CHAPTER IX.

OF THE ADVERBS.

The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two heads, _primitive_ and _derivative_.

The _primitive_ are but few in number.

The _derivative_ are very numerous, and may be thus ranked:

1st. Those which require some preposition to exhibit their application; e. g.,

_Ki_ hea, _no_ reira.

2ndly. Those which are derived from words of other parts of speech.

3rdly. Those phrases which supply the place of adverbs.

The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in the variety of adverbs; and though, strictly speaking, most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we shall mention them:

1stly. Because many foreigners are much perplexed from not being acquainted with them, and

2ndly. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge of them is of great importance to the composition of elegant Maori.

NOTE 1.--Some of the following adverbs might, it will be seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was necessary, however, to have a classification, and it is not of much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal character should be classed.

NOTE 2.--Some of the adverbial particles are fully considered in the next chapter.

Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes:--to those of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interrogation, and intensity.

ADVERBS OF TIME.[18]

Aianei, } Anaianei, } _presently_. Akuanei, } Akuaina. } _Mo_anaianei, _for this present occasion_. _No_naianei, } _now, just now_. _I_naianei, } _I_naianei-nei-ano, _at, or since this present moment_. Nonai-akenei, _a few minutes_, days, &c., ago. A moroki noa nei, } A mohoa noa nei, } A tae noa ki, } tenei ra (lit. until it is } _down to this taea noatia, } arrived to this day), } present time_. A, e noho nei, (Waikato), [lit. down to } this (time) in which (we) are sitting.] } Rapua Te Atua i _tona kitenga ai_, karangatia atu _kei_ tata _ana_ ia, _seek the Lord_ while _he may be found, call_ upon _him_ while _he is near_.

_While he may be found_, might also be rendered by _i tona kiteatanga_.

Ahea? _at what future time?_ Apopo, _to-morrow_. A tahi ra, _the day after to-morrow_. A mua, _hereafter_. Wawe, } E kore e taro, _it will not be long_, } _soon_. E kore e roa, _idem_, } E kore e wheau, _idem_, } Tenei ake, _(this afterwards,) by and bye, hereafter_. Kei taku kitenga i a ia, _when I see him_. { ake nei, } Tukua { or } _(leave hence forward,) hereafter_. { atu, } Apopo ake nei, _idem_. A muri ake nei, _henceforth_. Mo a mua, _at a future period_. E takato ake nei, _(it lies hereafter,) henceforward_. A, ake, ake, ake, _for ever_. Kia mo--ata te maranga, _rise early_; (lit. let the rising be at dawn.) Ko reira, _on that occasion, then_ (future.) Meake, _or perhaps more correctly_ mea ake, _presently, or, was on the point of_. Kia mea (ka hoki mai au?) _(shall I return) after a little while_. Ka mutu, _when finished, by and bye_.[19] Ka mea, _after a little interval_, idem; e. g., ka mea ka haere ake, _by and bye you will follow us_. Nonahea? _since, or at what time (past)?_ _No_nanahi } _yesterday_. _I_nanahi } _No_ } tahi ra, { _the day before yesterday_; (lit. from _I_ } { or on the other day). _No_ } tahi ra atu, { _a short time ago_, (lit. from _I_ } { or on the other day besides, or beyond). _No_ } mua, _formerly_. _I_ } _No_ } nanamata, _a long time ago, or in old times_. _I_ } _No_-tua-iho, _time out of mind_. Inamata (_Waikato_) _immediately, directly_, &c. E haere ana _tenei_ au, I will go _immediately_. Penei _i_ nanahi ka tae mai a Hone ma, _it was this time yesterday when_, &c. Kia penei apopo ka u, we shall land _about this time to-morrow_. No } muri, _afterwards_. I } Muri { iho } _afterwards_. { ake } I } te aonga ake, _next day_. No } No te atatu, _early in the morning_. No reira, _from that time, occasion_, &c. I tenei ra i tenei ra, (lit. this day, this day), } _continually_. I te ao i te po, (lit. day and night), } Tena _ano_, do it _again_. Ka { turua } waenga, _at midnight_. { turoto } _Kahore_ i puta atu te kupu _kua_ whakatika, _I had not spoken_, (i. e., _immediately_, as soon as I had spoken) _he arose_. Haere _po_, go _by night_. Haere _awatea_, go _by day_.

OF PLACE.

