Part 3
=Exception:= When the noun denoting the business or profession is preceded by an adjective, the indefinite article is used in German, as in English:
His father was a clever physician.
+Sein Vater war ein geschickter Arzt.+
[3] When a =Proper Name= is used in the =Genitive Case=, it is generally placed before the governing noun, as in English: Schiller’s poems, +Schillers Gedichte+.
[4] +Wißbegierde+, f.
[5] How is the Passive Voice to be recognised? ‘To excite’, here +lebhaft an´regen+; construe accord. to S. 13, N. 5.
[6] +aus´gestorben.+
[7] in — sandstone, +in einem alten Rotsandsteinlager+; on which = where.
[8] ‘to inquire’, here +Nachforschungen anstellen+.
[9] ‘to make’ requires here the prep. +zu+ contracted with the def. art.; ‘that — geologist’, +machte mich schließlich auch zum Geologen+.
_Section 15._
EXTREMES MEET[1].
When Diogenes, during the famous festival[2] at Olympia[3], saw[4] some young men of Rhodes arrayed[5] most magnificently, he (App. § 15) exclaimed smiling: “This is pride!” And when, afterwards[3], he met[6] with some Lacedæmonians in _a_ mean[7] and _sordid_[8] dress, he said: “And this is also pride!”—REV. R. K. ARVINE.
[1] +Die Extreme berühren sich.+
[2] the festival at Olympia, +die Olympischen Feste. Diese berühmten Feste, auch Olympische Spiele genannt, wurden in jedem fünften Jahre am ersten Vollmond nach der Sonnenwende (Anfang Juli) bei Olympia zu Ehren des Zeus gefeiert. Sie dauerten fünf Tage und bestanden in Wettrennen (zu Wagen, zu Pferd und zu Fuß) und in gymnastischen Spielen aller Art.+
[3] Contrary to English practice, =the comma is, as a rule, not used in German to enclose adverbs or adverbial clauses of time, manner, and place=.
[4] ‘to see’, here +erblicken+, which place after ‘Rhodes’; young men = youths; ‘of’, here +aus+; Rhodes, +Rhodus+.
[5] ‘arrayed — magnificently’. Turn these words into a relative clause, and say: ‘which were most magnificently (+aufs prächtigste+) arrayed (+schmücken+)’, according to the rule given in S. 7, N. 3, _B_.
[6] to meet with a person, +einem begegnen+. Place the subject immediately after ‘when’. The Lacedæmonian, +der Lazedämonier+.
[7] +armselig.+
[8] +zerlumpt.+
_Section 16._
POOR PAY[1].
When the Duke of Marlborough, immediately after the battle of Blenheim[2], observed[3] a soldier leaning[4] pensively on the butt-end of his musket, he accosted[5] him thus: “Why so pensive[6], my friend, after so[7] glorious a victory?” “It may be glorious[8],” replied the brave fellow, “but[9] I am thinking that all _the_ human blood I[10] have spilled this day[11] has only[12] earned me fourpence.”—REV. R. K. ARVINE.
[1] +Armselige Bezahlung.+
[2] +Die Schlacht bei Blindheim+ (Engl. ‘Blenheim’) +wurde am 13ᵗᵉⁿ August 1704 von dem Herzog von Marlborough in Verbindung mit dem östereichischen Prinzen Eugen gegen die Franzosen gefochten. Blindheim ist ein kleines bayerisches Dorf bei Höchstädt, an der Donau. Die Schlacht wurde zu gunsten der Verbündeten entschieden, und der Herzog von Marlborough erhielt für diesen glänzenden Sieg von der Königin Anna ein prachtvolles Schloß+ (Blenheim House) +bei Woodstock in Oxfordshire zum Geschenk.+
[3] Place the verb ‘observed’ after the noun ‘soldier’.
[4] ‘leaning — musket’. This passage must be changed into a relative clause, thus: ‘who leant (+sich stützen+) pensively (+gedankenvoll+) upon the butt-end (+Kolben+, m.) of his musket’, for: =Sentences containing a Present Participle which qualifies a preceding noun or pronoun, are generally turned into relative clauses=; as—
The teacher, _noticing_ the boy’s talent, applied to the prince on his behalf.
+Der Lehrer, ~welcher~ das Talent des Knaben ~bemerkte~, verwendete sich für ihn bei dem Fürsten.+
[5] to accost, +anreden+; thus, +folgendermaßen+.
