Part 4
[7] The two p. ps. qualifying ‘wrongs’ (+Unbilden+) should be placed before that noun, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, _A_; of, +von+; to inflict, +verüben+; to sustain, +erleiden+; by — tribes, +verschiedener Volksstämme+.
[8] +zwar+; on = upon; ground = soil.
[9] but — aversion = but (+jedoch+) showed such an aversion against one another. =The Article=, when used in connection with adjectives and adverbs, stands in German generally before those words: such _an_ aversion, +~einen solchen~ Widerwillen+. Since the clause to be translated is in reality but a part of the preceding relative clause, which it completes, the verb must be placed?
[10] such as, +wie+, after which supply the pron. +er+, to give more distinctness to the rendering; to exist, +bestehen+; communities = nations.
[11] +welche durch natürliche Grenzen von einander getrennt sind.+
_Section 29._
HONESTY.
Mr.[1] Denham had been in business at Bristol, had failed[2], compounded, and gone[3] to America. There[4], by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquired a plentiful[5] fortune in _a_ few years. Returned[6] to England, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thanked them for the easy[7] terms (S. 16, N. 10) they had favoured[8] him with, and, though the guests had expected nothing but a good treat, every[9] man, at the first remove, found to his astonishment a cheque under his plate for[10] the full amount of the unpaid remainder, with interest.—DR. B. FRANKLIN.
[1] ‘Mr. — Bristol’, translate ‘Mr. D. had had a business at (+in+) B.’, and place the object after the adverbial circumstance of place.
[2] to fail (in business) +fallieren+; to compound, +accordieren+. Verbs from the Latin with the termination +~ieren~+ do not admit of the prefix or augment +~ge~+ in the Past Participle, but follow in all other respects the weak or modern form of conjugation.
[3] Say ‘and was gone to America’. The verb +~gehen~+ is always construed with +=sein=+, which auxiliary is especially =used with Intransitive Verbs= denoting a Passive State of the subject, a change from one State into another, or a Motion, if the place to which the motion is directed, or from which it proceeds, is either expressed or understood.
[4] The words ‘he acquired’ (+erlangen+) should, in an inverted form (App. § 14), follow the adverb ‘There’; ‘by — merchant’, +durch unablässige kaufmännische Thätigkeit+.
[5] plentiful = great. For the position of the object see App. § 9.
[6] +Nach England zurückgekehrt+; entertainment = meal; at which, +wobei+.
[7] +bequem+; terms, +Bedingungen+.
[8] to favour a person with something, +einem etwas gewähren+ (v. tr.); nothing but, +nur+; treat, +Schmaus+, m.
[9] every — plate, +fand doch ein jeder nach dem ersten Gange zu seinem Erstaunen unter dem Teller einen Wechsel vor+.
[10] for — interest = which was issued (+ausstellen+) for (+auf+) the full amount of the remaining (+rückständig+) debt with (+nebst+) interest.
_Section 30._
FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.
I.
It seems to me, that[1] when the animalcules, which form the corals at the bottom[2] of the ocean, cease to live, their[3] structures adhere to each other, by virtue either of the glutinous remains within, or of some property in salt-water. The interstices being[4] gradually filled up with sand and[5] broken pieces of coral washed by the sea, which also adhere, a mass of rock is at length formed. Future[6] races of these animalcules erect their habitations upon the rising[7] bank, and[8] die, in their turn to elevate this monument of their wonderful labours.
[1] ‘that when the animalcules ... cease to live’. This clause may be briefly rendered by saying: ‘that after the death (+Absterben+, n.) of the animalcules’. To translate the last noun, form a diminutive of +Tier+.
[2] +Meeresboden+, m.
[3] ‘their — salt-water’. Use the following order of words for rendering this passage: ‘their little houses (dim. of +Haus+) either through the in them contained glutinous remains (+Überreste+) or through some (+irgend eine+) property of the salt-water held together are (Pres. of the Passive Voice)’.
[4] When the =Present Participle= is used to denote a =logical cause= from which we may draw an inference, it must, by the help of the conjunction ‘+=da=+’, be changed into a finite verb, i.e. one with a personal termination, thus:—
The interstices being _gradually filled up_ with sand, a mass of rock is at length formed.
