CHAPTER XIX.

SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

_Of the Verbal Particles._--The consideration of the verbal particles, and of the other means by which a verb is modified in Maori, has been reserved for the Syntax; chiefly because the investigation of those subjects will involve also that of compound propositions, and of other constructions which belong to this part of Grammar.

_E_ (a) is sometimes used for the present, e. g., _e_ noho mai, _he is sitting there close at hand_. (b) Most frequently it is joined with _nei_, &c.; e. g., _e_ riri _nei_, _who is angry with me_, &c. (c) It is sometimes used to denote the future; e. g., ko wai ma _e_ haere? _who will_ go? He tokomaha _e_ mate, _many will die_. (d) It is chiefly employed to denote contingency, or some future act on which something else depends; e. g., _E_ riri ia, _if he be angry_; _E_ tae mai a Hone tonoa ake, _If John comes here send him after me_; _E_ hau, _if there be a wind_.

NOTE.--(1.) In such constructions as the last, it will be found that the latter verb will generally, except when it is in the imperative mood, be in the second person. In the following sentence, for example, _E_ muri ka puta mai nga kuri ka puhia, _henceforward if dogs come here they will be shot_, _e_ is wrongly used; puhia being in the third person. To this rule, however, there are exceptions.

(2.) There is a difference between _e_ and _ka_, as particles of the future; _ka_ being of much more extensive use; i. e., being used with all persons, and in all senses, whether absolute or contingent; vid. _ka_.

(3.) There are, however, some constructions in which _e_ is always preferred; chiefly, we believe, when the verb is preceded by some word with which it is in connexion; i. e., when it is preceded by the negative adverb _kore_, and sometimes _kahore_; e. g., ka _kore_ e pai, _if he is not willing_; _kahore e_ tangi _she did not at all cry_,--by the preposition _ma_; e. g., _ma_ wai _e_ hanga? _who is to build it?_--and by _no_ (sometimes), _nohea e wera?_ _Whence_, i. e., _why should it take fire?_--by the pronouns _tera_ and _ehea_; e. g., _tera e_ mate, he will die perhaps, ko _ehea e_ patua, _which are to be killed?_--by the noun or pronoun in the possessive case (sometimes); e. g., _taku e_ pai ai _that which I like_, he aha tau e tohe? what are you importuning about?--by _taihoa_ and _taria_; e. g., _taihoa e_ haere _wait going_; i. e., _don't go for a while_.

N.B.--For the distinction between _e_ and _ka_, when prefixed to numerals; vid., numerals, chap. 17, sec. 5.

(e.) For _e_ as prefixed to the imperative mood, vid. page 40 (c). It is generally omitted in that mood, when the verb is followed by _atu_, _mai_, _ake_, _iho_, _&c._

_Ana_ is a particle corresponding, in many particulars, with _ka_. It is most frequently employed, however, in the continuation of a narrative, and does not often except in abrupt and animated discourse, occupy a place in the leading clause of the sentence.

The following examples illustrate this last remark. Ki te kahore e homai, ina _haere ana_ ahau, ka riro. _If it is not given, certainly going I will depart_; ko nga tangata o Taranaki, _aia ana_ e matou ki te maunga, _the men of Taranaki, driven were they by us to the mountain_. It will be seen that the verb preceding in the above clauses gives a larger measure of emphasis than if another word had gone before it. In such animated sentences, as the above, the speaker will generally prefer _ana_ to any other verbal particle. But another leading use of _ana_ is to denote a continuance of action. The following extract from a translation of the first eight chapters of Genesis, made some years since by the Church Missionaries, will serve as an illustration of this, and our other remarks on this particle. We may add that, though we suggest a few trifling alterations in the part quoted, yet, considering the time in which it was made, it is very creditable to the Maori knowledge of the translators.

Ch. 1, v. i. I te orokomeatanga i hanga e te Atua te rangi me te whenua.

2. A kihai whai ahua te whenua, i takoto kau; a ngaro ana i te pouri te mata o te hohonu. Haerere ana te Wairua o te Atua ki runga ki te mata o nga wai.

3. Mea ana te Atua, Kia marama; a kua marama.

4. A kite ana te Atua i te marama, pai ana; wehea ana e te Atua te marama i te pouri.

5. A huaina ana e te Atua te marama, hei ao.

In the first verse _ana_ can have no place, it would give an unpleasant jerk, as well as the appearance of levity, to a commencement so methodical and dignified. Our translators, therefore, with good taste, employed _i_; I te timatanga _i_ hanga, &c. In the second verse, however, in the clause commencing _a ngaro ana, &c._, it is very correctly used; because there is a close connection between _that clause_ and the one preceding. In the third verse it is, we think, injudiciously used, because a new subject is now commenced. We should, therefore, have preferred _na_ KA _mea_ te Atua. So also in the commencement of the fourth verse, _A kite ana te Atua_ i te marama, pai ana. We should prefer, a _ka_ kite, &c. Pai _ana_ is, we think, objectionable. It is too abrupt, and unconnected, and makes the _pai_ refer to the _atua_, rather than to _marama_. _E_ pai _ana_, perhaps, or _he mea pai_, would be preferable. _E--ana_ is strictly the sign of the present tense; e. g., _e_ kai _ana_, _he is eating_. Sometimes when it follows a past time its meaning will also be past; as may be seen in our remarks on _ana_ (vid. also page 38, and our remarks on compound times).

_Ka_ is a particle of very extensive use. It is sometimes employed to denote the present tense; e. g., ka pai, _it is good_. It is the particle most frequently used in historic presents (vid. John iv., 1, 3, and N. T. _passim_). It is very frequently used to denote future events, and is often employed in hypothetic, or contingent propositions; e. g., _ka_ mate koe i a au; _you will be killed by me_, _ka_ haere ahau _ka_ riri a Hone, IF _I go, John will be angry_.

NOTE.--_Ka_, as a particle of the present, will often differ in meaning from _e--ana_. For example, ka tere te waka may signify _the canoe will drift_, or _that it_ DRIFTS; _e_ tere _ana_, that _it is drifting_.

For the distinctions between _ka_ and _e_ vid. _e_. Occasionally _ka_ is followed by _te_. Vid. two examples page 57.

_I_, a particle of the past time; vid. _kua_.

(a.) Sometimes, however, it is employed to denote the present; e. g., _koia_ i riri _ai_, _for that cause is he angry?_ _na_ te aha koe _i_ tohe _ai_ kia haere, _why do you persist in going?_ Ka tahi ano to hanganga _i_ pai, _this house (which I am now roofing) is now, for the first time, properly done_.

