Part 15
[3] Say ‘as we suppose’, which place after the rel. pron.
[4] +populär+; conception, +Vorstellung+, f.
[5] +von ihrem zähen Festhalten am Zwecke.+
[6] that they even (+auch+) through repeated failure (+Fehlschlagen+) or pertinacious (+hartnäckig+) opposition (+Widerstand+, m.), which would have discouraged (+entmutigt hätte+, which place at the end of this clause) most of their compeers (+Standesgenossen+), were not tired out of any plan they had formed (+sich nicht von ihrem einmal gefaßten Plane abbringen ließen+).
[7] A somewhat eccentric illustration (+Belag+, m.) of (+für+) this characteristic quality we find in Bismarck’s wild (+stürmisch+) youth, if we can trust his biographer.
[8] To study law, +Jura studieren+.
[9] +täuschen+; by, +von+.
[10] Say ‘who had not (App. § 10) sent back his boots at the appointed (+verabredet+) time’.
[11] When (S. 4, N. 2) it therefore happened again (+wieder geschehen+).
[12] +=Fürst Otto von Bismarck= wurde am 1. April 1815 zu Schönhausen, dem Stammgute der Familie Bismarck, in der Provinz Brandenburg im Königreiche Preußen geboren. Er entstammt der alten preußischen adeligen Familie von Bismarck, welche auch von Bismarck-Schönhausen genannt wird, um dieselbe von der ihr verwandten Familie von Bismarck-Bohlen zu unterscheiden. Von Bismarck trat zuerst öffentlich auf dem Landtage von 1847 als Führer der äußersten Rechten+ (extreme Conservatives) +und dann als Mitglied der im Jahre 1848 tagenden zweiten preußischen Kammer+ (the Prussian House of Commons) +als entschiedener Gegner des Repräsentationssystems+ (Representative Government) +und der Reichsverfassung hervor. Sein entschiedenes Talent für die diplomatische Laufbahn bestimmte die Regierung, ihn im Jahre 1851 zum Legationssekretär bei der preußischen Bundestagsgesandschaft in Frankfurt a/M. zu ernennen. Drei Monate später wurde er jedoch schon zum Bundestagsgesandten erhoben, in welcher Eigenschaft er vergeblich Preußens Gleichstellung mit Östreich beim Bundestage erstrebte. Nachdem er seit dem 1. April 1859 preußischer Gesandter in Petersburg und seit dem Frühjahr 1862 Botschafter in Paris gewesen, trat er am 24. September desselben Jahres als Minister des Auswärtigen an die Spitze des neu ernannten Kabinetts. Es würde zu weit führen, hier auf die Einzelheiten seiner großartigen Erfolge als Ministerpräsident einzugehen, genüge es zu bemerken, daß sein Hauptstreben darauf gerichtet war, Preußen zur herrschenden Macht in Deutschland zu machen, Östreich daraus zu verdrängen, und schließlich durch Auflösung des deutschen Staatenbundes ein einiges Deutschland unter dem Zepter Preußens zu schaffen. Wie ihm diese Aufgabe gelang, ist allgemein bekannt. Die schon lange zwischen Preußen und Östreich bestandene Eifersucht brach endlich im Jahre 1866 durch den Krieg in lichten Flammen aus. Preußen ging glänzend aus demselben als Sieger hervor. Durch den Prager Friedensvertrag entsagte Östreich nicht allein seinen Ansprüchen als Präsidialmacht im deutschen Staatenbunde, sondern schied gänzlich aus demselben aus und erkannte den unter Preußens Führung zu stiftenden Norddeutschen Bund an. In Anerkennung seiner großen Erfolge wurde Bismarck nach beendigtem Kriege in den Grafenstand erhoben und zugleich zum Kanzler des Norddeutschen Bundes ernannt, dessen Angelegenheiten er mit so bedeutendem Geschick leitete, daß bei der im Jahre 1870 von Frankreich an Preußen erfolgten Kriegserklärung auch die Südstaaten sich dem Norddeutschen Bunde anschlossen und das ganze Deutschland vereinigt gegen den Feind in den Kampf ziehen konnte, aus dem es mit Lorbeeren gekrönt siegreich hervorging. Schon am 18. Januar 1871 ward König