Ko hea, (whea Waikato), _whither_. Hei hea, _at what place_ (future). _No_ hea, } from what place, _whence_. _I_ hea, } _Ki_ ko, _thither_. _No_ { ko_nei_,[20] } from this (and that) place. _I_ { ko_na_, & ko_ra_, } Kei reira te pakaru kei reira te paru: lit., _there the broken place there the repair, wheresoever it is broken there coat with raupo_.[20] Kei waho e noho ana, _he is sitting outside_.

NOTE 2. _Ki reira_, _no reira_, _hei reira_, &c., correspond, in most cases, with _ki kona_, _no kona_, _hei kona_, with this difference, however, that the _na_ and _ra_ follow the rule already noticed. Vide _tena_, Pronouns.

Haere iho te tokitoki, haere iho te tahutahu, burn off the felled timber, and _immediately as soon as_ it has been chopped up, (lit. go down the chopping, go down the burning). Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te ko, _immediately as soon as_, &c. Tokitoki iho, ko atu, _dig it immediately as soon as it is chopped up_, (lit. chop downwards, dig forwards). Ora noa, } Me i kotahi, (lit. if it had been one), } _all but_, &c. Wahi iti, _a little bit_, } Whano, } _He mea tatau a tau_ te utu, the payment is to be a thing counted per year; i. e. it is to be rented _yearly_. I tenei tau i tenei tau, _yearly_. He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea mahi atu, this (manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, _a work of every year_, done _yearly_; kei te hauhake riwai, _tuku iho_ kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged) at digging up potatoes, _afterwards_ (we shall be) at the kumara. Ka maha nga haerenga, _many have been his goings_, i. e., _he has gone frequently_. Hoki ake ko aua kupu, hoki ake ko aua kupu, _he repeats the same words over and over again_, (lit. return up, those very words, return up, those very words). Na wai-a, _at length, so it was, it came to pass_. Tatari noa, a, _waited a long time_. A oti noa, _until finished_. Kia tae mai _ra ano_, _until he arrives_. _Ka tahi_ ano, _now for the first time_. _Ka tahi_ ano he mea pai, _it is a good thing indeed_. _Ka tahi_ au ka mea atu, _then I said_.

OF ORDER.

I noho ai, he hau _tetahi_, he kai kore _ka rua_, _(we) remained away 1st, (because of) the wind; 2ndly, (we) had no food_. Ka rua aku haerenga, _I have gone twice_, (lit. my goings have been two.) _Whakatepea_ te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, _dig in regular progression, not here and there_, (lit. _ordina fossionem_.) Me haere wakatepe te korero, _relate the matter in order_, (lit. the speech must go in order.) Hurihia _ko roto_, _turn (it) inside out_. Hurihia _kotuatia_ te papa, _turn the board on the other side, upside down_. Matua, (Ngapuhi) _first_; kia matua keria, _let it be first dug_. Mataati (Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, _caught first_. Kua huri _koaro_ te tangata wero,[21] _the tangata wero has turned adversely_. Ho mai ki _raro_ nei, _give it down here_. Kei haere ki _tawhiti_, _do not go far_. Whiua ki _tua_, _throw it to the other side_. Neke atu ki tahaki, _move to one side_. Kumea whakarunga, _pull upwards_. Whakawaho, _outwards_. Whakaroto, _inwards_. A, _tae noa ki_ te Pukatea, _even to the Pukatea_. Haere _iho_, _come down (to me)_. Piki ake, _climb up (to me)_. Makā atu, _thrown away_. Rukea ake e ahau, _thrown away by me_. Makā mai, _throw it here_. I te tahi taha i te tahi taha, (lit. on } one side, on one side.) } A karapoi noa, (lit. until it surrounds) } _round about_. A porowhawhe noa, id. } A potaipotai, id. } _Pehea_ te mataratanga? _how far?_ A, hea atu ra ano? How far _will you go?_ A, hea _noa atu_, _one knows not where_. _Tautauamoa_ rawa tana kai, tana kai, _each man eats_ separately (i. e., _by himself_.) Riri _tautauamoa_, _fighting_, each by himself. Kaua e ururuatia te whangai, _don't feed (the child)_ in rapid succession, _without any stop_ (tout de suite.) _Me whakahipahipa_ etahi rangi, (lit. let some days be made uneven,) i. e., _do it every alternate day, or, at irregular periods_. Haere _tahi_, _go_ together. A, te tukunga iho, (_well, the letting down, at_ last, finally,) _i. e., the issue of such conduct_, &c. E kore e _roko_ kainga kua ruaki, _he vomits_ immediately, _as soon as he has eaten (it)_. I te _oroko_hangaanga o te ao, _when_ first _the world was made_. _Kati inanahi_ ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday you came here; i. e., you started _about this time yesterday_.