[6] here ‘+nachdenkend+’ in order to avoid the repetition of the same word.
[7] so ... a, +ein ... so+.
[8] Make the word ‘glorious’ emphatic by placing it at the head of the clause, and see App. § 14. Insert the adverb ‘+wohl+’ between the subject and the verb ‘be’, which will render the sentence more idiomatic.
[9] but — thinking, +aber ich bedenke+.
[10] Supply the relative pronoun ‘which’, for: =The relative pronoun can never be omitted in German=; to spill, +vergießen+.
[11] this day = to-day.
[12] This work has only earned me a shilling, +diese Arbeit hat mir nur einen Schilling eingebracht+.
_Section 17._
THE WORLD IS A LOOKING-GLASS.
We[1] may be pretty certain that persons[2] whom all the world treat ill, deserve entirely[3] the treatment they[4] get. The world is a looking-glass, and gives[5] back to every man the _reflection_ of his own face. Frown[6] at it, and[7] it will in turn look sourly upon you; laugh[8] at it and with it, and[9] it is a jolly, kind companion[10].—W. M. THACKERAY.
[1] We — certain. +Wir können uns ziemlich sicher darauf verlassen.+
[2] persons — ill = those who have to suffer from everybody.
[3] +vollkommen.+
[4] they get, +welche ihnen zuteil wird+.
[5] to give back the reflection = to reflect, +zurück´werfen+; every man, +jeder+; face = image.
[6] to frown at a person, here ‘+einen mürrisch an´blicken+’; use the second pers. sing.
[7] and — you, +und sie wird auch auf dich verdrießlich hernie´derschauen+.
[8] ‘Laugh at it’ seems to be used here in the sense of: ‘Smile at it’. Say: ‘Smile at it, laugh with it’, etc. ‘To smile at a person’, here ‘+einen freundlich an´blicken+’.
[9] ‘and — is’, say: ‘and it will be for thee (+dir+)’.
[10] +Gefährtin.+
_Section 18._
GIVE[1] THE HONOUR TO GOD ALONE.
A lady applied[2] to the worthy philanthropist[3] Richard Reynolds on behalf of a little orphan boy. After he[4] had (App. § 17) given liberally[5], she said: “When[6] he is old enough, I (App. § 15) will teach[7] him to thank his benefactor.” “Stop[8],” said the good man, “thou art mistaken[9]. We do not thank the clouds for rain (S. 3, N. 2). Teach[10] him to look higher, and thank Him[11] who giveth both the clouds and the rain.”—REV. R. K. ARVINE.
[1] Say ‘Give God alone the honour’.
[2] to apply to a person _on behalf of_ somebody, +sich bei einem ~für~ jemand verwenden+.
[3] +Menschenfreund+, m.
[4] To avoid ambiguity turn the pron. ‘he’ here by ‘Reynolds’.
[5] ‘liberally’, here +reichlich+.
[6] The conjunction ‘=when=’, used in the sense of ‘=whenever=’, and referring to indefinite time, must be rendered by ‘+=wenn=+’ (compare S. 4, N. 2); as—
_When_ (whenever) my old teacher came to Hamburg, he always stayed with me.
+~Wenn~ mein alter Lehrer nach Hamburg kam, wohnte er stets bei mir.+
[7] The verb ‘+lehren+’, to teach, requires the accusative of the person. Render the sentence ‘I — benefactor’ by ‘I will teach him to be thankful to his benefactor’.
[8] +Halt´!+
[9] to be mistaken, +sich irren+.
[10] Teach — higher, +Lehre ihn höher blicken+.
[11] The pronoun ‘Him’ is here used as a demonstr. pron.; ‘both ... and’, +sowohl ... wie auch+; ‘to give’, here = to send.
_Section 19._
HOW DID CUVIER[1] BECOME A NATURALIST?
When young (S. 10, N. 2) Cuvier was one day[2] strolling[3] along the sands near Fiquainville, in Normandy[4], he observed a cuttle-fish lying[5] stranded on the beach. He was attracted[6] by the curious object, took it home to[7] dissect, and[8] began the study of the mollusca, which ended in his becoming one of the greatest among natural historians.—S. SMILES.
[1] +G. D. Cüvier, berühmter französischer Naturforscher (1769-1832), erhob die vergleichende Anatomie zuerst zur Wissenschaft.+
[2] one day, +eines Tages+; one morning, +eines Morgens+; one evening, +eines Abends+, etc.