Wilhelm I. von Preußen unter Zustimmung aller deutschen Staaten im Schlosse zu Versailles als deutscher Kaiser proklamiert. Das große Ziel Bismarcks war erreicht. Die Einheit des bisher zerstückelten Vaterlandes war wiederhergestellt, ein mächtiges deutsches Reich unter der Führung Preußens gegründet, und die demselben drohenden Feinde waren besiegt und geschlagen. Am 20. Mai 1871 wurde von dem Fürsten und Reichskanzler Bismarck zu Frankfurt a/M. der Friede mit Frankreich unterzeichnet, durch welchen die früher von dem deutschen Reiche getrennten Herzogtümer Lothringen und Elsaß demselben wieder einverleibt wurden und Frankreich sich verpflichtete, an Deutschland eine Kriegsentschädigung von fünf Milliarden Franken zu zahlen. Die Eröffnung des deutschen Reichstages in Berlin, am 21. März 1871, gehört vielleicht zu den größten Triumphen dieses höchst seltsamen bewunderungswürdigen Mannes.+
[13] Supply ‘ready’, and use the Present Subjunctive.
[14] +fort´gehen.+
[15] = with the same question.
[16] and — day = and this was repeated (+und dies wiederholte sich+) all day long (+den ganzen Tag lang+) at (+in+) precise intervals of 10 minutes.
[17] +an+, contracted with the def. art.
[18] = and were sent back.
_Section 139._
A GREAT LOSS.
Mr. Thomas Carlyle had lent the Manuscript of the first volume of his “French Revolution” to a neighbour to peruse. By[1] some mischance or other, it[2] had been left lying on the parlour-floor, and[3] become forgotten. Weeks ran on[4], when at last the historian sent for[5] his manuscript, the[6] printers being loud for copy. Inquiries[7] were made, and[8] then it was found that the maid-of-all-work, finding[9] what she conceived to be a bundle of waste paper on the floor, had[10] used it to light the kitchen and parlour fires with[11]. Such[12] was the answer returned[13] to Mr. Carlyle, and his consternation and despair may be imagined (S. 4, N. 4). There[14] was, however, no help for him but to set himself resolutely to work to re-write his book; and[15] he turned to and did it. He had no draft[16], and[17] was compelled to rake up from his memory facts, ideas, and expressions, which had long since been dismissed. The composition[18] of the book in the first instance had been a _work of_ real pleasure; the[19] re-writing of it, a second time, was one of pain and anguish almost beyond belief. That[20] he persevered and finished the volume under such circumstances affords[21] an instance of determination of purpose which has seldom been exceeded.—S. SMILES, “SELF-HELP.”
[1] By — other = Through a mischance (+Mißgeschick+, n.).
[2] it — lying, +hatte man es ... liegen lassen+.
[3] and — forgotten = where it was forgotten.
[4] ran on = passed away.
[5] +nach.+
[6] the — copy = since the printers desired (+verlangen+) the same.
[7] to make inquiries, +Nachforschungen anstellen+.
[8] +und nun stellte es sich heraus.+
[9] finding — floor = in the opinion of finding a bundle of worthless papers on the floor.
[10] had used (+benutzen ... zu+) the same. Read carefully S. 87, N. 6, and construe accordingly.
[11] with = with it, S. 4, N. 5, _B_.
[12] Such = that.
[13] = which Mr. C. received.
[14] +Es blieb ihm indessen nichts anderes übrig, als.+
[15] +und er machte sich daran und führte es aus.+
[16] +Entwurf+, m.
[17] and — dismissed = and had to (= must) torture (+abmartern+) his memory in order to find again the from (+von+) him long forgotten facts, ideas, and expressions.
[18] composition = work; in the first instance = at first. Supply ‘for him’ after ‘pleasure’.
[19] Say ‘to write it for the (+zum+) second time was a painful and almost incredibly anxious (+angstvoll+) work.