OF QUANTITY.

Ho mai _kia maha_, _give_ abundantly. Ho mai _katoa_ mai, _give_ entirely, _or_ wholly. _Tena hoki_ te tahi taro, _give me_ also, _or_ besides, _some bread_. Ho mai _kia iti_, _give me (let it be little)_, paululum. Kia penei, let it be so much. Poto _rawa_, _consumed_ totally. Koia ano te pai! _how excellent!_ Ano! &c., idem. _Roa poto_ nei ano, (_long short_,) i. e., moderately _long_. Kahore _atu_, _no other_ besides. Tikina _atu hoki_, _fetch another_ besides. I ki mai _ano hoki_ ia, _he said_ moreover.

OF QUALITY.

Haere tupato, _go_ cautiously. _Kia uaua_ ki te mahi, _be strong to work_, i. e., work industriously. _Kia kaha_ te hoe, _pull (the oar) strong_. Noho _whakaaro kore_, _sit without thought_, i. e., thoughtlessly. He aha _i aweke ai_ to mahi? _te tuku noa iho te tuku noa iho_, _why is the work done_ neatly _and not (rather)_ heedlessly, (lit. and not rather let it down in any way, let it down in any way.) Haere _wehi_, _go_ fearfully. Kai _haere_, _go_ eating, i. e., _eat as he walks_. Tu _tahanga_,[22] _stand_ nakedly, i. e., _naked_. -- kau, idem. Haere _noa atu_, _go_ without guide, fear, &c., &c. Tangohia _huhua koretia iho_, _taken_ without cause, i. e. causelessly. _Ohia noa iho_ au ki te patu, _I struck (him)_ unintentionally. E hara i te mea totika, _not intentionally_. Patua _maoritia_, _killed_ intentionally, _in the common way_, &c. -- marietia, _intentionally_ (sometimes). I tukua whakareretia, _let down_ by a dash, not with care. _Te kaha_ te tuku, _don't let it down violently_, i. e. do it gently. Tukua _marietia_, _let it down_ gently, peaceably. _Kia ata_ tuku, ---- _gently_. Kahore ano _kia ata_ maoa, _not_ quite _done_, (i. e. in cooking). _Te ata pai marie_ o te rangi i nanahi! _what an exceedingly fine day was yesterday!_ He pupuhi _noa_, _firing_ without an object. Tu _kau_ ana, _stand_ empty, idle, &c. _Marie_ ano ahau i haere mai ai i ora ai koe, _I have come_ fortunately, _by which you were saved_; i. e. I have come _just in time_ to save you, or, it is well that I came to, &c.

OF AFFIRMATION.

Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and negative particles, all of which differ by very slight shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of which will be best learned by practice.

Ae,[23] _yes_. Ina, idem. Aana, idem. Koia, idem. Ae ra, idem. Ae ra hoki, _yes truly_, &c. Ae ra pea, idem. Koia ha hoki, idem. Ae ko, _yes (you are correct)_. Koia pea, _yes, perhaps_; (sometimes used ironically for a negative) _yes indeed!_

OF NEGATION.

Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal particles. We have given some examples of them in chapter vii., (vid. paradigm of the tenses,) and we shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.

Hore, _no_; hore rawa, _by no means_. Kahore, _not_ and _no_. Kaho, } _no_. Kao, } Kihai, _not_. Kore, idem. Tē, idem; tē whakaaro ia, _who did not remember_. Aua, } Auaka, } _do not_. Kaua, } Kauaka,} Kei, _do_ not, and _take care lest_, or _lest_. Aua hoki, (used in some parts of Waikato for) _no, no; not at all_. E _hara_ koe _i_ te rangatira noku, _you are not my master_. Kiano, (Ngapuhi) _not yet_.

Haunga,[24] _not_, (denoting exclusion, or exception); e. g.,

_Haunga_ tena, _not that, (but the other.)_ Aratakina mai te poaka; _haunga_ te mea purepure, _lead the pig here_; not _the speckled, (but the other.)_ Kahore haunga, (Waikato) used sometimes instead of _haunga_. Aua, } & } _I do not know_. Au, } Meho, (Waikato,) } _not at all_, (used in abrupt replies). Hori, }

OF COMPARISON.