[3] to stroll along the sands, +an der Küste umher´schlendern+, ‘near’, here +von+.
[4] +die Normandie+, always used with the def. art.
[5] ‘lying — beach’, say ‘which the sea had washed (+spülen+) upon the beach’. (See App. § 17.)
[6] to be attracted by something, +sich durch etwas an´gezogen fühlen+; ‘object’, here ‘creature’.
[7] The =Supine= is used to express =purpose=, and must be employed whenever the English ‘=to=’ is used in the meaning of ‘=in order to=’, or ‘=for the purpose of=’; clauses of this sort are generally introduced by the conjunction ‘+=um=+’; as—
I will take this animal home _to_ dissect.
Ich will dies Tier mit nach Hause nehmen, um es ~zu~ sezieren.
[8] ‘and — historian’, say ‘began (+an´fangen+) to study the mollusca, and became finally (+schließlich+) one of the greatest natural historians’. Mollusca, +Mollusken+ or +Weichtiere+.
_Section 20._
ON THE CHOICE OF BOOKS[1].
In literature (S. 3, N. 2) I am fond[2] of confining myself to the best company, which consists chiefly of old acquaintances[3] with whom I am desirous of becoming more intimate, and I suspect[4] that, nine[5] times out of ten, it is more profitable[6], if not more agreeable, to read an old book over again, than[7] to read a new one for the first time.—LORD DUDLEY.
[1] ‘of books’, here +der Lektüre+.
[2] _A._ The verbs ‘=to be fond of=’ and ‘=to like=’ are often rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=mögen=+’, either with or without the adverb ‘+gerne+’ or ‘+gern+’ (willingly), which is used to intensify its signification; as—
_I am_ very _fond of_ the German language.
+Ich ~mag~ die deutsche Sprache sehr ~gern~.+
_Are you fond of_ walking?
+~Mögen Sie gerne~ spazieren gehen?+
_I don’t like_ this child.
+~Ich mag~ dies Kind ~nicht~.+
_B._ But the adverb +=~gerne~=+ or +=~gern~=+ in itself denotes liking and fondness, and is therefore the general translation of the verbs ‘to be fond of’ or ‘to like’ when used with the infinitive of other verbs; as—
_I like_ to dance.
+Ich tanze ~gern~.+
_We are fond of_ confining ourselves to a few old books.
+Wir beschränken uns ~gern~ auf einige wenige alte Bücher.+
Construe the above clause accord. to the last example given.
[3] acquaintances = friends; I am desirous of becoming = I wish to become (App. § 19). The insertion of the adverb ‘+noch+’ before the comparative will greatly improve the rendering of this clause.
[4] to suspect = to believe.
[5] ‘nine times out of ten’ may be briefly rendered by the adverbial expression +meistenteils+, which place immediately after the subject of the subordinate clause.
[6] profitable, +nützlich+; ‘if — agreeable’, say ‘if not even (+gar+) more agreeable’; ‘over again’, here +noch einmal+.
[7] ‘than — time’, say ‘than to occupy oneself (+sich beschäftigen+) with a new _one_’. This periphrase is necessary to avoid a monotonous repetition in German.
_Section 21._
AN APPARENTLY INSIGNIFICANT FACT[1] OFTEN[2] LEADS TO GREAT RESULTS.
When Galvani[3] discovered that a frog’s leg[4] twitched when placed in contact with different metals, it[5] could scarcely have been imagined that so apparently insignificant a fact would ever lead (App. § 17) to important results. Yet therein lay the germ of[6] the Electric Telegraph, which[7] binds the intelligence of continents together, and probably before many years elapse will[8] “put[9] a girdle round the globe.”—S. SMILES.
[1] +Thatsache+, f.
[2] See S. 5, N. 2, and place the adverb after the verb; ‘result’, +Resultat+, n.
[3] +Luigi Galvani, italienischer Anatom, entdeckte 1780 den Galvanismus.+ ‘When — discovered’, say ‘When Galvani made the discovery’.
[4] ‘leg’, here +Schenkel+, m.; to twitch, +in Zuckungen geraten+; when placed = when (S. 18, N. 6) the same was (S. 2, N. 1) brought.
[5] it — imagined, +hätte man sich kaum vorstellen können+; ‘that so apparently ... a’, +daß eine scheinbar so+.
[6] +zum.+
[7] which — together, +welcher die Geister der Kontinente mit einander verbindet+; before — elapse = in a few years.