(b.) Sometimes _i_ is employed where contingency is designed; e. g., he aha koa i pono he titaha, he titaha; i pono he hate, he hate _well, it won't signify_. _If an axe happens to be (my payment) let it so happen_ (lit. let it be an axe). _If a shirt, &c._

Ka whiua to tahi wahi ki tahaki, hei whakahere i tona Atua. _I_ whiua ranei ki te wahi tapu ranei; _i_ whiua ranei ki te wahi noa ranei, _he throws a portion to one side as an offering to his God_. _It may have been thrown_ (i. e., it matters not whether it is thrown) _upon a sacred spot, or upon a spot not sacred_.

_Kua_, the sign of the past tense; e. g., _kua_ korero atu ahau ki a ia, _I have spoken to him_.

(a.) The leading distinction between _kua_ and _i_ is, we believe, that _kua_ is unlimited (i. e., will not admit of limitation), and _i_ limited in construction; and that the former, when it precedes in the sentence, will be often found to correspond to the perfect, the latter to the imperfect of English; e. g., _kua_ kitea te mea _i_ kimihia e koe? HAS _the thing been found that_ WAS _sought for by you?_ _Kua_ ora koe? Kahore, I ora ano au; a, hoki mai ana te mate; _have you recovered? No, I did recover, but the sickness has returned_.

N.B.--It would, however, be very incorrect to affirm, as have some good Maori scholars, that _kua_ always corresponds to the perfect, and _i_ to the imperfect.

In accordance with the preceding remarks, it may be observed, 1st, that _kua_ is seldom used when the verb is preceded by the _cause_, _time_, or other qualifying circumstance of the action; i. e., when the verb is followed by _ai_. For example, we might say _kua_ patua, _he was killed_; but we could not say, te take _kua_ patua _ai_, _the cause for which he was killed_; neither would it be correct to say, koia _kua_ riri _ai_ ia, _for that cause was he angry_. 2dly. It will also, we believe, be found that, in secondary clauses, in which the relative is understood, _i_ obtains a much more general use than _kua_. For example, in the following sentence,--"enei mea _kua_ korerotia e koutou," we should prefer _i_ korerotia. 3dly. _Kua_ will seldom, when denoting the perfect or imperfect tenses, be found associated with the particle _ko_; e. g., we very seldom hear _ko_ Hone _kua_ haere, _it was John who went_. In the following sentence, we disapprove of the use of both of these particles:--e pai ana matou ki a ia, no te mea _ko_ ia _kua_ atawhai mai ki a matou, _we love him, because he was kind to us_. We should have preferred _mona i_ atawhai, &c.[38] (4.) When a preposition immediately precedes, _kua_ will seldom be employed to denote the tenses; e. g., nonahea _i_ mate ai; _Since what time_, or, _at what time did he die?_ Nana ano _i_ haere noa mai, _he came of himself_.

(5.) _Kua_ is never used after the negative adverbs kahore, kihai, and kiano; e. g., kahore ahau i rongo, _I have not heard_; kiano _i_ mate noa, _he has not yet died_.

(6.) The following, also, are constructions in which _kua_ will be found to give place to _i_: _Me_ koutou hoki i whakarere _i_ to koutou kainga, _as ye also left your country_; _me i_ kahore koe, _if it had not been for you_, _&c._

In the following constructions, however, _kua_ is prefixed: _penei kua_ ora, _in that case he would have lived_; _ano kua_ mate, _as if he were dead_; _me te_ mea _kua_ waruhia, _as if it had been planed_; _Me_ i kahore koe _kua_ mate au, _if it had not been for you, I should have died_. In the following, however, _i_ is preferred: _me_ i kahore koe _i_ ora ai ahau, _If it had not been for you, (the cause) why I was saved_; i. e., I should have been lost, but for you.

(b.) _Kua_ is sometimes employed where a present would be used in English; e. g., _kua_ mate, _he is dead_; _kua_ po, _it is dark_, or, is past sunset; _kua_ riro, _he is gone_.

(c.) In animated narrations of past events, _kua_ is sometimes employed to give variety; e. g., te taenga atu o Hone, _kua_ mau ki te hamanu, e tatua ana, te tino haerenga, _so John goes, he_ HAS _taken (his) cartouch box, (he) is girding it on; the instant marching_.

(d.) Sometimes, also, when the speaker wishes to convey the idea of a certain, and speedy accomplishment, he will (as did the Hebrews) employ the past tense; e. g., E pa, he aha i kaiponuhia ai to waru? _kua_ whakahokia mai apopo, _Father why do you withhold your plane? It will_ SURELY _be returned to you to-morrow_; E hoa, reia atu; _kua_ hoki mai koe, _Friend, run (and tell them) you will be back (in quite time enough)_; e noho ana tenei; _kua_ pata iho te ua, e rere ana ki rote ki te whare, _we are sitting here, but, immediately as soon as it rains, we run into the house_.

(e.) Kua is often prefixed to denote an action which is to take place, or has taken place previous to something else--in which latter use it will sometimes correspond to the pluperfect of English; e. g., _I_ a koe _kua_ riro, _after you had gone_. Mo te ara rawa ake _kua_ maoa, _that, exactly as he awakes, it may have been cooked_; i. e., _it may be cooked against he awakes_. Me i noho _kua_ wha na rakau e toia, _if I had remained, four logs would have been dragged_. Akuanei mau nga riwai _kua_ kainga, _presently, the potatoes that have been first eaten will be yours_; i. e., your crop will be the soonest ripe. Huatu _ko_ tena _kua_ ngakia, _no, but let that be first dug_.

Vid. our remarks on _ko_, when associated with _kua_ (note to _a_) (3).

NOTE.--The student will see, in the above examples, that _kua_, when employed in this sense, will often enter into combinations which would not be admitted under other tenses.

KIA.--This particle has been already considered, as far as it is connected with the imperative mood (vid. page 40). There are, however, other uses of it, which are both varied and important.

(a.) It may, in asking a question, be used for the future; e. g., Kia haere ahau? Ne? Shall I go? shall I?

(b.) It may, also, be found where an hypothetic statement is made, or an expectation, or other reference to some future event, is implied--a use in which it will sometimes be found to correspond to the second future indicative and perfect potential of English; e. g., E noho ki konei; _kia_ hoki mai ra ano ahau, _stop here until I shall have returned_; _Kia_ titiro atu matou, ka patua to matou hoa, hei reira ka whakatika atu matou, _let us have seen_ (i. e., if we had but seen) _him strike our friend, we should then have risen_; me noho _kia_ ora, ka haere, _you had better remain, and when you are well, depart_; e hoe katoa ana ratou, _kia_ oti te waka o Nini, _they are all going when Nini's canoe is finished_; I raro ahau e whakarongo mai ana, _kia mate, kia_ mate; a ka ora noa ano, _I was at the northward waiting for news from here of his death; but he has recovered_.