+Da nun die Zwischenräume allmählich mit Sand ~ausgefüllt werden~, so wird aus dem Ganzen endlich eine Felsenmasse gebildet.+
The tense in which the verb is to be used, must always be determined by the context.
[5] and — sea, +und mit vom Meere herangespülten zerbröckelten Korallen+; it is a matter of course that the verbs must follow this passage.
[6] The following generations.
[7] ‘to rise’, here +sich erheben+. Present Participles used attributively are inflected like adjectives. Bank = reef.
[8] ‘and die — labours’, translate ‘and die to (S. 19, N. 7) contribute also in their turn (+ihrerseits+) to the elevation (+Erhöhung+, f.) of this monument of their admirable work (+Arbeit+, f.)’.
_Section 31._
FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.
II.
The[1] new bank is not long in being visited by sea-birds. Salt-plants[2] take root upon it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_), and[3] a soil is being formed. A cocoa-nut, or the[4] drupe of a pandanus is thrown on[5] shore. Land-birds visit it[6] and deposit the seeds of shrubs and trees. Every high tide, and still more[7] every gale, adds something to the bank. The[8] form of an island is gradually assumed, and last of all[9] comes man (S. 3, N. 2) to (S. 19, N. 7) take possession.—M. FLINDERS.
[1] The new coral-reef is (S. 2, N. 1) now soon visited by (+von+) sea-birds.
[2] Sea-plants; to take = to strike.
[3] +und so bildet sich eine Erdschicht.+
[4] +die Frucht einer Panane. Die Panane+ (Pandanus) +ist eine Art Palme und wird auch Pandang+ (m.) +oder Palmnußbaum genannt.+
[5] +an+, contracted with the def. art.
[6] it = the same, to agree with its antecedent ‘shore’; to deposit, +zurück´lassen+; seeds, +Same+, m., used in the sing.
[7] still more = especially; adds — bank, +trägt etwas zur Vergrößerung des Riffs bei+.
[8] The latter (+dieses+) gradually assumes (+an´nehmen+) the form of an island. The adv. ‘gradually’ may be made emphatic; see App. § 14.
[9] +zuletzt+; ‘to — possession’ = to take possession of the same.
_Section 32._
REYNARD[1] CAUGHT.
A fox observed[2] some fowls at roost, and wished to[3] gain access to them by smooth speeches. “I have charming news[4] to tell you,” he[5] said. “The animals have concluded[6] an agreement of universal peace with one another. Come down and celebrate[7] with me this decree[8].” An old cock, who was well on his guard, looked[9] cautiously all around, and the fox, perceiving (S. 16, N. 4) this, inquired[10] the reason. “I was only observing[11] those two dogs which are coming this way[12],” replied the cock. Reynard prepared[13] to set off. “What[14],” cried the cock, “have not the animals concluded an agreement of universal peace?” “Yes,” returned the fox, “but those dogs (S. 5, N. 2) perhaps have not yet[15] heard of it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_).”—ANONYMOUS.
[1] +Der überlistete Reineke+ (or +Reinhard+).
[2] to observe = to see; at roost, +auf ihrer Stange sitzen+.
[3] to — speeches, +durch glatte Worte ihrer habhaft zu werden+.
[4] charming news = something pleasant. To render ‘you’ use the dat. of the persnl. pron. of the 2nd pers. pl. For the construction see App. § 7.
[5] The words indicating the speaker, =after a quotation=, must be rendered in an =inverted form= (see App. § 13).
[6] to conclude, +ab´schließen+, str. v. tr.; the agreement of universal peace, +der allgemeine Friedensvertrag+; to come down, +herun´terkommen+; supply the adv. +also+ between the verb and the separable particle.
[7] +feiern.+
[8] +Beschluß+, m.
[9] to look all around, +sich nach allen Seiten um´sehen+.
[10] to inquire the reason, +sich nach der Ursache erkundigen+.
[11] =I was observing= = I observed (+beobachten+). =Which are coming= = which come. The English compound forms of the verb with the auxiliary and the present participle, and of the verb ‘to do’ with the infinitive (=I do come= = I come. =I did come= = I came), must be rendered by the corresponding simple forms.
