_.

φοβερὸν τὸ πλῆθος, _a terrible multitude_.

πλείω ἢ οἱ κόρακες ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ, _more than the crows in the field_.

ἀληθέστατα λέγεις, _you say what is very true_.

λέγω τὸ ἔμοιγε πονηρότατον καὶ χαλεπώτατον, _I say what for me at least is a very painful and a very difficult business_.

μὴ ἀθύμει· πολλὰ ἔχει κακὰ ὁ βίος, παγκάκιστον δὲ τὸν ἀπελπισμόν, _don’t despair; there are many bad things in life, but the worst is despair_.

τῶν δὲ ἀγαθῶν ἐν τῷ βίῳ τί βέλτιστον; _and of the good things in life which is best?_

ἡ πίστις, _faith_.

ὡς λέγει ὁ προφήτης Ἀμβακούμ· ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται, _as the prophet Habakkuk says, the just man shall live by faith_.