(c.) Often, when intensity of _negation_, _doubt_, _&c._, is intended, it will be used instead of the proper particles of the present, past, and future; e. g., hore rawa _kia_ tika, _by no means is it correct_; kahore _kia_ kotahi, _not even one_; Ko au _kia_ mate, ko ia _kia_ ora? _must I (by feeding this pig) starve, while he has food?_ Kahore ano _kia_ haere noa! _not yet gone!_

(2.) It is often found, also, in exclamations of wonder; e. g., _Kia_ nui! _How large!_

(3.) In the same sense, also, it is used where an infinitive would be employed in the learned languages; particularly where _contempt_, _disregard_, &c., are denoted; e. g., Kia whakarongo atu ahau ki o korero hei aha? why should I listen to your talk? lit. _that I should listen to your talk is for what?_ _Kia_ ho atu taku poaka mo tena! _that I should give my pig for that!_ i. e., I will not give it.

(d.) _Kia_ is frequently employed to denote the infinitive; e. g., haere _kia_ kite, _go to see_.

(e.) It will also be employed when the latter verb is an amplification of the meaning of a preceding one; e. g., ahea hanga ai tou whare, _kia oti_? _When will your house be built, that it may be finished?_ Te tangata e whiuwhiu ana i ana tikaokao, _kia wawe te mate_! _The man who is pelting his fowls that they may be soon dead!_ Tanutanu rawa _kia_ ngaro, _bury, bury deep, that it may be concealed_; (a song.) Whiua, _kia_ mamae, _beat it that it may be pained_; na koutou _i_ aki mai _kia_ tata, _it was you who pressed forward so as to be near_.

NOTE.--There is a distinction between _kia_ and _ki te_, when prefixed to a verb in the infinitive, which should be noticed. KIA is very seldom prefixed to a verb in the active voice,--_ki te_ almost always; e. g., Haere _ki te_ to i te waka. We could not say _kia to_.

(2.) _Kia_ is almost always prefixed to the passive verb; _ki te_ very seldom; e. g., Tikina atu _kia_ tirohia is _fetch it to be seen_. Tikina atu _ki te_ titiro is _fetch him to look at it_. The following sentence is erroneous:--arahina _ki te_ patu, led to be killed. It should be _kia_ patua, or e arahina e patua ana.

Sometimes, before neuter verbs, either _kia_ or _ki te_ will be employed; e. g., I mea ahau kia, (or ki te) haere.

Kia will most frequently be used when the former of the two verbs is in the passive voice. Verbs following adjectives, by which _ability_, _habit_, _&c._, are denoted, will take _ki te_; e. g., uaua _ki te_ mahi, _strong to work_; e kino _ki te_ tahae, _is displeased at thieving_.

Between the uses of _kia_ and _ki te_ there may be often a very material difference; e. g., e riri ana _ki te ata noho_ means _that he is angry at the stopping quiet_,--i. e., that he wishes for war; e riri ana _kia_ ata noho, means that _he is repressing (them) that they may stop quiet_; ka tohe ki a maua _kia_ waru i te kai i te ra tapu, _they pressed us to scrape food on the Sunday_. If it had been, Ka tohe ki _te_ waru, &c., the speaker would have implied _that they_ (the persons toheing) _persisted in scraping, &c._

Some foreigners seem remarkably careless in the use of this particle. We subjoin a few instances in which it has been omitted, or introduced erroneously. Ko tana hanga _kia_ korero, _his custom was to speak, &c._; it should be, _he_ korero. E kore ahau e ahei _kia_ mea atu; it should be, ahei _te_ mea atu. Ko te aroha e whakahauhau ana i te tangata _hei_ mahi; it should be, _ki te_ mahi. Whakatika _hei_ patu; it should be, whakatika _ki te_ patu, or whakatika atu, _patua_.

It may be here observed that (1) some verbs have a partiality for certain particles; e. g., hua _noa_ ahau, or, _ka_ hua ahau, _I thought_; e kore _e_ ahei _te_ patu. (2.) Some verbs very rarely take any verbal particle into connexion with them. Of this sort are heoi, or heoti, kati, taihoa, penei (_in that case_), and, sometimes, rokohanga, or rokohina.

(3.) Many constructions will be met with in which the verbal particle is omitted. (a.) A common adverb of quantity or quality following the verb will often cause the verbal particle to be dispensed with. (b.) It is also omitted in constructions like the following:--_meake_ haere; whano mate; kei te ata haere ai; taihoa maua haere atu; &c. (c.) In animated discourse, the common verb will sometimes be used without any kind of auxiliary; e. g., kaiponu noa ia, kaiponu noa, _tangohia_ e au. _Withhold it, withhold it as he might, yet I took it away._

AI.--The Aborigines sometimes appear to vary in their use of this particle; some introducing it into sentences in which others would omit it. These instances, however, may, we believe, be reduced to one class:--viz., to that in which _ai_ is used in connexion with _kia_.

When _kia_ is prefixed to a verb which is merely an explanation, or some other enlargement of the meaning of a preceding one, it will seldom take _ai_ after it; as may be seen in our examples of _kia_, (rules _d_ and _e_). But when the _intention_, _cause_, _&c._, are to be specifically denoted, then _ai_ will be used. Thus, in the following sentence, haere kia kite, _go to see_, _kite_ is a plainly natural effect of _haere_, and _ai_, therefore, is omitted. If, however, some unusual act is to be done that he might see, then _ai_, most probably, would be employed; thus, e piki ki runga ki te rakau kia kite _ai_ koe, _climb up the tree_ THAT _you_ MAY _see_. The distinction is the same as that between the two following in English:--_go_ AND _see_; _climb_ THAT _you may see_. Again, in the last example of kia (rule _e_), na koutou i aki mai kia tata, "nearness" is a natural effect of "pressing forward," even though they had no specific intention of being near: _ai_, therefore, is not used. If, however, the speaker wished to say _ye pressed forward_ THAT _I might be angry_, he would employ _ai_; kia riri _ai_ ahau; because here we have two acts, not necessarily connected, and one specifically performed to produce the other.