[12] +dieses Weges+.
[13] +sich zum Davonlaufen bereit machen.+
[14] +Wie+.
[15] ‘not yet’, here +noch nichts+.
_Section 33._
THE[1] MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF CHARLES II.
I.
Heavy articles[2] were (S. 2, N. 1) in the time of Charles II generally conveyed from place to place by waggons[3]. The[4] expense of transmitting them was[5] enormous. From London to[6] Birmingham the charge was £7 a[7] ton, and from London to Exeter £12, which[8] is a third more than was afterwards charged[9] on turnpike-roads, and fifteen times more than is now demanded by[10] railway companies. Coal[11] was seen only in districts where it was produced[12], or[13] to which it could be carried by sea, and[14] was, indeed, always known in the South of England by the name of sea-coal.
[1] +Die Beförderungsmittel zur Zeit Karls des Zweiten.+
[2] objects.
[3] +Lastwagen+, which place after ‘generally’.
[4] ‘The — them’, may be briefly rendered by the compound noun ‘Die Transportkosten’. It may here be pointed out that the German language lends itself more easily than any other living language to the formation of =compound expressions=. Many advantages result from this adaptability of the language to express in one single term which, otherwise, would require a number of words; but the greatest of these advantages seems to me to lie in the power it gives us to avoid the too frequent use of the Genitive, a power which, if rightly wielded, will impart great vigour, conciseness, and elegance to the student’s style of writing.
[5] were extraordinary high (+groß+).
[6] +nach+; ‘charge’, here +Fracht+, f.; ‘to be’, here +betragen+; £7, +sieben ~Pfund~ Sterling+.
[7] =The def. art. is used in stating the price of goods=, when the English use the indef. art.; as—
+Dieser Kattun kostet fünfzig Pfennige ~die~ Elle.+
This cotton is sixpence _a_ yard. (10 pfennigs = 1⅕_d._)
[8] The pron. ‘=which=’ referring to a whole clause, and not to a particular word in that clause, should be rendered by the indef. rel. pron. =was=; as—
She acted without thinking about the consequences, _which_ was very wrong.
+Sie handelte, ohne über die Folgen nachzudenken, ~was~ sehr unrecht war.+
[9] +berechnen+; turnpike-road, +Chaussee+, f.
[10] +von+, followed by the def. art.; to demand, +beanspruchen+.
[11] +Steinkohlen+, used in the pl. without the art. Use the active voice with man, S. 4, N. 4.
[12] +gewinnen+.
[13] or — sea, +oder wohin sie verschifft werden konnten+.
[14] Say ‘and it was (+sie wurden+) in the South of England therefore (+daher auch+) only called sea-coal (+Schiffskohlen+)’.
_Section 34._
THE[1] MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF CHARLES II.
II.
The rich[1] (S. 5, N. 2) commonly travelled in[2] their own iron carriages with at least four horses. A[3] coach and six is in our time never seen, except as part of some procession. The frequent mention, therefore, of such equipages[4] in old books is likely to mislead us. We[5] attribute to magnificence what was really[6] the effect of[7] disagreeable necessity. People[8] in the time of Charles II travelled with six horses, because[9] with a smaller number there was danger of sticking[10] fast in the mire.—_Abridged from_ MACAULAY’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
[1] =Adjectives used as nouns= are declined as they would be if the noun, which is understood, were to follow them. They are always written with a capital initial.
[2] +in ihren eigenen mit wenigstens vier Pferden bespannten eisernen Kutschen.+
[3] ‘A — seen’. This clause must be construed thus: ‘Except (+Außer+) in processions a coach and six (+eine sechsspännige Kutsche+, see App. § 14) is now never seen’. Supply the words ‘+bei uns+’ before the p. p.
[4] +Staatsfuhrwerke+; therefore ... is likely to mislead us = can therefore easily mislead (+irre führen+) us. The object ‘us’ must be placed immediately after the copula ‘can’.
[5] +Wir schreiben der Prachtliebe zu.+
[6] really = in reality; ‘effect’, here = consequence.
[7] Say ‘of a’.
[8] One (S. 5, N. 2).
