CHAPTER VII.

OF THE VERBS.[11]

§ 1. CLASSIFICATION.--They may be distributed in

(a) _Primitive_, i. e., underived from other words; e. g.,

Noho, _to sit_. Hopu, _to catch_.

(b) _Derivative_, i. e. such as are derived from words of some other root; e. g.,

E _kakahu_ ana i tona, _is putting on his garment_. _I ahatia_ koe? _what was done to you?_ Penatia, _do it in that manner_. E hau, _if it blow_. Narungatia mai, _push it in from above_. E pai ana, _it is good_.

This class is by far the most numerous. Under it also may be comprised

(1) Verbs formed by reduplication; e. g.

Korerorero, _to hold conversation with, &c._

(2) _Compound_ verbs, i. e. verbs formed from two or more words joined together; e. g.

_Ma-te-matapihitia_ mai, _give it me by the window_. Whaka-ngoi-koretia, _made weak_.

NOTE.--As the same word is very frequently used in Maori as verb, substantive, adjective, and adverb, it is often impossible to determine under which of the above classes it should be ranked; neither, indeed, will it be necessary; as the origin of the verb in no way affects its grammatical relations.

§. 2. NUMBER, PERSON, and GENDER.--Maori verbs are not declined by inflection; i. e. by variation of the ground form; and therefore know nothing of number, person, and gender.

§. 3. MOOD and TENSE.--As neither the ground form, nor the auxiliary particles experience any variation from change of mood, we cannot recognize any grammatical form for denoting moods in Maori, and shall not therefore enter any farther into the subject at present.

NOTE 1.--The only variations we have been able to discover are

1st. Those for denoting the imperative mood.

2nd. The prefixing of the particle waka to the verb, and thus causing a Hiphil, or causative, conjugation. The prefixing of a conjunction cannot, we think, warrant the creation of a distinct form for the subjunctive mood.

NOTE 2.--As the business of the grammarian lies principally with the grammatical form of words, i. e., with those means with which a language is supplied for expressing the different varieties of thought, it is clear that no form is to be admitted under any head, which does not denote a meaning specifically belonging to that head. Thus, in the case of the Maori moods, we never, (as we sometimes do in English and other languages,) meet with a variation in _form_ from the root, either in the case of the verb itself, or its auxiliaries; and we therefore consider that, _grammatically_ speaking, we have no form for these moods.

It is true, that in a _logical_ point of view, i. e., when the signification alone is considered, a great many varieties both of mood and tense might be established. But this can never be admitted as the basis on which a grammar should be constructed; neither can any maxim be more true than that "equivalence in sense does not imply similarity in grammatical nature."

§. 4. TENSE.--Maori abounds in a variety of forms for denoting modifications of time. They are designated by verbal particles, (vid. Note,) adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles _he_ and _te_ placed in connexion with the verb. The force of these, again, is, in a large majority of cases, determined by the context, and we believe ourselves to be correct in saying that there are, in this language, but few _absolute_ forms for determining _tense_; for example:

E moe _ana_, _he is sleeping_. I reira _e_ moe _ana_, _there was he sleeping_, or _there he slept_. I riri _au_, _I was angry_. _Mo te aha_ koe _i_ riri mai ai ki a au? _why are you angry with me?_ _Ka_ haere ahau, _I will go_. Na _ka_ whaka_tika_ a Hone, _then John rose_. (See also preposition _mo_:)

NOTE.--The verbal particles are words which have no meaning in themselves, but which prefixed to a word, endue it with the qualities of a verb. They correspond to the auxiliary verbs of English, but do not admit of the same varieties of applications: neither can they lay claim to the rank of verb substantive. Thus in Maori we have no _direct_ form for such phrases as the following, _I am_, _you will_, &c.

§. 5. They are as follows: _e_, _ana_, _ha_, _kua_, _i_, _kia_, _hei_, _me_, _kaua_, _aua_, and _kei_.

Their uses will be best ascertained by examining the paradigm at the end of this section. A more full consideration of them and of the other modes of construction, which are therein contained, will be deferred to the Syntax.

As the voice of the verb but little affects its conjugation, we have not thought it necessary to make any separate head for the different voices; but have represented all in the one table.