The following are a few out of the many instances that might be adduced of the erroneous introduction, and erroneous omission, of this particle:--e kore koe e pohehe me ratou, _kia_ roa _ai_ taku korerotanga, _you are not ignorant (as they are), that I should be long explaining it to you_; it should be, _e roa ai_. As it stands it means, YOU WILL NOT MAKE YOURSELF "POHEHE," IN ORDER THAT, &c. Aua e whakaara ake i tetahi rakau _kia_ tu _ai_, _erect not any stick that it may stand_; it should be rakau, _tu ai_. Kihai i tonoa kia uia _ai_ matou, _he was not sent to question us_; it should be, _ki te_ ui i a matou. Ko nga mutunga o ia waiata, o ia waiata, kia whakahuatia _ai_ tenei waiata, _at the end of each song let this chant be repeated_. As this stands, its meaning is, _in order that this chant may be repeated_; it should be, _kia_ whakahuatia tenei, &c., or _ka_ whakahua _ai_. Ka puta te kupu o Hone _kia_ haere atu _ai_ ratou, when John speaks, let them proceed; it should be, me haere, &c., or ka haere. A wrong use of this particle may often seriously misrepresent the meaning of the speaker. For example, if we were to say, e inoi ana ahau _kia_ murua _ai_ oku hara, we should mean, _I pray that (in consideration of my prayer) my sins may be forgiven_. Prayer, here, is made the immediate and effective means by which this end is obtained. If a Native were to say, "E inoi ana ahau kia homai _ai_ tetahi paraikete," absurd as would be the remark, it would mean that the blanket is to be given to him, not as a favor, or as due on other grounds, but simply as a _reward_ for _his asking_. The Bible tells us of another consideration, by which pardon is obtained, and prayer answered; and, therefore, in such passages as the above, we must carefully abstain from _ai_. Koia nga tamariki a Hone i haere tahi me ratou; it should be, i haere tahi _ai_. E kore ia e poka ke i tana i mea; it should be, i mea _ai_; te tangata _i_ he _ai_, the man who had committed the offence. In Waikato this will mean, _the man through whom they had erred_; it should have been, _te tangata nona te he_.

(a.) _Whaka._--The leading property of this particle is _causative_; e. g., _tu_ is _to stand_, whakatu is _to cause to stand_ (vid. etiam, page 50, under pai, kau, and kakahu, and Syntax of Numbers, under Ordinals).

NOTE.--In this use of it, adjectives, and neuter verbs, will be converted into active verbs; e. g., toe, _to be left_; whakatoe, _to put by, as a leaving_; e. g., _whaka_toea etahi ma mea ma, _put by some for our friends_.

In the following example, the adjective is made improperly to retain the form of a neuter verb, he mea _whakapirau i te_ hau, _a thing blasted by the wind_. Its meaning, as its stands, is, _a thing that destroys the wind_.

Considerable variety may sometimes be found in the nature of the causation implied by this prefix. Thus, puru, _to cork (a bottle, &c.)_. Whakapurua nga pounamu, _to stow, or pack (with straw, &c., between) them_. Waha, _to carry on the back_; whakawaha, _to take up the load on the back_; e. g., waiho atu e au e whakawaha ana, _as I came away they were loading themselves with their burdens_.

(b.) Sometimes it will imply the _becoming_, or the _being like to_, or the _feigning_, or _exhibiting the_ root to which it is prefixed. Frequently, also, it will indicate an _origin_ or _propriety_ in the root; e. g., Kei te _whaka_riwai a Hone i roto i te rua, _John is making himself potatoes_, i. e., (is occupying the place of) _in the rua_ (or potatoe house); ka po, ka _whaka_ahi; ka awatea, ka _whaka_kapua, _at night it became a fire, by day it became a cloud_; kia _whaka_tangata, _to act like a man_; ka riro, ka _whaka_-Hone ki te wai, _he will be off, and become like John in the water_; i. e., will be drowned as John was; he kupu _whaka_-te-Kanaua, _a speech made by Kanaua_; i. e., any promise, &c., made by him; he tangata _whaka_-Ngapuhi, _a person belonging to, or that frequently visits_ Ngapuhi; he aha kei to tatou hoa? Kahore pea. E _whaka_matemate noa iho ana, kia kiia e mate ana, _What is the matter with our friend? Nothing at all. He is feigning sickness, that he may be regarded as unwell._

(c.) Sometimes it will denote _reciprocity_; e. g., ko ratou _whaka_ratou hoki, _he is one of themselves_! (d.) Sometimes it will denote an action either _inceptive_ or _gradually declining_; e. g., e _whaka_tutuki ana te tai, _the tide is beginning to get full_; e _whaka_hemohemo ana, _he is sinking_; i. e., is on the point of death. (e.) Sometimes it will denote _towards_; vide page 71. (f.) Occasionally it will indicate some action corresponding to the sense of the root; e. g., ka _whaka_-ahiahi ratou, _they act at sunset_; i. e., they wait for sunset to make their assault.

_The other auxiliaries of the verb._--These, it has been already observed, are adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles _he_ and _te_, placed in connection with the verb. We proceed to make a few remarks upon them, and some other forms which the Maori verb occasionally assumes:--

_On the adverbs as auxiliaries._--These chiefly are the adverbs of intensity and negation; we may add, also, the particles atu, mai, ake, iho.

The adverbs of intensity, as well as the last mentioned particles, will frequently lose their distinctive force, and either in some way modify the meaning; i. e., denote _rapidity_ and _certainty_ of _effect_, _succession_ or _connection_ of events, &c., or be redundant. The following examples will, it is hoped, sufficiently illustrate their use:--te whakaarahanga ake o te ra, tahuri _tonu iho_, the putting up of the sail _forthwith_ was it upset; akuanei, _ahiahi noa_, ka tata ta maua te oti, _presently_ BY SUNSET _ours will be near being finished_; mo te ara _rawa ake_ o nga tamariki kua maoa, THAT EXACTLY _as_ THE _children awake it may have been cooked_; i. e., _it may be cooked before they awake_; kahore, ha, he kainga; _kainga[39] rawa atu_ ki Waitoke, _oh, there is no settlement_ (in the interval); _the nearest settlement is Waitoke_; tia _rawa_ ki te raukura, pani _rawa_ ki te kokowai, _he braided his hair with feathers, and besmeared himself with red ochre_; _te tino_ haerenga, so on _they started_.

N.B.--Between _noa ake_ and _noa atu_ a distinction will sometimes be found not unlike that which obtains between the perfect and imperfect of English. _Noa ake_ will generally convey an allusion to some date, either present or past; _noa atu_ will most frequently refer to the past, without any such allusion; e. g., kua mate, _noa ake_, _he has been dead this some time_; kua mate _noa atu_, _he died a long time ago_; kua maoa, _noa ake_ te kai, _the food has been this long time cooked_; kua maoa _noa atu_, _it was cooked a long time ago_; kua mate _noa ake_ i reira, _he had been dead then some time_; kua mate _noa atu_ i reira, _he had been dead a long time previous to that date_.

For further illustrations of the adverbs as auxiliaries the student is referred to chapter 9, pages 78, 79, &c. For the negative adverbs, as employed with the verb, vid. next chapter.