[20] +Daß er sie durchführte.+
[21] = is; determination of purpose = strength of will, +Willenskraft+, f.; exceeded, +übertroffen+.
_Section 140._
HERO WORSHIP[1].
I.
Do[2] not think it a mean thing to look up to (+zu+) those who are superior to yourselves[3]. On the contrary, you will find in practice[4], that _it is_ only the meanest hearts, the shallowest and the basest (S. 128, N. 11) _who_ feel no admiration, but (S. 6, N. 10) only envy for those who are better than themselves, who delight in[5] finding fault with them, blackening (S. 1, N. 3) their character, and showing that they are not after all so much superior to other[6] people; while[7] _it is_ the noblest-hearted, the very men who are most worthy to be admired themselves, who feel[8] most the pleasure, the joy, and the strength of reverence (S. 3, N. 2); of[9] having some one whom they can look up to and admire; some one in whose company they can forget[10] themselves, their own interest, their own pleasure, their own honour and[11] glory, and cry: “Him I must hear; him I must follow; to him I must cling, whatever[12] may betide!”
[1] +Heldenverehrung+, f.
[2] Do — thing, +Halte es nicht für zu gering+.
[3] Use the second person plural; to be superior to a person, +einem weit überlegen sein+.
[4] in practice = always.
[5] in — them = to discover weaknesses in (+an+, with dat.) them.
[6] to other people = to others.
[7] while — men, +während die hochherzigsten Menschen, gerade diejenigen+.
[8] ‘to feel’, here +empfinden+; ‘most’ here = deepest, +am tiefsten+; pleasure, +Genuß+, m.
[9] In order to connect this sentence more closely with the preceding, I propose to say: ‘the pleasure (+Genuß+, m.) of having (S. 34, N. 10) some one to (+zu+) whom they _can_ look up, and whom they can admire’. The auxiliary ‘can’ must be omitted in the first instance.
[10] Where must you place the two verbs, and in what order?
[11] It is a matter of course that the words ‘their own’ must be repeated here in German. Why?
[12] Whatever (+Was auch+) may happen.
_Section 141._
HERO WORSHIP.
II.
Blessed[1] and ennobling is the feeling which gathers round a wise teacher or[2] a great statesman all _the_ more earnest, high-minded, pious youths of his generation[3]; the[4] feeling which makes[5] soldiers follow the general whom they trust, they know not why or whither, through danger[6], hunger, fatigue, and[7] death itself; the[4] feeling which, in its highest perfection, made[8] the Apostles forsake all and follow Christ[9], saying (S. 111, N. 6): “Lord, to[10] whom shall we go? Thou hast _the_ words of eternal life,” and which made them[11] ready to work[12] and to die for Him whom the world called the Son of the carpenter, but whom they, through[13] the Spirit of God bearing witness with their own pure and noble spirits, knew[14] to be the Son of the Living God.—CHARLES KINGSLEY, “THE WATER OF LIFE.”
[1] +Beglückend.+
[2] Repeat here the prep. ‘round’, +um+.
[3] generation = time.
[4] +jenes.+
[5] to make follow, +folgen heißen+, which verbs must be placed after the rel. clause; +folgen+ requires the dat.; to trust a person, +einem vertrauen+.
[6] Use the pl. with this noun.
[7] yea, even unto death.
[8] ‘to make’, here again +heißen+ (to bid), str. v. tr.; which place after ‘follow’ according to App. § 19.
[9] _Jesus Christ_ has retained its Latin declension, thus: N. +Jesus Christus+; G. +Jesu Christi+; D. +Jesu Christo+; Acc. +Jesum Christum+. Use the dat. +Christo+, since +folgen+ governs the dat.
[10] ‘to whom’, here +wohin+ (whither), which appears in the German text of the Bible.
[11] ‘to make ready’, here = to enable, +befähigen+.
[12] +wirken+ is more appropriate here than +arbeiten+, considering the elevated style of the whole speech.