The student, however, is recommended to read our remarks on the passive voice before he proceeds to examine into the tenses.

§. 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an unpolished language like Maori, there should not be much that is artificial, or complicated, in the arrangement of tenses. Such we believe to be the case. It is true that some would contend for as many tenses as may be found in English; but, independently of the improbability of such a thing, we believe that a careful investigation will lead the inquirer to the arrangement which we have adopted; viz. the _present_, the _past_, and the _future_.

It is true that other tenses may sometimes be met with which are accurately defined; but we cannot admit them a distinct place in the modifications of the simple verb; because such forms are always compound, or depend, at least, for their meaning upon the construction, and belong more properly to the syntax than to this part of the grammar.

§ 7. In examining into the time of a verb, it will often be very necessary for the student to notice whether the sentence, in which it is contained, is _simple_, or _compound_; a _simple_ sentence[12] is that which consists of only one time; e. g.

_E_ pai _ana_, _it is good_. Kahore ahau _i_ kite, _I did not see (it)_. Ko tatou katoa, ano he hipi, _kua_ marara ke, _we all as sheep have gone astray_. _Kua_ mate to tatou Kai whakaora i runga i te te ripeka, _our Saviour died upon the cross_.

A _compound_ sentence is that in which two times are introduced; e. g.

Me i reira ahau e pai ana, _if I had_ been _there it would_ have _been well_. Akuanei, tae rawa atu, kua mate, _it will come to pass, that, when I_ have got _there_, he will _be dead_. Kua mate ahau, e ora ana nga rakau nei, _I shall die before these sticks decay_. Me i whakararatatia i mua, _kua_ rarata, tenei, _if it had been tamed before, it_ would have _been tame now_.

Of this, however, more hereafter.

We may here also mention that it will often be very necessary to notice the circumstances connected with the uttering of a sentence, i. e. whether it be emphatic; whether it be the answer to a question; whether a large measure of certainty is designed to be implied, &c., &c. On these particulars we shall remark in the Syntax.

As it is quite immaterial with which part of the verb we commence, we begin with the imperative; simply because our remarks on it will be rather extended, and 2ndly, because we wish that our illustrations of that mood should appear in an unbroken line with our examples of the other parts of the Maori verbs.

§. 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in more minute distinctions than any other part of the verb. We present them all here; chiefly because the sentences in which they occur are, for the most part, _simple_.

1. The most common form for expressing the _imperative_ of an active verb is by its _passive_; e. g.,

ACTIVE FORM. IMPERATIVE.

Patu, _to strike_, Patua, _strike (it)_. Tua, _to fell_, Tuaina, _fell (it)_.

For the passive voice, see table under that head.

2. (a) If the verb be neuter, and in the second person, the simple ground form is used; e. g.,

Haere, _go_. Hororo, _make haste_. Tena, _be prompt, be quick_. Kati, _be quiet_. Whetero, _put out your tongue_.[13]

(b) Occasionally, however, we find the passive form used, when the meaning of the verb is neuter; e. g.

Hapainga, _let us start_. Takiritia, _idem_. Kokiritia, _dash forward_ (in pursuit, &c.) Hoea tatou, _let us paddle_.

Sometimes both active and neuter verbs will take the verbal prefixes _e_, _kia_, _hei_, _me_, _kaua_, _aua_, _kei_, before them to denote the imperative.

(c) _E_ is used sometimes to denote the imperative of active and neuter verbs. It is chiefly used with the second person singular, dual, and plural.

It is never found in the first person singular; but is occasionally used in the first person dual and plural. We know of no instance in which it is employed in the third person, and we believe the following sentence to be incorrect: E aroha mai te Atua ki a tatou, _may God love us_.

N.B.--Illustrations of these remarks will be given in the table.

(d) _Kia_ is capable of being used in all the persons of the imperative. It is the particle most frequently used with the first person. In the second, it is chiefly used with verbalized adjectives; though occasionally it is prefixed to the verb. In the third, it is used before either adjective or verb, and by its help we may, perhaps, make the best approximation to a form of the imperative in which Maori has been heretofore deficient; viz.--the benedictory; as in such sentences as the following: _God be merciful to you_.