_Of the Prepositions._--The use of these as auxiliaries is to supply the place of the verb substantive when no verb is expressed in the sentence; e. g., _naku_ tenei, _this is mine_; _kei_ hea? _where is it?_ _I_ a au i runga, _when I was at the Southward_. The tenses they denote, and those also which they admit after them, have been mentioned, chapter 8. Other notices respecting them will be found in the next chapter. For the pronouns as auxiliaries, vid. page 35.[40]

_Verbs which assume the form of a noun._--It has been already observed that Maori inclines to the substantive form; and that such is only natural will be obvious to anyone who will reflect that it is more easy for an unpolished mind to conceive of things as existences, than to trace them through the various modifications of act denoted in a verb. In many instances, indeed, a New Zealander is compelled to adopt this form, in consequence of the Maori verb not supplying any satisfactory form for the infinitive mood, and the participles. That these two parts of speech strongly partake of the nature of a noun is well known; and we may therefore be prepared to find the forms for denoting them in Maori exhibit a mixed character; i. e., to be a kind of compound of the verb and the noun. It may be added, also, that, as in some Latin authors, the infinitive mood is often used for the finite verb;[41] so also, in Maori, will the verbal noun, especially when a brief and animated mode of diction is desired, be found very frequently to occupy the place of the verb.

The following examples illustrate the various modes in which the Maori verb adopts the substantive form.

The student will observe that even passive verbs will submit to the same operation, and receive the sign of the substantive, (viz. the article) before them; e. g., Tenei au _te tu_ atu nei, _here am I_ THE _standing towards (you)_; he kainga hou _te rapua_ nei, _a new country is the being sought_, i. e., is what we are seeking for; ko koe _te_ korerotia nei, it is _you who are the being talked about_; _he noho_ aha tau? _what are you sitting for?_ kua oti _te keri_, _it is finished, the being dug_; ka tata ahau _te patua_ e koe, _I am near, the being beaten by you_; he mohio koe? _are you a knowing?_ i. e., do you know anything about it?

The following are examples of _the verbal noun as used for the finite verb_:--me he mea _ko te mahuetanga_ o to matou waka, _if it had been the leaving of our canoe_, i. e., if our canoe had been left to us; kei riri mai ia ki te kai; _te taunga_ iho--ko ia, ko tana waka, _lest he (the God) be angry at the food (not having been given)--the alighting (upon him, the priest), &c._, i. e., and should then alight upon him, &c.; haere atu ana a Rona ki _te kawe_ wai, Ka pouri. _Te kanganga_ ki te marama. Te _tino tikinga_ iho nei, ka tae ki a Rona, _Rona_ (the man in the moon) _goes to fetch water. It is dark. The cursing at the moon. The instant coming down to him, &c._, i. e., he cursed at the moon, and she in anger came down to him.

NOTE.--More examples of this very animated mode of narration might be easily adduced. The student will find several others scattered throughout this work. We may observe, also, that the very frequent use of this form by the natives constitutes one remarkable feature by which the language, as spoken by him, differs from that spoken by the foreigner.

As a further illustration of the way in which predication in Maori is sometimes performed by the substantive, the following forms may be mentioned:--_he mea whakamaori_ no te reo pakeha, _a thing translated from the foreigner's tongue_, i. e., it was translated from, &c. Na Hone tenei, _he mea ho atu na_ Pita,--_this is John's, it was presented to him by Pita_: lit. it was a thing presented, &c. Akuanei, he _noho atu te otinga_, _presently a remaining away will be the end_, i. e., (we shall find that) he will remain away.

It should be also noted that the following verbs always take the substantive form after them, viz., hohoro, oti, hei, and ahei, pau, taea, tau, timata, heoi ano, kati, poto; e. g., timata _te mahi_, _commence to work_; kati _te tahae_, _stop thieving, &c._

NOTE.--These verbs, it would appear, deserve most justly the appellation of "auxiliaries," 1st, as they are real verbs; and 2ndly, as by their help we can approximate to many forms of the verb in other languages. For example, kua _oti te tiki_, mai, _has been_ fetched hence; e kore e _ahei te korero_, cannot _divulge_.

The use of the verbal noun, it would appear, is very prevalent in Oriental languages (vid. Lee Heb. Gram., second edition, p.p. 75 and 76, and Carey's Gram. of the Burman, also Humboldt on the Chinese, as there quoted.) The following form, however, will often be found in Maori to supersede it.

A noun, or pronoun, in the oblique case, will, frequently, in Maori, take the finite verb after it;[42] e. g., e whakapono ana ahau ki a _ia i mate_ i a _Ponotio Pirato_.

The expression "ki tana hekenga atu ki te reinga" is precisely the same as "ki a ia i heke atu ki, &c." Again, _Noku i haere_ mai nei, _since I arrived here_: lit., _from or of me_ (I mean) _came here_; ko te rua tenei o nga wiki _o Hone, i hoki ai_, _this is the second week since John returned_: lit., _this is the second week of John_ (I mean) _returned_; _i a ia e ngaro ana_, _whilst he is hid_; _mo ratou_ kahore _i rongo_, _because they would not obey_: lit., _for them_ (I mean) _their not having obeyed_.

Often, also, a noun, which, in English, would be in the nominative, will, in Maori, be converted into the possessive; the verb following as in the preceding rule; e. g., _naku i patu_, _I struck_: lit., _it was mine_ (I mean) _the having struck it_; _maku e korero_, _I will speak_: lit., _it will be for me_ (I mean) _the speaking_.

It was most probably, through ignorance of this, and the preceding rule, that some good Maori speakers adopted the following very unsatisfactory analysis of the two examples first adduced:--"Naku i patu," they would translate, _it was struck by me_; "maku e korero," _it shall be spoken by me_; and they thus explain them: _Na_ and _ma_ mean _by_; and _patu_ and _korero_, though active in _form_, are passive in _meaning_. To this theory, however, there are strong objections. (1.) It cannot be shewn, except by examples derived from this class, that _na_ and _ma_ ever signify _by_; these words all must admit are the active form of _no_ and _mo_--the prepositions which denote the possessive case. (2.) It will altogether fail in those instances in which other prepositions, besides _na_ and _ma_ are found. In the following, for example:--"i a au e noho ana i reira," _whilst I was sitting there_; nona i tango, _because he took it_, it will be seen that it is as difficult to determine the nominatives of "noho" and "tango" as it was to determine those of patu and korero in the other examples. Those who attend to the genius of the language (vid. preliminary remarks, pages 102 and 103, and Syntax of Nouns, sec. 3, page 114) will, we think, find but little difficulty in the question. They will see that there are no participles, adverbs, or relative pronouns, in Maori, and that, therefore, we must not be surprised at a construction which, though loose, is admirably adapted to supply the defect. That Maori has a peculiar love for the possessive form in predication, especially when a relative pronoun is understood, may be seen in the following examples[43]:--ko Tiaki anake _ta matou i kite_, _Tiaki was the only person that we saw_: lit., Tiaki was our only one (actively) (I mean) saw; ka tohe ki _tana i pai ai_, _he holds out for what he desired_: lit., he holds out for his (I mean) desired; he mate _toku_, _I am sick_: lit., a sickness is mine; ka tika _tau_, you are right: lit., yours is right; _koe_ would not be here used; ko _taku noho_ tenei, a, po noa, _I will sit here till night_: lit., this is my sitting until night.