Meatia, { _peneitia_, _do it_ thus, or { _penatia_, } _do it in that manner_. { _peratia_, } _Penei_, kua ora, _thus, (in that case, if that had been done) he would have been saved_. _Koia ano_ tena, _exactly so_. Me mahi _motuhake_, _work_ separately. Haere ana ia, _ko tona kotahi_, _he went by himself, alone_. Waihoki, _likewise, also_. _Ano_ kua mate, as though _he were dead_. Me te mea, &c. (Waikato) idem. _Koia ano kei_ te wai, exactly as if _it were water_. Haere _a_ parera, _walk_ like _a duck_.[25] Kia wakatangata nui, _act manfully_. Wakatupu tangata, idem.

OF INTERROGATION.

Maori has many particles which indicate interrogation, and which correspond, in some particulars, with the enclitic particles _ne_ and _num_ of Latin; e. g.,

E pai ana? _ne?_ _are you inclined?_ are you? Ine, (Waikato,) differs but little in its use from the above.

_Ranei_, _ianei_, _iana_, and _iara_, are always incorporated into the sentence, and generally denote a question, e. g.,

E pai ana _ranei_ koe? Koia?[26] _Indeed?_ (when used by itself). Oti, _else_. Na-te-aha? _why?_ Me pehea? How _must it be done?_

_Ranei_ is very frequently used in the sense of _whether_.

_Ianei_, _iana_, and _iara_, are sometimes pleonastic in Waikato.

OF INTENSITY.

Pai _rawa_, _tino_ tika, _tino_ pai _rawa_, kino _whakaharahara_, tika _pu_, he _noa iho_, tini _whakarere_, tika _tonu_; all these adverbs stand for _very_ or some modification of it; e. g.,

I hoki _rawa_ mai koe ihea? _what is the exact, or last place from which you have returned?_ Pokuru _iho_, pokuru _iho_ te namu, densely _clustered the sandflies_. Kahore _kau_, _not at all_. Haere _ra pea_, _go_ now, _I_ say, &c. Haere _ra_, idem.

Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people, abounds in adverbs of intensity. We shall have to mention some of these hereafter, (vid. adjective, comparative degree, Syntax.) They sometimes elegantly supply the place of verbal particles, as we shall have occasion to show when we treat on the Syntax of the verbs.

From the preceding table the student will see that Maori has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and that the chief process by which a word may be converted into an adverb, is by placing it in immediate connexion with the verb or adjective.

It should, perhaps, be here noticed, 1st, that Maori inclines to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say, _the women and the children must all roll the log_; a native would most probably employ the adverb; e. g., Huri _tane_ huri _wahine_. Such a mode of construction, though loose, is, however, concise and emphatic.

2ndly. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same variations as the verb--admits of number, voice, and the form of the verbal noun. For this, however, vid. Syntax.

3rdly. That another process for the creation of adverbs is by prefixing _whaka_, or _a_ to the preposition, noun, or adverb.

4thly. That the compound prepositions, especially when _time_ and _place_ are denoted, will very often take the adverbial form.[27]

5thly and lastly. It would be a very useful exercise for the student to examine those sentences, the place of which would be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.

We have dwelt so long upon this subject, that we are unwilling to occupy his attention any further with it.

[18] These adverbs of time are arranged according to their times, past present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded with prepositions, vid. the simple prepositions, chapter 8. The principal compound adverbs are _hea_, _ahea_, _mua_, _muri_, _amata_, _apopo_, _reira_, _ko_. They are chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these combinations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the class of substantives:

_A_ hea? _Ko_ hea? _No_ hea? _Na_ hea? _I_ hea? _Mo_ hea? _Ma_ hea? _Ki_ hea? _Kei_ hea? _I_ hea? _O_ hea? _Hei_ hea? _A_ popo. _Ko_ apopo. _Mo_ apopo. _Hei_ apopo. _A_ mua. _Ko_ amua. _Ko_ mua. _No_ mua. _Na_ mua. _I_ mua. _Mo_ mua. _Mo_ a mua. _Ma_ mua. _Ki_ mua. _Kei_ mua. _I_ mua. _O_ mua. _Hei_ mua. _A_ hea? _Ko_ ahea? _Hei_ ahea? _Mo_ ahea? _No_ nahea? _I_ nahea? _A_ muri. _Ko_ muri. _No_ muri. _Na_ muri. _I_ muri. _Mo_ muri. _Ma_ muri. _Ki_ muri. _Kei_ muri. _I_ muri. _O_ muri. _Ko_ anaianei. _Hei_ anaianei. _Mo_ anaianei. _I_ naianei. _O_ naianei.