N.B.--Another way for rendering the above sentence (and one equally deserving of attention) is by the preposition _ma_; as in the following; ma te atua koe e atawhai.

We ourselves much incline to a form which, at first sight, may not appear very appropriate; viz., kei te atua te atawhai, or tera kei te atua, &c. Though these forms are apparently _indicative_, yet they are frequently used in the _imperative_ sense; Kei a koe te whakaaro mo tena _the consideration for that is with you_, i. e., _you are to attend to that_; kei a koe te tahi kupu ki a tatou, _a word to us is with you_, i. e., _give us a word_. Tena ano tetahi taro i a koe ma taku tamaiti, _give me some bread for my child_. E kite koe i a Hone tena te tahi paraikete, _if you see John, give me a blanket_, i. e., _tell John to &c._

The dehortative and cautionary particles _kaua_, _aua_, _kei_, belong strictly to the imperative.

(e) Under this head we should perhaps also mention the particle _me_. As it is occasionally heard instead of the real imperative, we shall give it a place here. It will be observed that it does not take the passive after it; e. g.,

Me patu te te poaka, Me hanga te taiepa.

(f) The only particles the imperative of passive verbs will admit before it are, _kia_, _kaua_, _aua_, and _kei_. Following is a table of sentences illustrative of the above remarks. We have preferred placing them all in one list that the student may more easily catch the various distinctions. Other forms are given by which the imperative is sometimes denoted.

1st Form. Whakaakona ahau, _teach me_.

2nd. Whakatika, _arise_. Noho atu, _remain away_. Hoko mai, _come back_. Noho puku, _sit quiet_. Tupeke, _jump_. Pepeke, _draw up your legs_.

3rd. E ara, _arise_. E noho, _sit down_. Haere koe, e hoki, _go, return_. E kai, _eat_. E ngaki taua, _let us two dig (it)_.

4th. Tena koe, kia wakamatu ahau, _give it here let me try it_. Kia kaha, _be strong_. Kia hohoro, _make haste_. Kia ara (te pou), _let (the post) be upright_. Ko tena, kia nekehia atu, _as for that, let it be moved away (by them)_. Kia maia tatou, _let us be courageous, &c._

5th. E! kaua ahau e haere ki reira. _Pish! let me not go there._ Aua e tukua, _do not let it go_. Kei ngaro, _take care lest it be lost_. Kei whakarongo atu tatou, _let us not listen, &c._

6th. Ka oti tena, me ngaki a konei e koe, _when that is finished this place must be dug by you_.

7th. Maku etahi, _(give) me some_.

8th. Hei konei koutou noho ai, _do you stop here_.

9th. Kati te tahae i aku merene, _cease stealing my melons_, i. e., _do not, &c._

10th. E tae koe, ka tono mai i a Hone, _when you arrive there, send John here_.

11th. Tatou ki te to, _we to drag_, i. e., _let us go to drag (the canoe.)_

12th. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, _(before you send the pigs) let the messenger be sent here_.

The attention of the reader is also requested to the following paradigm of the tenses as classified according to our arrangement.

He will observe that, as _number_ and _person_ make no difference in the form, one example of a kind will be sufficient.

Most of the sentences here inserted are simple. We shall reserve the consideration of the compound sentences for the Syntax.

PRESENT SINGULAR.

1 E patu ana ahau, _I am striking_ or _strike_. 2 E patu ana koe, _you are striking, &c._ 3 E patu ana ia, _he is striking, &c._

DUAL AND PLURAL.

1 E patu ana maua, or matou. 2 E patu ana korua, or koutou. 3 E patu ana raua, or ratou.

OTHER FORMS FOR THE PRESENT.

1 E kore ahau e pai, _I am not willing_. 2 Ko au tenei, _here I am_, (lit. this is I). 3 He tangata kino koe, _you (are) a bad man_. 4 Ko toku matua ko Kukutai, _Kukutai (is) my father_. 5 Ka pai, _it is good_. 6 E haere mai, _she is coming_. 7 E pai ranei koe? _are you willing?_ 8 E ki nei (or na) koe, _you affirm_. 9 Kei te patu, _he is killing (it)_, (lit. at the killing). 10 Noku tenei wahi, _this place is mine_ (lit. mine this place.)