[9] because ... there was danger, +weil man ... Gefahr lief+; ‘small’, here +gering+.
[10] to stick fast, +stecken bleiben+. Use the Supine, for: When the =English Gerund= (i.e. the verbal in -ing) is governed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective, it is generally rendered by the =Supine=. Comp. S. 78, N. 14. Examples:
He possesses the _gift of speaking_ well.
+Er besitzt die Gabe gut ~zu sprechen~.+
Do not begin _talking_!
+Fangen Sie nicht an ~zu sprechen~!+
_Section 35._
SIR[1] WILLIAM HERSCHEL.
When[2] pursuing his musical avocations in the pump-room at Bath, Sir William Herschel had a small workshop close[3] at hand, and when (S. 18, N. 6) the[4] exacting loungers in the pump-room admitted of a pause in the music, he slipped off[5] to (S. 19, N. 7) complete the polishing of a speculum[6], or the grinding[7] of a lens. Scarcely, however, had he heard the signal[8], when[9] he was ready to snatch up his instrument and[10] to be the first in the orchestra. Thus[11] he gathered up the fragments of time, and this made (S. 27, N. 4) him at last the friend of monarchs[12], and the first[13] of astronomers.—REV. DR. LEITCH.
[1] +~Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel~ (später =Sir William Herschel=) wurde am 15ᵗᵉⁿ Nov. 1738 in Hannover geboren. Er kam als Musiker nach England, beschäftigte sich jedoch in seinen Mußestunden eingehend mit der Astronomie, welcher er sich endlich ganz widmete. Er entdeckte mit selbst verfertigten Spiegelteleskopen von bis dahin unbekannter Größe den Uranus, zwei Saturnsmonde, zahlreiche Doppelsterne, Sternhaufen und Nebelflecken, und lieferte höchst wichtige Beobachtungen über die Planeten. Diese Entdeckungen, welche der Welt durch die von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften veröffentlichten Journale mitgetheilt wurden, machten ihn bald zum berühmten Manne. Er wurde von dem Könige Georg III zum königlichen Astronomen ernannt und genoß Ehre, Ruhm und Wohlstand, als er am 25ˢᵗᵉⁿ Aug. 1822 zu Slough bei Windsor starb. Es ist unmöglich, hier nicht auch zugleich seiner geliebten Schwester ~Karoline~ zu gedenken, welche mit seltener Hingebung sich den Bestrebungen und Arbeiten des älteren Bruders anschloß und so nicht wenig zu den glänzenden Erfolgen dieses großen und höchst merkwürdigen Mannes beitrug. Sie starb im Jahre 1848 in ihrer Vaterstadt Hannover. Ihre unlängst veröffentlichten Memoiren und Briefe verdienen im höchsten Grade das allgemeine Interesse, welches sie nicht allein in Deutschland, sondern auch in England hervorgerufen haben.+
[2] This passage requires a different construction in German, thus: ‘When Sir W. H. was still officiating (+fungie´ren+, see S. 32, N. 11) in the pump-room (+Trinkhalle+) at Bath as _a_ member of the band (+Kapelle+), he had’, etc.
[3] close at hand, +ganz in der Nähe+, which place before the object.
[4] +die vielbegehrenden Müßiggänger+; to admit of something, +etwas gestatten+, w. v. tr.
[5] +hinaus´schlüpfen+.
[6] +Spiegel+, m.
[7] +Schleifen+, n.
[8] +das Zeichen zum Anfangen+.
[9] when — ready, +so war er auch schon bereit+; to snatch up, +ergreifen+, see S. 1, N. 2.
[10] and — first = and as the first to take (+ein´nehmen+) his place.
[11] Thus — time = Thus (+So+, adv.) he used every spare-moment; the spare-moment, +der freie Augenblick+.
[12] ‘monarch’, here +Fürst+.
[13] +zum ersten Astronomen seiner Zeit.+
_Section 36._
THE[1] AIR-OCEAN.
I.
Enveloping[2] this solid globe of ours are two oceans, one[3] partial, and the other universal. _There is_ the[4] ocean of water, which has[5] settled down into all _the_ depressions[6] of the earth’s surface[7], leaving[8] dry above it all the high lands, as mountain-ranges, continents, and islands; and[9] _there is_ an ocean of air, which enwraps[10] the whole in one transparent mantle.