[8] See App. § 16.
[9] to put a girdle round the globe, +einen Gürtel rings um die Erde ziehen+. ‘+Rings um die Erde zieh’ ich einen Gürtel in viermal zehn Minuten.+’ +Puck, Sommernachtstraum.+
_Section 22._
OATS[1].
Oats are (S. 2, N. 1) chiefly used whole[2] as food for horses. Ground[3] into meal, they are used in some countries (especially in Scotland) for[4] making porridge and cakes. As[5] a plant, it is extremely hardy, and grows where neither wheat nor barley could[6] be made productive. For[7] this reason it is a favourite crop in mountainous countries and moist climates—for example in Scotland and Wales. It (S. 5, N. 2) also grows luxuriantly in Australia, Northern[8] and Central Asia, and in North America.—NELSON’S READERS.
[1] +Der Hafer+, which noun is never used in the plural.
[2] whole, +ungemahlen+; to use, +benutzen+; food for horses, +Pferdefutter+, n.
[3] Ground — meal, +zu Mehl vermahlen+; they — used = one uses (+gebrauchen+) it (m.). see S. 4, N. 4; ‘country’, here +Gegend+.
[4] for — cakes, +um Mehlsuppe und Kuchen daraus zu machen+.
[5] ‘As — hardy’, say ‘The plant is extremely hardy (+kräftig+)’.
[6] could — productive = would thrive.
[7] For — reason, +Daher+, adv., App. § 14. Render the pron. ‘it’ by ‘+der Hafer+’; a favourite crop, +das Hauptgetreide+.
[8] in +Nord- und Mittelasien+.
_Section 23._
SPRING-BLOSSOMS[1].
The blossoms of Spring are as brief[2] as _they are_ beautiful. For[3] _a_ short time they embellish the country, spreading[4], as it were, a bridal veil over every[5] tree and hedge. It seems, indeed[6], as if Nature had given them existence only to (S. 19, N. 7) show their worth, and then to destroy them. Yet[7] they are “fair pledges of a fruitful tree,” and teach us the solemn[8] lesson—that[9] everything lovely on earth is destined soon to perish, and[10] like them to glide into the grave.—REV. E. M. DAVIES.
[1] +Frühlingsblüten.+
[2] +vergänglich.+
[3] +Auf+; to embellish, +schmücken+.
[4] spreading = and spread; as it were, +gleichsam+.
[5] ‘every — hedge’, say ‘hedges and trees’.
[6] +wirklich+; as — only, +als hätte die Natur ihnen nur das Dasein verliehen+.
[7] ‘Yet — tree’, say ‘They are however the lovely messengers (+Vorboten+) of a fruitful (+fruchtreich+) tree’.
[8] solemn lesson, +ernste Wahrheit+.
[9] that — perish, +daß alles Schöne auf Erden der Vergänglichkeit geweiht ist+.
[10] ‘and — grave’, say ‘and like the blossoms must (App. § 18) glide (+sinken+) into an early grave’.
_Section 24._
THE WINKING[1] EYELID.
The[2] object of winking is a very important one. An outside[3] window soon (S. 5, N. 2) gets soiled[4] and dirty, and a careful shopkeeper[5] cleans his windows every morning. But our eye-windows must[6] never have so much as a speck or spot upon them; and the winking eyelid[7] is the busy apprentice who, not once a day, but[8] all the day, keeps the living glass[9] clean; so that, after all[10], we are little worse off than the fishes, who[11] bathe their eyes and wash their faces every moment.—PROF. G. WILSON.
[1] +Das Öffnen und Schließen der Augenlider.+
[2] ‘The — one’, say ‘The opening and closing of the eyelid (pl.) is of great importance.
[3] outside window = street window.
[4] +trübe.+
[5] +Ladenhüter+; supply the adv. ‘therefore’ after the verb ‘cleans’, and place the object last of all.
[6] ‘must — them’, say ‘must (+dürfen+) never suffer (+erleiden+) even (+selbst+) the smallest speck, the least dimness (+Trübung+).
[7] +das sich öffnende und schließende Augenlid+; ‘apprentice’, here +Ladenbursche+.
[8] but — day, +nein, den ganzen Tag hindurch+.
[9] +Augenglas.+
[10] +genau betrachtet+; the subject should be placed immediately after the conjunction ‘that’; little = not much; to be badly off, +schlimm daran sein+.