PAST TENSE.

1 reira ahau i te ata nei, _I (have been) there this morning_. 2 Ko Rawiri te matua a Horomona, _David (was) the father of Solomon_. 3 He tangata mohio a Horomona, _Solomon (was) a wise man_. 4 I haere ano ahau, _I went_. 5 Nau i wakaatu, _you disclosed_. 6 Ka haere a Ihu, _Jesus went_. 7 E ngari a Hone ka kite, _John rather saw it (not I.)_ 8 Haere ana a Ihu, _Jesus went_. 9 He ua tena, _that was rain, it rained_ (used chiefly in animated description.) 10 He tini aku korerotanga ki a ia, _many (have been) my conversations with him_. 11 Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, _the messenger had been sent (before the other thing was done.)_ 12 Kihai i pai mai, _he was not pleased_. 13 Ka te tuku tena wahi, (Ngapuhi) _that place has been given to_, &c. 14 Kua patua te poaka? _has the pig been killed?_ 15 Kua oti noa ake taku mahi, _my work has been finished this some time_. 16 He mea hanga naku te purutangi, _the handle was made by myself_; [lit. the handle (was) a thing made of mine, (actively).]

FUTURE.

1 Ka haere ahau, _I will go_. 2 E riri mai koe? _will you be angry?_ 3 Maku e patu, _I will kill (it)_ [lit. the killing (it is to be) for me.] 4 Ko koe te haere? _are you (the person) that is to go?_ 5 Tera e mate, _he will die (perhaps)_, (lit. that will die.) 6 E kore e tukua, _it will not be let go_. 7 E tae koe ki Waitemata, _When you go to Waitemata_. 8 Akuanei ko ia kua tae, _the chances are that he will get there first_; (lit. _presently_ it _is_ he that _has_ arrived.) 9 Kowai hei tiki? _who is to fetch it?_

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Haere ki te whiu, _go to drive (it)_, (lit. go to the driving.) Pai kia haere, _willing to go_. E kore e ahei te tohe, _I cannot press you_; (lit. the pressing cannot be effected.)

§. 6. VOICE.--Maori verbs, in respect of voice, may be considered under the three well known heads of _active_, _passive_ and _neuter_.

§. 7. The _active_ is the simple root modified by one or more of the words already mentioned, e. g. e patu ana ahau, _I am striking_.

§. 8. The _passive_ is the root varied in its termination; e. g. e patua ana ahau, _I am struck_.

NOTE.--The student will find, as we proceed, that the Maori passive differs in some respects from that of the English, Latin and Greek.

§. 9. The _neuter_ expresses being, or a state or condition of being; when the agent and the object acted upon coincide, and the event is properly neither action nor passion, but rather something between both: as _I am_, _I sleep_, _I walk_."[14]

NOTE.--Verbs derived from the simple adjective will generally rank under the head of neuter. Under this class also do we reduce a species of verbs in the arrangement of which we have felt some difficulty; viz.--such words as, pakaru, _broken_; marere, _conceded_, &c., _i. e._, words which are neuter in form, but passive in meaning; which correspond in meaning to the past participle passive of the European languages, but are not traceable to any root. After much consideration we are inclined to think that they may most satisfactorily be regarded as adjectives, and classified accordingly: thus, in the following sentence, "kua pakaru te waka i te ngaru," _the canoe has been broken by the waves_, we should regard _pakaru_ as an adjective, or rather a verbalized adjective, just as much as we should kino in the following, "kua _kino_ te waka i te paru," _the canoe is bad, or uncomfortable, through the filth_.

To any who wishes to regard such a class as passive participles, we would reply, that the preposition _i_, (not _e_,) following them clearly determines them as belonging to the neuter family; and that though their meaning may not coincide with our definition of a neuter verb, yet we feel no difficulty on that head; for we only act in common with other grammarians, who have laid it down as a useful rule "_a potiori nomen fit_."

As it may be useful to the student to be acquainted with this class of words we will supply a table of some of the principal, after we have made some farther observations on the voices.[15]

In the passive we meet with variation in the termination of the ground-form.

§ 10. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.