The leading meaning of _na_, and _ma_, and their corresponding passives _no_, and _mo_, seems to be, of the one class, _present_, or _past_, of the other _future possession_. And most of the examples given in p.p. 63-67, of their various uses might be reduced to those heads. Thus, "_no_ te mane i haere mai ai," means, literally, _it was of the Monday_, (I mean,) _having come_. "_No_ reira i riri," it was _of that cause_ (I mean,) _the having been angry_; _mo_ a mua haere ai, _let it be for a future period_, (I mean,) _the going_, &c.

_Compound tenses._[44]--A compound tense is one whose time and quality are modified by some other time or circumstance with which it is connected.

Thus in the examples in page 38 _me i reira_ ahau _e_ pai _ana_, _e_--_ana_, which taken _absolutely_, is present, now represents the pluperfect potential; because it has a reference to _i reira_, a past time, and to _me_, a particle denoting contingency. Again, in the example, "akuanei tae rawa atu _kua_ mate; _kua_, taken absolutely, refers to past time; but, here, it is taken _relatively_, and refers to a future; i. e. to the time in which I may arrive; the sentence meaning, literally, "presently, exactly as I shall have arrived, he is dead." The expression _shall have been dead_, in English, all will see, is a compound tense of a similar character, for it is compounded of a future, and a past tense, and thus represents a _second future_.

We proceed to lay before the student some examples of the most important combinations of time and mood. To exhibit all that are possible would extend our work beyond its prescribed limits. Some remarks on this subject have been already made in treating on the verbal particles.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._--_Ka_ taka ki hea, _e_ haere mai _ana_? _they have reached what place as they come along?_

_Imperfect tense._--_Rokahanga_ atu e au, _i re_ira _e_ noho _ana_, _when I arrived he was sitting there_: lit., he is sitting, &c. _I_ mua _e_ pai _ana_, _formerly I liked_ (it): lit., I like, &c. _E_ pai _ana i_ mua--id. _I_ pai ano _i_ mua--id. _Na_ reira _i_ kore ai ahau _e_ pai, _that was the cause why I did not assent_: lit., thence _was_ I not, (I mean) _am_ pleased. _I_ ki hoki ia, a _kua_ oti; _i_ mea atu ia, a, tu _tonu iho_, _he spake, and it was done; he commanded and it stood fast_. _Heoi_ ahau me tenei tamaiti, _ka_ haere mai; _I was the size of this child when I came here_.

_I hea_ koe i mua, _ka_ kimi? _where were you before that you did not look for it?_

Nei hoki, _kua_ ora, haere _ana_ ki Taranaki, _but he recovered, and went to Taranaki_; _kua_ mea atu ra hoki; _e_ ki mai _ana_, _why I said so, he replies_, i. e., _replied_.

_Perfect tense._--_Ka_ wha nga wiki _e_ ngaro _ana_, (or _ka_ ngaro _nei_;) _it has been lost these last four weeks_: lit., _these_ ARE _four weeks_ IT IS _lost_.

_I_ konei te kuri _e_ kai _ana_, mei te huruhuru, _a dog has been eating a fowl here, as we may judge from the feathers_. _No_ku _ka_ mate, _since I have been poorly_.

_Pluperfect tense._--_Kihai_ i hinga _ka_ waiho e korua, _it had not fallen when you left it_, lit., it did not fall, you leave it. _I_ a koe _kua_ riro, _after you had gone_, (vid. our remarks on _kua_, page 153 for other examples.)

_First future tense._--_Ma_ Ngatiwhatua _e_ takitaki to maua mate, ka ea, _Ngatiwhatua will avenge our murder, (and) a satisfaction will be obtained_.

_Akuanei_, rangona _rawatia_ mai, _e_ hoko _ana_ ano koe, _presently, I_ SHALL _hear that you_ ARE STILL _purchasing_: lit., presently, exactly as it has been heard, you are, &c.

_Kua_ mate ahau, _e_ ora _ana_ ano nga rakau nei, _these trees will live longer than I_: lit., I died, these trees are still alive.

_Second future tense._--Vid. pag. 37.

POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS.

_Present and imperfect._--(For examples of these vid. on _e_ page 136, on _ka_ 138, and on _ai_ 146), _ko_ ahau _kia_ mate, ko ia _kia_ ora; vid. on _kia_ (§. c. 1,) also our remarks on ahei, taea, &c., as auxiliaries.

_Pluperfect._--_Kua_ riro au, na te mate o taku kotiro _i_ noho ai, _I would have gone; but I remained in consequence of the sickness of my daughter_: lit., I departed, my daughter's sickness was the cause of my having remained; _e_ noho _ana_, _na_ Hone _i_ ngare, _he would have stopped, but John sent him_: lit., he is remaining, John sent him; _E_ murua a Hone, _naku i_ ora ai, _John would have been plundered, but I saved him_; _me i_ kahore ahau _kua_ mate, _if it had not been for me, he would have died_; _kua_ hemo ke ahau, _me_ i _kaua_ ahau te whakapono, _I should have fainted if I had not believed_; penei _kua_ ora, _in that case he would have been saved_; _ka_ hua ahau, _i_ haere _ai_, _e_ rongo; _I thought that they would have listened (which) was the cause of (my) having gone_; _ma_ku i runga _e_ kore e marere, _when I am at the Southward (it) is never granted_; ma raua e rere e kore e hohoro a Raiana, _when they both run, Lion does not make haste_; me i maku e keri, keihea? _if it had not been for me to dig it where (should I have been now)?_ i. e., I should have dug to a vast distance.[45]

The following combinations of times are incorrect: _i_ te mea _i_ arahina nga Hurai, _while the Jews were being led_; it should be _e_ arahina _ana_. _I_ kite hoki ratou i a ia, a, _i_ rere, _for they saw him and fled_; it should be, _a_, rere _ana_. To ratou taenga atu ki te pa, i reira ano mahara ana ratou ki a ia, _and when they had reached the pa, they then recognised him_; it should be na, _ka_ mahara, &c. Ma Hone _e_ whakaki o koutou peke, _pera_ hoki me o matou, _John will fill your bags as full as ours_; it should be, _kia penei me o matou_. It may be here noted that when two tenses are connected together, not in the way of government, but are rather in apposition with each other, the latter will generally be the same as, or at least correspond to, the former; e. g., the following constructions are erroneous:--_Korerotia_ atu, _mea ana_, _speak, saying_; it should be, _meatia_. A ki atu _ana_ a Hone, ka _mea_; it should be, mea _ana_. Ka tahi ahau _i_ kite, _now for the first time have I seen_; it should be _ka_ kite.