[11] who — moment, +welche Augen und Gesicht jeden Augenblick baden und waschen+.
_Section 25._
A GOOD EXAMPLE.
It is reported that, one day (S. 19, N. 2), the[1] two great philosophers Aristippus[2] and Æschines had fallen at variance[3]. The[4] following day, however, Aristippus came to[5] Æschines, and said: “Shall[6] we be friends?” “Yes, with[7] all my heart!” answered Æschines. “Remember[8],” continued Aristippus, that[9] though I am your elder, yet I sought for peace. “True[10],” replied Æschines, “and for this[11] I will always acknowledge you to be the more worthy man, for[12] I began the strife, and you the peace.”—REV. J. BURROUGHS.
[1] Place the subject immediately after the conj. ‘that’.
[2] +~Aristippus~ aus Cyrene wurde (380 v. Chr.) Stifter der cyrenaischen Philosophenschule, welche die Lehre aufstellte, daß das höchste Glück des Menschen im sinnlichen und geistigen Vergnügen zu suchen sei. Aristippus war ein Zeitgenosse des Socrates und der einzige Philosoph seiner Zeit, der sich seine Vorträge mit Geld bezahlen ließ. ~Äschines~ war ein Nebenbuhler und Gegner des Demostenes, wurde (389 v. Chr.) zu Athen geboren, lebte später zu Rhodus und siedelte endlich nach Samos über, wo er (314 v. Chr.) starb.+
[3] to fall at variance, +sich überwer´fen+.
[4] The = On the; however, +jedoch+, which must not be placed between commas.
[5] Use here the def. art. contracted with the prep. +zu+ into +zum+, for: =The def. art. is often used to mark the Gen. Dat. and Acc. of proper names.=
[6] Shall = Will.
[7] +von ganzem Herzen!+
[8] +Erinnere dich daran.+
[9] Say ‘that I have sought for peace, although I am the elder’; to seek for peace, +um den Frieden nach´suchen+.
[10] Say ‘That is true’.
[11] +deshalb+, adv. (App. § 14). He acknowledged you to be the more worthy man (of us two), +Er erkannte dich ~als~ den Würdigeren von uns beiden an+; construe according to this example, and supply the expletive ‘auch’ after the object ‘you’.
[12] +denn ich war der erste zum Streit, und du zum Frieden.+
_Section_ 26.
DESCRIPTION OF A GLACIER.
I must now explain to you[1] what a glacier is. You see before you[2] thirty or forty mountain-peaks, and between these peaks what[3] seem to you frozen rivers. The snow, from[4] time to time melting and dripping down the sides of the mountain, and congealing in the elevated hollows between the peaks, forms a half-fluid mass, a river of ice[5], which is called (S. 4, N. 4) _a_ glacier. As[6] the whole mass lies upon a slanting surface, and is not entirely solid throughout, it[7] is continually pushing, with a gradual but imperceptible motion, down[8] into the valley below.—MRS. BEECHER STOWE.
[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.
[2] Place the words ‘before you’ after the object.
[3] +glaubst du zu Eis erstarrte Flüsse zu erblicken.+
[4] which (App. § 16) from time to time melts, drips down on the mountain-sides (+Bergabhänge+), and congeals (+gefrieren+), etc., see S. 16, N. 4. Supply the adverb wieder before the verb ‘congeals’. The elevated hollow, +die höher gelegene Felsspalte+.
[5] +Eisstrom+, m.
[6] As = Since, +da+ (App. § 16); to be entirely solid throughout, +durch und durch fest sein+.
[7] it — pushing, +so senkt sie sich fortwährend+; with a ... but, +mit einer zwar ... doch+.
[8] down — below, +in das unten liegende Thal hinab+.
_Section 27._
WITHOUT[1] PAINS NO GAINS.
It was one of the characteristic qualities of Charles James Fox[2], that[3] he was thoroughly pains-taking in all that he did. When[4] appointed Secretary of State, being[5] piqued at some observation as to his bad writing, he actually took[6] a writing-master, and wrote copies like a schoolboy until he had sufficiently improved himself. Though[7] a corpulent man, he[8] was wonderfully active at picking up tennis-balls, and[9] when asked how he contrived to do so, he playfully replied: “Because[10] I am a very pains-taking man.” The same accuracy which he bestowed upon trifling matters[11], was displayed by him in things of greater importance; and[12] he acquired his reputation by “neglecting nothing.”—S. SMILES.