Through[11] the bosom of that ocean, like fishes with their fins (App. § 14), birds[12] and other winged creatures swim; whilst man[13] and other mammalia creep like[14] crabs at the bottom of this aerial sea[15].
[1] +Das Luftmeer.+
[2] Say ‘Two oceans envelop (+umgeben+) our solid globe (+Erdkugel+).
[3] the one partial (+teilweise+) and the other universal (+ganz+). The subsequent sentence is best introduced by a colon (:), which we use to direct attention to what is following. The words ‘_There is_’ must then be omitted.
[4] +das Weltmeer.+
[5] ‘which — all’, say ‘which fills (+erfüllen+) all’.
[6] +Vertiefung+, f.
[7] To render ‘of the earth’s surface’, form a compound noun by combining the corresponding German terms of the nouns ‘earth’ and ‘surface’.
_A._ When the component parts of =Compound Nouns= are substantives, we combine them often without any connecting link; as—+das Lasttier+, beast of burden; +das Stadtviertel+, the quarter of a town, ward.
_B._ Neither do we require a connecting link for the formation of =Compound Nouns= the first component of which is an adjective or a particle; as—+die Großmutter+, grandmother; +das Unglück+, misfortune; +der Urquell+, fountain-head.
_C._ The =Gender of Compound Nouns= (with the exception of a few compounds with +Mut+, m.) is determined by the last component, which is always a noun.
[8] ‘leaving — islands’. This passage may be rendered thus: ‘so that all _the_ high lands (+Erhöhungen+), as (+wie+) mountain-ranges, etc. ... rise dry above the same; to rise, +sich erheben+.
[9] +und das Luftmeer.+
[10] +umhül´len+; say ‘the whole globe’ (+Kugel+, f.); ‘in’, here +mit+.
[11] In this ocean of air.
[12] Since the four subsequent nouns in this passage represent a whole class, the def. art. is required before each (S. 3, N. 2).
[13] Use this noun in the plural, since the noun with which it is connected by the conj. ‘and’ stands in the same number.
[14] +gleich Krebsen+; to creep, +umher kriechen+. The word ‘whilst’ being a subordinative conj., the verb must be placed?
[15] +Luftmeer+.
_Section 37._
THE AIR-OCEAN.
II.
The air-ocean, which everywhere[1] surrounds the earth, and feeds and maintains it, is even[2] more simple, more grand, and more majestic than the[3] ‘world of waters’; more[4] varied and changeful in its moods of storm and calm, of ebb and flow, of brightness and gloom. The[5] atmosphere is, indeed, a wonderful thing, a most perfect example of the economy of nature. Deprived of[6] air, no animal would live, no plant _would_ grow, no flame _would_ burn, no[7] light _would_ be diffused. The[8] air, too, is the sole medium of sound. Without it, mountains might[9] fall, but[10] it would be in perfect silence. Neither whisper[11] nor thunders[12] would[13] ever be heard.—MAURY, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA.
[1] Place the adverb before the verb.
[2] +sogar noch.+
[3] +jene mächtige Wasserwelt+, after which put a full stop and begin a new sentence.
[4] This passage may be construed thus: ‘It offers a greater variety (+Mannigfaltigkeit+) and changeableness in the transitions from storm to (+zu+) calm, from ebb to flow, and from light to gloom (+Dunkel+, n.)’. The article (which, if practicable, should be contracted with the preceding preposition) must be used with the last six nouns, see S. 3, N. 2.
[5] +Der Luftkreis ist in der That höchst wunderbar und gewährt ein vollendetes Beispiel von dem haushälterischen Wesen der Natur.+
[6] Without (App. § 14); would = could, Impf. Subj.
[7] +und kein Licht sich verbrei´ten.+
[8] Also (def. art.) sound can only be transmitted (+fort´pflanzen+) through the air.
[9] might = could; to fall, +ein´stürzen+.
[10] Say ‘and yet the prevailing silence would not be interrupted’.
[11] +leises Geflüster+, acc.
[12] +lauten Donner+, acc.