NOTE.--Sometimes, however, we meet with exceptions to this rule: (1) when there is a clear case for the operation of epanorthosis; (2) when the particles _a_ or _na_ intervene.

The character of the sentence will sometimes be found to affect the time of the verb; as, for example, in animated narration, where a large measure of certainty, or when contingency is to be denoted, &c.; e. g., Kihai i u ki uta, _kua_ tae ki te whare, _kua_ totoro ki te maripi, ki te paoka, _E_ kai _ana_, _he had not landed, before he_ HAD _reached the house_, HAD _stretched out (his hand) to the knife and fork, (he) is eating_, i. e., immediately as soon as he landed he began to eat; E pa ma, kia kaha, Kahore kua u, _My friends be strong, (in pulling the oar), O no, we have landed_, i. e., we are close to shore. A request or command, given to be conveyed to another, will often be put into the imperative, just as if the individual, to whom the request, &c., is to be delivered, were really present; e. g., Mea atu ki a Hone, _Taihoa e haere_, _say to John, Don't go for a while_. E kite koe i a te Keha, _Haere mai_, _if you see Keha_ (say to him), _Come here_.

NOTE.--This form is generally adopted when the speaker wishes to be animated and abrupt. Sometimes, as in the first example, it is the only form admissible.

_Verbs associated to qualify each other._--It should here also be noted that when two verbs are associated together, the latter of which is modified in meaning by the former, in a way somewhat similar to that in which the infinitive in Latin is modified by its governing verb, the two verbs will, generally, be in the same tense and voice; e. g., _Kua_ haere, _kua_ koroheke hoki, _he has begun to get old_, lit., he is gone, he is old; _kei_ anga koe, _kei_ korero, _don't you go and say, &c._; _e_ aratakina _ana_, e patua _ana_, _it is led to be killed_.

_Repetition of Verbs._--The same verb will frequently be repeated in Maori when _contingency_, _intensity_, _distribution_, _diversity_, _&c._, are intended, and, particularly, when the speaker desires to be impressive and emphatic; e. g., Ko te mea i tupono i tupono: ko te mea i kahore i kahore, _(the karakia Maori) is all a work of chance: sometimes there is a successful hit, sometimes a failure_, lit., that which hit the mark hit it, that which did not did not; e pakaru ana, e pakaru ana ki tana mahi _(it does not much signify) if it breaks, it is broken in his service_; okioki, okioki atu ki a i a, _trust, trust in him_, i. e., place your whole trust in, &c.; haere ka haere, kai ka kai, _in all his goings, in all his eatings_, i. e., whenever he walks, or eats, (_he retains the same practice_); heoi ano ra, heoi ano, _that is all about it, that is all about it_; hapai ana, hapai ana, _raise both ends at the same time_; i. e., _while you raise, I raise_.

NOTE.--A similar usage obtains in other parts of the language; e. g., ko wai, ko wai te haere? _who, who is to go?_ ko tera tera, _that is another_, or _a different one_; he kanohi he kanohi, _face to face_; ko Roka ano Roka, ko ahau ano ahau? _are Roka_ (my wife) _and I different persons?_ lit., Is Roka Roka, and (am) I I?

Sometimes the former verb will assume the form of the verbal noun; e. g., te haerenga i haere ai, _the going with which he went_, i. e., so on he proceeded; na, ko te tino riringa i riri ai, _so he was very angry_.

NOTE.--The learned student need not be reminded of the remarkable parallel which Maori finds to the four last rules in Hebrew. From this cause it will be sometimes found that an exactly literal translation will be more idiomatic than another. Thus Gen. 1, 7, "dying thou shalt die" could not be rendered more idiomatic than if it be done literally: "na, ko te matenga e mate ai koe."

_Of the Passive Verbs._--It has been already observed (p.p. 49, 56) that passive verbs are often used in Maori in a somewhat more extended sense than is met with in most languages. It may naturally, therefore, be expected that their use should be more frequent than that of active verbs: and such we believe to be the case,--Maori seeming to incline peculiarly to the passive mode or form of statement, especially in the secondary clauses of a sentence. Independently of other uses which they subserve, (such as often supplying a more animated style of narration, being sometimes the more convenient--as being the more loose or general--mode in which to advance a sentiment, &c.), there are two of considerable importance which may be here noticed. 1st. They are most frequently employed when the relative pronoun is understood, and are generally equivalent to the active verb with _ai_ or _nei_, _&c._, after it; e. g., nga mahi i wakahaua e ia, _the works which were ordered by him_. The active form here, without _ai_ after it, would be seldom used. Vid. also, the examples p.p. 49, 51. 2ndly. They sometimes supply the place of a preposition; e. g., he aha te mea e _omakia_ nei? _what is the matter_ ABOUT WHICH _it is being run?_ Te tangata i _korerotia_ nei, _the man about whom we were talking_. The following sentence, ka korero ahau ki te whakapakoko, literally means, _I will talk to the image_; it should have been, ka korero_tia_ te whakapakoko. This usage, however, does not extend to all the prepositions; and, when some of them are understood, the verb will require _ai_ after it. The following sentence, for example, is erroneous: te tangata e kainga ana te poaka,_the man by whom the pig is eaten_; it should be _e_ kai _ana_, or _e_ kai _nei_, or _e_ kainga _ai_.

Constructions will not unfrequently be found in which the active form usurps the place of the passive, and vice versa; e. g., Ko tena kua hohoro te _horoi_, _let that be first washed_; kua _tahu_ te kai o te kainga nei, _the food of the settlement has been kindled_, i. e., the oven is kindled for cooking; Kei te _uta_ to matou waka, _our canoe is loading_; Ko tehea te _patu_? _which is to be killed?_ ko tera kua _panga_ noa ake, _that has been much longer on the fire_: lit., has been thrown; taria e _kawhaki_ te poti, _let not the boat be taken away (by you) for a while_; he mea _tiki_, _a thing fetched_; kua oti te _keri_, _it is finished, the being dug_; me _wero_ e koe, _it must be_ (or, _let it be_) _stabbed by you_; ka timata tena whenua, te _tua_, _that land has commenced_ (I mean) _the being felled_; kei reira, a Hone e _tanu_ ana, _there John (lies) buried_; _Ka te arai_ taku ahi e koe, _my fire is being stopped up by you_, i. e., you are intercepting the communication, &c.; kia rua nga waka e _hoe_ mai e koe, _let there be two canoes that will be paddled here by you_. The following form is not frequent:--kei te atawhaitia, _it the (pig) is being taken care of_; kei te takina te kai, _the food is being taken off (the fire)_. When ambiguity might arise from the object of the action being considered as the _agent_, the passive form is almost always used; e. g., ka poto nga tangata o reira _te kitea_, _when all the men of that place have been seen_; ka tata tena tangata te nehua, _that man is near being buried_.