A, _to drive away_, &c. A_ia_. Ka, (v.n.) _to light_ (_as a Ka_ngia_. fire_) Maka, _to throw away_, Makā. Wakama, _to make clean_. Wakama_kia_. Hura, _to expose_ (_by taking off Hura_hia_, or Hura_ngia_. the cover_) Whakateka, _to denounce as false_, Wakateka_ina_. Aroha, _to love_, Aroha_ina_ or Aroha_tia_. Tua, _to fell_ (_as a tree_,) Tua_ina_, or Tua_kina_. Raranga, _to knit_ (_a native Ranga_hia_. basket_, &c.) { Mea_tia_. Mea, _to do_, { Meinga. { Meingatia (Ngapuhi). He, (part. adj.) _unacquainted He_ngia_. with_, &c. Kukume, _to pull_, Kume_a_. Rere, (v.n.) _sail as a boat_, { Rei_a_. and _to flow as water_, { Rere_ngia_. Whakatete, _to milk_, Wakatete_kia_. Paihere, _to bind in bundles_, Paihere_tia_, Ope, _to gather_ &c. (_in Ope_hia_. handfuls_,) Whakapae, _besige_, or _to accuse Whakapae_a_. falsely_, { Whakaae_ngia_, Whakaae, _assent to_, { or { Whakaae_tia_. Hi, _to fish with a hook_, Hi_a_. Ririringi, (v.a.) _to spill_, { Ringi_tia_. { Ringi_hia_. Whaki, _to confess_, Whaki_na_. Arahi, _to guide_, Arahi_na_. Whawhaki, _to gather_ (_as Whaki_ia_. grapes_, &c.) Kikini, _to pinch_, Kini_tia_. Whangai, _to feed_, { Whangai_a_. { Whangai_nga_. Pupuhi, _to fire_ (_a gun_), or Puhi_a_. _to blow with the mouth_, Pai, (adj.) _good_, Pai_ngia_. Ho-mai, } _to give_, { Ho-mai. Ho-atu, } { Ho-atu. Waiho, _leave_, Waiho. Ko, _to dig_, { Ke_ia_. { Ko_ngia_. Mono, _to calk_, Mono_a_. Aro, _to regard with favour_, Aro_agia_. Horo, (part. adj.) _tumble down, Horo_ngia_. as a land-slip_, Horo, _to swallow_, Horo_mia_. Whakato, _to sow, or plant_, { Wakato_kia_. { Wakato_ngia_. Takoto, (v.n.) _to lie_, Takoto_ria_. Manako, (_same as aro_) Manako_hia_. Toko, _to propel by poles_, Toko_na_. Rongo, _to hear_, Rango_na_. Whawhao, _to stow_, { Whao_whina_. { Whao_a_. Utuutu, _to draw water_, Utu_hia_. Utu, _to pay_, Utu_a_. Ruku, (v.n.) _to dive_, Ruku_hia_. Tu, (v.n.) _to stand_, Tu_ria_. Whakau, _to kindle_, Whakau_ngia_. Hohou, _to bind fencing_, &c. Houh_ia_. Whawhau, (Waikato) _idem_ Whau_whia_. Maumau, (part. a.) _wasted_, Maumau_ria_. Tatau, _to fight against_, Tau_ria_. Hahau, _to seek_, Hahau_ria_. Whakahou, _to make new_, Whakahou_tia_. Mate-nui, _much coveted_, Mate-nui_tia_. Tangata-whenua, _a denizen_, Tangata-whenua_tia_, _to be naturalized_.

(a) It will be seen that the above arrangement is made according to the final letter of the ground form, and that each division contains some examples of reduplicated words, and of words ending in diphthongs.

(b) That, in words ending in _a_, the passive is mostly made by adding to the last syllable _ia_, _ngia_, _kia_, _hia_, _ina_, _atia_, _kina_.

(c) That some verbs receive no additions to the last syllable; as _maka_, and that the active and passive are, in those cases, alike. On the Eastern coast _ia_ takes the place of simple _a_ in the passive; e. g. maka, makaia.