[13] ‘would — heard’, use the active voice with the indef. pron. man.
_Section 38._
CHEERFUL[1] CHURCH-MUSIC.
When the poet Carpani inquired[2] of his friend Haydn[3] how it happened[4] that his church-music was[5] always so cheerful, the great composer made[6] _the_ following beautiful reply:
“I cannot make it otherwise[7],” said he, “I[8] write according to the thoughts I feel. When[9] I think of God, my heart is so full of joy that (App. § 16) the[10] notes dance and leap, as it were, from my pen; and since God has given me a cheerful heart, it[11] will be pardoned me that[12] I serve him with _a_ cheerful spirit.”—REV. R. K. ARVINE.
[1] +fröhlich.+
[2] inquired of = asked.
[3] +Joseph Haydn (geb. den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ März 1732 zu Rohrau in Östreich, † den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ Mai 1809 in Wien) bildete sich durch eigenes Studium in der Musik aus und lebte dann namentlich als Kapellmeister des Fürsten Esterhazy in Wien. Er ist der Schöpfer der Symphonie und des Streichquartetts; auch hat er sich durch die Begründung der neueren Instrumentationskunst ein besonderes Verdienst erworben. Seine Werke sind ebenso zahlreich, wie mannigfaltig; durch die beiden Oratorien: ‘Die Schöpfung’ (1799) und ‘die Jahreszeiten’ (1801) hat er jedoch seinen Namen mit ehernen Lettern in die Geschichte der Kunst eingetragen.+
[4] Use the Pres. Subj. of +kommen+, since the clause contains an indirect question; see App. §§ 28 and 30.
[5] was — cheerful, +stets einen so fröhlichen Charakter trage+.
[6] to make a reply, +eine Antwort geben+; ‘beautiful’, here +sinnig+; for the construction see App. § 15.
[7] +anders+; for the place of the negation see App. § 12.
[8] Translate the passage ‘I write — feel’ briefly by saying: ‘I write just as (+so wie+) I feel’, since it would not be in accordance with the genius of the German language to render the sentence in a literal way. (+~Gedanken~ kann man nicht ~fühlen~+.)
[9] +Denke ich an Gott, so ist+, etc.; full of, +voller+.
[10] Construe this clause after the following model:
The notes danced and leapt, as it were, from _his_ pen.
+Die Noten tanzten und hüpften ~ihm~ gleichsam aus ~der~ Feder.+
[11] +so wird man mir hoffentlich verzeihen.+
[12] that = if.
_Section 39._
OUR INDUSTRIAL[1] INDEPENDENCE DEPENDS UPON OURSELVES.
Truer[2] words were never uttered than those spoken by Mr. Dargan, the Irish railway-contractor, at a public meeting in Dublin.
“I have[3] heard a great deal[4],” he said, “about the independence that we are[5] to get from this or that source, yet[6] I have always been deeply impressed with the conviction, that our industrial independence depends upon ourselves. Simple[7] industry and careful exactness would[8] be the making of Ireland. We have, it[9] is true, made a step in advance, but perseverance is[10] indispensably necessary for eventual success.”—S. SMILES.
[1] +industriell+.
[2] A greater truth than that which Mr. D., the Irish railway-contractor (+Eisenbahn-Unternehmer+), spoke (+aus´sprechen+) at (+in+) a public meeting in (+zu+) Dublin, has never been uttered.
[3] The words ‘he said’ should follow here; see S. 32, N. 5.
[4] a great deal = much.
[5] are to get, +erlangen sollen+; for the construction see App. § 16; from, +aus+.
[6] yet I have always had the firm conviction. Render ‘to have’ here by +hegen+.
[7] +schlicht+; ‘industry’, here +Fleiß+, m.; careful, +streng+; exactness, +Pflichterfüllung+, f.
[8] would establish (+begründen+) Ireland’s prosperity (+Wohlstand+, m.).
[9] it is true, +zwar+; see S. 15, N. 3; ‘to make’, here +thun+; in advance, +vorwärts+.
[10] Here follow the words ‘for (+zu+, contracted with the def. art.) eventual (+eventuell+) success’.
_Section 40._
ENGLAND’S[1] TREES.