[1] +Ohne Mühe kein Gewinn.+
[2] +Ich möchte vorschlagen zu übersetzen+: ‘of the famous Ch. J. Fox’, +weil dadurch das Verhältnis des Genitivs ganz klar ausgedrückt wird. ~Charles James Fox~ (1749-1806) ward schon 1768 Mitglied des Unterhauses, 1772 Lord des Schatzes, und bildete 1783 mit North und Portland ein Ministerium, welches jedoch bald dem Ministerium Pitt weichen mußte. Er begann darauf mit Burke und andern eine großartige parlamentarische Opposition gegen Pitt und kämpfte von 1792-97 fast allein gegen eine starke Majorität. Im Jahre 1806, kurz vor seinem Tode, wurde er mit Granville nochmals ans Staatsruder berufen.+
[3] +daß er sich in allem, was er that, die größte Mühe gab.+
[4] When he was appointed (see N. 7). The verbs +~machen~+ (to make), +~ernennen~+ (to appoint), and +~erwählen~+ (to choose, to elect), and other =verbs denoting choosing or appointing=, require in German the prep. +zu+ contracted with the def. art., whilst in English they govern _two_ Nominatives in the Passive Voice; as—
+Der Freund meines Vaters ist zum Abgeordneten ~erwählt worden~.+
My father’s friend has been elected a member of Parliament.
[5] being — writing. This clause must be rendered in an altogether different form; let us say ‘and felt hurt by an observation as to (+über+) his bad hand-writing’. To feel hurt by something, +sich durch etwas verletzt fühlen+. The p. p. must be placed?
[6] ‘to take’, here +engagie´ren+; ‘actually’, here +faktisch+ (see App. § 15); to write copies, +sich im Schönschreiben üben+; improved himself = improved his hand-writing.
[7] Though he was. Grammatical distinctness, as a rule, requires that the =subject and copula=, which after certain conjunctions are so frequently omitted in English, =should be clearly expressed in German=.
[8] When a subordinate clause, beginning with one of the conjunctions +~da~+, +~obgleich~+, +~weil~+, and +~wenn~+, precedes a principal clause, which is often done for the sake of emphasis, the =principal clause= is generally =introduced by= the adverbial conjunction +=so=+ (so, thus, therefore); as—
+~Da~ es regnet, ~so~ können+ (App. § 15) +wir nicht ausgehen.+
As it is raining, we cannot go out.
‘He — balls’, +so war er im Auffangen der Bälle beim Tennisspiele doch merkwürdig gewandt+.
[9] ‘and — so’, say ‘and when (S. 18, N. 6) one asked him how he did (+machen+) it’. The verb +machen+ should be used in the Pres. Subj., since the clause contains an indirect question (App. §§ 28 and 30). Playfully, +scherzend+.
[10] +Weil ich mir stets die größte Mühe gebe.+
[11] trifling matters, +Kleinigkeiten+; ‘was — importance’, say ‘he showed also in more important matters’ (+Angelegenheiten+).
[12] and — nothing, +und er erwarb sich seinen Ruf dadurch, daß er nichts für zu gering erachtete+.
_Section 28._
THE MAGNA CHARTA[1].
The great-grandsons of[2] those who had fought under William, and the great-grandsons of those who had fought under Harold, began to[3] draw near to each other in friendship, and the first pledge of their reconciliation was the[4] Great Charter, won[5] by their united exertions, and framed for their common benefit. Here commences the history of the English nation. The history of the preceding events[6] is the history of wrongs inflicted[7] and sustained by various tribes, which, indeed[8], all dwelt on English ground, but[9] which regarded each other with aversion such as[10] has scarcely ever existed between communities separated[11] by physical barriers.—MACAULAY, HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
[1] +Die ‘Magna Charta’ ist der am 19ᵗᵉⁿ Juni 1215 dem König Johann ohne Land abgerungene Staatsgrundvertrag, welcher als Grundlage der englischen Verfassung gilt.+
[2] ‘of those — Harold’. These two clauses are best rendered in a contracted form, thus: ‘of the men who had fought under W. and H.’
[3] to draw near to each other, +sich einander nähern+; in friendship, +freundschaftlich+, adv.
[4] +die Magna Charta.+
[5] The two clauses containing the two p. ps. must be turned into one contracted relative clause, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, _B._ Use the verbs in the Impf. of the Passive Voice. To frame, +entwerfen+.
[6] +Ereignis+, n.