_Reira_, _ko_ and _konei_, &c., will take the same combination as _muri_. It will be observed that some of the above adverbs take _n_ between them and the preposition.

[19] _Ka mutu_, and _ka mea_ generally denote future time, and imply a short interval between the time of speaking and the act. Though the former _expresses_ an _ending_ of something else, it does not always _intend_ it; for it is often used when the person addressed is not engaged at any thing. As there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of phrase which is translated "_it came to pass_," "_it shall come to pass_," some have adapted _ka mea_ as a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted; viz.:--a simple _a_, or _nawai a_ or _tenei ake_, &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in translating the following sentences "_so it came to pass when all the men of war were consumed_," &c., nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te mate, &c., "_and it shall come to pass if ye hearken_," &c., a tenei ake, ki te whakarongo koutou, &c., "_and it came to pass when he heard_," &c., a, te rongonga o, &c.

[20] For the difference between _nei_, _na_, and _ra_, vid. pronouns, page 30.

[21] The _tangata wero_, is the person who advances to meet a party, and throws a spear at them. If, in turning to retire, he turns to the side different from that from which the spear was darted, it is a huri koaro, and a bad omen.

[22] _Tahanga_ is only to be found as adverb.

[23] _Ae_, and _ina_ do not always strictly imply _affirmation_; e. g., Kahore he kete? He kete ano; _ae ra_, tikina atu. _Is there no basket? There is a basket; yes, then, go fetch it._ The word _answer_ in Hebrew, and that corresponding to it in the Greek Testament and Septuagint, affords, we think, a parallel to this use of _ae_. (vid. Parkhurst's Greek Lexicon, by Rose.) It is putting a _command_, &c., into the form of _an assent_ to some previous sentence.--N.B. _Ina_ is often used to denote _energy_, _certainty_, &c.; e. g., _ina_ ka riri au, _certainly_, in that case, I will be angry.

[24] Some, we believe, maintain that the adverb _besides_ should be always rendered by _haunga_. It is true that, wherever _exclusion_ or _negation_ is indicated by that word, _haunga_ will generally answer; e. g., E rua tekau ratou, _haunga_ nga wahine, _they were twenty, besides (that is not counting) the women_. In the leading sense, however, of _besides_, viz., that of _moreover_, _addition to_, haunga will, we are sure, seldom find an use; as in the following examples: "_Besides_ you know," "nobody thinks so _besides_ yourself," "there is nothing there _besides_ the box," "_besides_ her he had no child."

[25] Some foreigners, we observe, give this adverb a more extensive meaning than we have allowed it. In such phrases, for example, as the following: "Held by the hand," "built by the hand," &c., they would say "purutia _a_ ringaringatia," "hanga _a_ ringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of opinion that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori. "Purutia ringaringatia, hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way preferable.

[26] _Koia_, when part of an interrogative sentence, is, as far as we have observed, (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori have not followed the rule,) almost always used in _rejoinder_; e. g., I pehea _koia_ ahau? _what then did I say?_ The speaker here supposes that the hearer had disputed his statement, and uses _koia_. _Oti_ is used in a somewhat similar construction with the meaning of _else_, e. g., He aha oti? _what else then is it?_

[27] It has been objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions are more properly adverbs, and that in such a sentence as "kei roto i te whare," _i_ is the governing preposition, and _roto_ is an adverb. With all deference, however, to his very superior critical abilities, we submit, that if a preposition be "a particle denoting the relation of one substantive to another" then _roto_ is a preposition; for it clearly indicates a local relation between _roto_ (or _i roto_, if you please,) and the thing spoken of. Those who feel sceptical on this point, we would beg to examine the composite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew preposition _under_ (_tahath_) is recognised as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may require the prepositions _from_ and _to_ in combination with it to exhibit its meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions as _according_ to, _out_ at, _out_ of, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplementary preposition annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted, that where there is a break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the former must be considered as an adverb; thus, in the sentence, "Kei raro, kei te whare," _it is below, it is in the house_; _raro_ is here, as it is in English, an adverb joined to _is_; the line of connection being broken by a comma. In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the compound preposition, (or rather, in this case, the _adverb_,) must also follow it.