The speaker should be always careful, in pronouncing passive _a_ to throw the emphasis strongly on the last syllable. The following words are of this description: panga, _to throw away_; pana, _to shove away, &c._; kanga, _to curse_; wakamana, _to ratify, &c._; taunaha, _to bespeak_; taka, _to fall from a height_; unga, _to send_; waha, _to carry on the back_.

(d) That some verbs have sometimes two or more terminations for the passive; as arohatia, arohaina, arohangia. We may here remark that some words have different passives in different districts; e. g.

Whangainga (Ngapuhi), Whangaia (Waikato.)

(e) That in words, one or more of the syllables of which are repeated, the reduplication will very frequently be dropped in the passive; e. g.

Kikini, kinitia; tapatapahi tapahia, &c.

NOTE.--It must however be noticed that there are many exceptions to this rule, and that the omitting or retaining the reduplication is often left to the option of the speaker. In those instances, however, in which he wishes to denote with peculiar emphasis the _distribution_, _repetition_, &c., implied by the reduplication, he always, as far as he can, retains it; e. g.

Titititia, _strike every one of the nails_. Patupatua, _strike with many blows_, &c.

(f) In a few instances we meet with a passive formed by a change of the first syllable; e. g.

Rongo, _to hear_; rangona (_passive_); wakarongo, wakarangona (_passive_).

Examples of this rule are very few.

(g) Of the passives of compound verbs, two examples are given at the end of the table. The rule for their formation is the same as that for the passives of simple verbs: the final letters, in both cases, being the only thing on which they depend. Occasionally, however, we meet with a word resolved into two parts, and each part put into the passive voice; e. g.,

Kaihau, (v. act.) _to sell the property of an individual without giving him any part of the payment_, Kai_nga_-hau_tia_, (passive).

There is another form similar to the preceding, which requires to be mentioned here; viz., when two verbs follow each other in immediate succession, one of which acts as a kind of adverb, or qualifying word, to the other, they will both sympathize with each other in voice; will either be both active or both passive; e. g.,

Toia haeretia, _dragged along_; lit. _dragged gone_. Tukua whakareretia, _let down with a dash_. Kai moe, _eat sleeping_, i. e., _while he is eating he is sleeping_.

In such phrases the latter of the two verbs will generally take _tia_ for its passive form.

(h) Occasionally a passive word may be met with which has no active; as _parangia_ e te moe, _oppressed by sleep_; _rokohina_ and _rokohanga_, _waiho_, _homai_ and _hoatu_.

(i) Passive verbs are used in a more extended sense in Maori, than what is commonly met with in other languages, not excepting, perhaps, even the three passives of Hebrew.

The following are a few illustrations of the various uses:--

Haere, _to go_, v.n., te huarahi i _haerea e ia_, _the road by which he travelled_. Neke, _move away (yourself)_ v.n., nekehia atu, imp. _move (the thing) away_, kua nekehia, _was moved away_. Titore, _diffissus_, part. adj., Titorehia, imp., _Diffinde_, adj. Oioi, _contremo_, or _nuto_, v.n. oioia, imp., _agita_, v.a. Riri, _angry_, riria, _angered_; (e. g., ka riria ahau e ia.) Pai, _good_, kia pai, _let it (the thing) be good_. Waka_pai_a, imp., _put it (the place &c.) to rights_. Waka_pai_ngia, _to be accepted or approved of_. Korero, _to speak_, korerotia, _made the subject of conversation_. Whakaaro, v.n., _to think_; whakaarohia, imp., _think (of the thing)_; whakaarohia iho, _think (of yourself, &c._) Kau, _swim_, v.n., ka kauria (te awa,) _is swum over (the stream)_; ka wakakauria (te hoiho), _(the horse) is made to swim over_. Kakahu, _a garment_, kakahuria (tou,) _put on your (garment,)_ wakakahuria, (te tamaiti) _put on the child's clothes_. Whangai, _to feed_, whangaia ma te ngohi, _given as food for the fishes_. Tae, _to arrive at (a place)_, ka taea Waitoke, _Waitoke has been arrived at_. Taea noatia tenei ra, _until it is arrived (at_ i. e. _up to) this day_. Huri, _to turn a (grindstone &c.)_, kia hurihia taku toki, _that my axe may be turned_, i. e. _ground_. Whawhao, _to stow or put into a basket &c._ Kua whaowhina te kete ki te tupeka, _the basket was stowed (with) tobacco_, i. e. _had tobacco put into it_. Manene, _to beg_, kei manenetia koe ki te tupeka, _lest you should be begged for tobacco_, i. e. _lest tobacco should be begged from you_. Horihori, _to tell falsehoods_; ko te mea i horihoria e koe he tangata, _the thing you erroneously said was a man_, ko te mea i whakahorihoria e koe, _the thing you denounced as false_.