_Neuter Verbs which assume the passive form._--Some neuter verbs assume the passive form (1) without any material alteration of meaning; e. g., ka _hokia_ he huanga, _if it is come backwards and forwards to you, it is because I am a relation_.[46] (2.) Most frequently, however, they derive a transitive meaning from the change. Thus, in the example already adduced, page 50, horihori, _to tell falsehoods_; te mea i horihoria e koe he tangata, _the thing which you erroneously said was a man_. Again,--Tangi, _to cry_: te tupapaku e _tangihia_ nei, _the corpse which is being cried_, i. e., which is the subject of the crying; he tangata haurangi, _a mad person_; te tangata i haurangitia nei, _a person for whom another is bewildered_.

[38] It is true that when _kua_ represents the pluperfect, or the priority of one action to another, it may be frequently found in connexion with _ko_. But this, we think, is a further confirmation of the distinction for which we contend. For the expression "_he had loved us_" is clearly more definite than "_he loved us_,"--the former implying that that affection had been entertained _before some past act_,--the latter simply affirming that it was entertained, without reference to any date. _Ko_ we defined, page 106, as the article of specification and emphasis, and it is quite natural that it should be associated with a perfect to denote a pluperfect,--its office, in such a construction, being to point out the individual who may be emphatically said to _have_ performed the act--whose was the act which was antecedent, or past. The sentence "ko ia kua atawhai," means _he is the person who was first kind_. This emphatic use of the word _ko_ has been already illustrated under the head of _comparison, adjectives_; the sentence "_ko_ tenei te nui o nga rakau" meaning _this is the large one of the trees_; i. e., this is the one of which we may (emphatically) say, _It is large_. So, also, in the following,--"akuanei _ko_ Hone _kua_ tae," the meaning is _presently_, it will be John who (emphatically) HAS GOT _there_; i. e., John will have got there first.

[39] The student will see in this, and the other examples, that the noun, as is very usual in Maori, assumes the form of a verb. To translate literally such verbs into English is often impossible.

[40] Following is a connected view of some of the principal means by which the defect of the substantive verb is _sup_plied or _im_plied, in Maori: he kuri tenei _this_ is _a dog_. Tenei a Hone, _This is John_. Tika rawa, _it is very correct_. Ki te _whai_ hau i te po nei, _if there be wind in the night_, _&c._ Ki te _wa_ hau, &c., _idem_. Ka _ai_ au hei kianga mai mau, I _am for an ordering for you_, i. e., You find in me one that will obey, &c. _Waiho_, and sometimes _meinga_, are often used instead of _ai_. E _ai_ ki tana, _it is according to his_, i. e., as he affirms.

The following form is worthy of notice, Rokohanga rawatanga atu e ahau, _ko_ Raiana! _on my reaching (that place)_ there WAS _Lion_; rokohanga atu, _ko_ te tahi tangata o Taupo i Maungatautari e noho ana, _when I got (there) there was a man of, &c._ Taku hoenga ki roto _ko_ te waka o Hone, _as I was paddling up the river, lo, there was the canoe of John, &c._ Some foreigners, we observe, use tera taua for this form. We have never heard anything like it in Waikato. _Hei te_ and _ki te_ (vid. page 62) will often, also, seem to lose their distinctive meaning in that of the verb substantive; e. g., _hei te_ pera me tou, _let it be like yours_.

[41] It will also be recollected that the gerunds and participles will, in that language, often subserve the same office. Thus we have, ante domandum, _before they are tamed_; urit videndo, _he burns when he looks_; cum Epicurus voluptate metiens summum bonum, _whereas Epicurus who measures the chief good by pleasure_.

[42] This is an exception to what we find in English, and other languages, the finite verb in them being very seldom found after an oblique case; i. e., after any case beside the nominative, unless the relative, or the personal pronoun with some conjunction, intervene. We may observe, also, that the verbal particles will be often prefixed to other words beside the verb; e. g., e kore koe e pai _kia mau_ e hanga? _Are you not willing that you should do it?_ _kia mou_ ai te kainga, _that the land should be yours_.

[43] That the English language had once a similar tendency might, we think, be shewn by many examples. Thus we hear, "_have_ pity on me," "_have_ her forth," "I _have_ remembrance of thee in my prayer." Many of our tenses, also, are formed by this auxiliary; e. g., "_I have seen_," "he _had_ gone," "I would _have_ loved, &c." The frequent use, also, of this form in the Greek may be seen in Donnegan's Greek Lexicon, under "_echo_," to hold.

[44] As the English language supplies but few illustrations of this mode of construction, we will here lay before the student some extracts from Professor Lee's Hebrew Grammar, as well to shew how much this usage obtains in Oriental languages, as to enable him to enter more readily into the subject. Professor L. says, page 328, "any writer commencing his narrative, will necessarily speak of past, present, or future events with reference to the period in which his statement is made." This, he says, is the "_absolute_ use of the tense." Again, "A person may speak of those events with reference to some other period, or event, already introduced into the context. This is the _relative_ use--Hence, a preterite connected with another preterite will be equivalent to our pluperfect; a present following a preterite to our imperfect, and so on." Again, page 330, "They, the Arabians, consider the present tense as of two kinds; one they term the _real present_, which is what our grammarians always understand by the _present tense_. The other they term _the present as to the narration_; by which they mean the time contemporary with any event, and which may therefore be considered as present _with it_, although past, present, or future with regard to the _real_ or _absolute_ present tense." In page 334 is a good illustration from the Persian: "last night I _go_ to the house of a friend, and there _see_ a delightful assembly, and _enjoy_ a most pleasing spectacle." The student will see in the above example that _go_, _see_, and _enjoy_, are _relative presents_, being presents to _last night_, the time in which the speaker, in his imagination, now places himself. This mode of construction abounds in the O. and N. T., vid., for example, Mark xiv., _he saw Levi and says to him_. _Says_, here, is present to _saw_, though past to the time of the narration.

[45] NOTE.--The student is recommended to notice the various forms contained in the preceding table, and to endeavour to add to them from his own observation. It would also be most useful to throw into one form all the various examples of simple and compound times that he will find in pages 37, 41, to 44, as well also as those contained in the preceding part of this chapter.

[46] The passive verbs wheterongia, titahangia, &c., to which we allude, page 39, note, may, we think, on reflection, be most correctly reduced to this head.