For further remarks on this part of the Maori verb, vid. S.

(k) NOTE.--The student will sometimes find that the simple root is used with a similar variation of meaning; e. g.

Waha, _to carry on the back_; e waha, _get on my back_. He paipa hei puru mo taku tupeka, _a pipe to plug my tobacco: into which to plug my tobacco_. Te waka e to na, _the canoe that is dragged up there_. Te rakau e pou na, _the stake that is fixed there_. Kei tehea whare nga tangata? Kei te whare e ngiha mai na, _In which house are the people? In the house that burns_; i. e. _in the house in which the lights burn_. Kei te _tao_ te kai, _food is being cooked (in the oven.)_

Sentences, however, like the last of these are mostly employed when emphasis and brevity are desired more than accuracy.

§. 12. The verbal nouns also (for which vid. chap. 3 §. c.) experience considerable variations in meaning. They are in most cases formed from the passive voice of the root; and as the rules for their formation may be easily learned by comparing a few with their respective ground forms, it may perhaps be sufficient to give the nouns derived from the verbs of the last mentioned table:

PASSIVE NOUNS. VERBAL NOUNS. A_ia_, A_nga_. Ka_ngia_, Kā_nga_. Makā, Mak_anga_. Wakama_kia_, Wakama_kanga_. Hura_hia_, Hura_hanga_. Wakateka_ina_, Wakateka_nga_. Aroha_tia_, Aroha_tanga_. Tua_kina_, Tua_kanga_. Mea_tia_, Mea_tanga_. He_ngia_, He_anga_, or He_nga_. Kume_a_, Kume_nga_. Rere_ngia_, Rēnga. Paihere_tia_, Paihere_tanga_. Hi_a_, Hi_anga_. Ringi_hia_, Ringi_hanga_. Whaki_na_, Whaki_nga_. Kini_tia_, Kini_tanga_. Whangai_a_, Whangai_nga_. Homai, Homai_tanga_. Waiho, Waiho_tanga_. Ko_ia_, Ko_anga_. Horo, Horo_nga_. Horo_mia_, Horo_manga_. R_a_ngo_na_, R_o_ngo_nga_. Whao_whina_, Whao_whanga_. Utu_hia_, Utu_hanga_. Ruku_hia_, Ruku_hanga_. Hou_hia_, Hou_hanga_. Tau_ria_, Tatau_ranga_. Hou_tia_, Hou_tanga_.

Sometimes where it is desirable to make a distinction, on account of the greatness of the difference between the two branches of the same root, a different form will be adopted for each meaning; e. g.

Wanaunga, _is a relation_: wanautanga, _a birth_: Kiteanga is the opportunity in which a thing may be seen; kitenga generally denotes _the act of seeing_. Again, wah_anga_ is a _carrying on the back_, wah_inga_ a _breaking_.

§. 13. _Neuter verbs._--On these but few remarks are required. For the distinction between the preposition _i_, by which they are followed, and the particle _i_, which follows active verbs, vid. _i_ (prepositions, §. 10, note.)

That they sometimes take the passive form may be seen in the illustrations of the passive voice. In some cases also their passives change their nature, and become similar in meaning to the passives of active verbs; e. g.

Nohoia tou kainga, _dwell, or occupy, your farm_. Ka hengia mai ahau e ia, _I shall be (literally) ignored by him_.

§. 14. As the participial adjectives may be most conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert here a table of the principal of them:--

Ea, _paid for_. He, _unacquainted with_. Hoha, _wearied at_. Horo, _stormed_ (as a fort, &c.) Mahora, _given_ (as a feast.) Makini, _gapped_. Mana, _ratified_, &c. Mao, _ceased_ (as rain.) Maoa, _cooked_ (as food.) Marere, _fallen to the ground, &c._ Maringi, _spilt_. Maru, _bruised, beaten, &c._ Matau, (sometimes with Ngapuhi;) e. g., Pakore e matau i a au, _understood_. Mate, _dead_. Mau, _caught_. Mawheto, _loosed_ (as a knot.) Mimiti, _dried up_. Moti, _destroyed, &c._, (corresponding to the phrase _clean sweep_; Waikato.) Motu, _cut_. Mutu, _ended_. Oti, _finished_. Ongeonge, (same as Hoha.) Pahure, _passed by_. Pahemo, idem. Pakaru, _broken_. N.B.,--Pākaru, _is active_. Pareho, _consumed_. Pau, idem. Riro, _departed_. Rite, _completus, perfectus, (sometimes.)_ Riwha, _gapped_. Tahuri, _overturned_. Toremi, _sunk into_ (as into a bog, &c.) Tu, _wounded, &c._ Whanau, used sometimes as v.n., _bring forth_; sometimes as part. adj., _brought forth_ or _born_. Whara, _hurt_ (by accident.) Wera, _burnt_. Ngaro, _lost, destroyed, &c._ Ngenge, _tired_. Ngonga, _beaten_ (same as Maru.)

§. 15. That we are correct in denominating such words, as the above, "participial adjectives," will appear from the consideration that they will assume the form of an adjective, or participle, according to the nature of the word by which they may be translated: thus _marie_ may be translated _quiet_, and be considered an adjective; or _pacified_, and be considered a participle. Neither indeed will it appear strange that an adjective should be found, in one language, exactly corresponding to a participle in another, if we only reflect on the origin of the following adjectives of the English; _exact_, _competent_, _complete_, _perfect_, _correspondent_, _&c._, _&c._

Like adjectives, these words will assume the form of a verb, when in connexion with the verbal participles. Indeed, (as we have already observed,) our impression is, that, the more we examine, the more shall we be led to think that a genuine verb is by no means a common thing in Maori; and that substantives, adjectives, and other classes, are the fountains to which most of the verbs of the language may be traced.

[11] There are many things connected with this subject that will, no doubt, often appear strange to the European reader; and he will frequently have to be careful lest he be misled by theories derived from occidental grammars. In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed.

In Maori, on the contrary, a pure genuine verb is by no means of frequent occurrence: almost any word denoting a thing, or quality, is capable of sustaining that office; and predication is as frequently implied as expressed. In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we shall have to examine, not only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging to that class; but also those forms in which no mark of predication is expressed. The term predication we have adopted, for want of better, to denote those functions which are peculiar to the verb, and which are sometimes described by grammarians under the terms "affirmation" and "assertion."

[12] We have adopted the term "sentence" in preference to "proposition," lest the student should be led into perplexity by conceiving that we used the terms _simple_ and _compound_ in the same senses as those in which they are used by logicians.

From our examples he will see that we should call a sentence simple, even though the subject and predicate be complex terms.

By noticing whether, when the sentence is translated, one or two verbs are introduced, and whether either of them is dependent in time on the other, the student will easily make the distinction that we are desirous of establishing. The importance of this distinction will be seen in our examples of a compound sentence. For, in the first _e-ana_, which is present in a simple sentence, is now past; in the second, _kua_ is future, though it strictly belongs to the past tense; in the fourth example this same particle stands for the pluperfect potential.

[13] We may here mention that, in speaking of actions done by members of the body, Maori never supposes the individual, but rather the member, to perform the act. Thus, such expressions as "lift up your head," "open your mouth," "stretch out your leg," would not be rendered, as we have heard some speakers express it, by "huaia ake to matenga," "hamamatia to waha, &c.," but rather "kia ara ake to matenga," "hamama tou waha," "wharoro tou waewae."

We have, indeed, occasionally heard a native say, wheterongia, (whaterongia, Ngapuhi) tou arero, titahangia; but these phrases are very rare.

[14] Lowth.

[15] N.B.--When we have occasion to speak of this class of words by themselves, as distinct from neuter verbs, we shall denominate them _participial adjectives_.