[13] through — spirits, +kraft des göttlichen Geistes, der in ihren reinen, edlen Herzen Zeugnis ablegte+.
[14] knew to be, +als+ (followed by the Acc.) ... +erkannten+.
_Section 142._
JAMES WATT AND THE STEAM-ENGINE.
I.
James Watt was the great Improver of the steam-engine; but, in truth[1], as to all that is admirable in its structure, or vast in its utility, he should rather be described as its Inventor. _It was_ by his inventions _that_ its action[2] was so regulated as[3] to make it capable of being applied to the finest and most delicate manufactures, and its power so increased as to set weight and solidity at defiance. By his admirable contrivances[4] it has become a thing stupendous alike for its force and flexibility, for the prodigious power which it can exert, and the ease, precision, and ductility with which this power can be varied, distributed, and applied. The trunk of an elephant, that can pick up a pin or rend[5] an oak, is _as_ nothing to it. It can engrave a seal, and crush masses of obdurate metal _before it_, draw out without[6] breaking a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a bubble in the air. It can embroider[7] muslin and forge anchors, cut steel into ribbons[8], and impel[9] loaded vessels against the fury of the winds and waves.
[1] ‘in truth’ is better not translated here. Say ‘but in regard to (+in Rücksicht auf+) all that (S. 3, N. 7) refers (+sich beziehen+) to (+auf+) the excellence of its construction and (+wie+) to (+auf+) the variety (+Mannigfaltigkeit+, f.) of its application (+Nutzanwendung+, f.), should he rather (+eigentlich+) be called the Inventor of the same’.
[2] +Wirkung+, f.; in what voice is the verb? Insert the adv. +erst+ after the auxiliary.
[3] as — defiance = as (+um+) to be able to employ it in (+bei+) the making (+Anfertigung+, f.) of the finest and most delicate (+zart+) manufactures (+Fabrikate+), and its power so increased as (+um+) to be able to render resistance (+Widerstand leisten+) to every weight (+Last+, f.) and every solidity (+Festigkeit+, f.). Translate ‘to be able’ by +können+, which need be expressed but once, and must be placed at the very end of the whole period, which, along with the following, is perhaps the most difficult to translate that has yet been given.
[4] +Einrichtungen+; it = the machine; thing, +Werkzeug+, n., after which place the verb ‘become’; alike for, +und zwar dies sowohl wegen ... wie auch+.
[5] rend = tear down.
[6] Say ‘without tearing it’, which place after ‘gossamer’ (+Sommerfäden+).
[7] Insert the prep. +auf+ here.
[8] +Streifen.+
[9] to impel against, +entge´gentreiben+, governing the dat.
_Section 143._
JAMES WATT AND THE STEAM-ENGINE.
II.
It would be difficult to estimate the value of the benefits which these inventions have conferred upon this country. There is no branch of industry that has not been indebted[1] to them; and[2], in all the most material, they have not only widened most magnificently the field of its exertions, but[3] multiplied a thousand-fold the amount of its productions. It was our improved steam-engine, in short[4], that fought the battles of Europe and sustained and exalted, through[5] the late tremendous contest, the political greatness of our land. _It is_ the same great power _which_ now enables us to pay the interest of our debt, and to maintain[6] the arduous struggle _in which we are still engaged_ (1819) with the skill[7] and capital of countries (S. 16, N. 10) less oppressed with (+von+) taxation.
But these are poor[8] and narrow views of its importance. It has increased indefinitely the mass of[9] human comforts and enjoyments, and[10] rendered cheap and accessible, all over the world, the materials of wealth and prosperity.
[1] I am greatly indebted to you, +ich habe Ihnen vieles zu verdanken+.
[2] Say ‘and in the principal branches’; most magnificently, +auf das großartigste+.
[3] Insert ‘also’ here.
[4] +Kurz+, which place at the head of the period.
[5] through = in.
[6] +fortsetzen+, which rendering will make the relative clause ‘_in — engaged_’ superfluous.
[7] ‘skill’, here = industry.
[8] poor = superficial; narrow, +beschränkt+; of = about.
[9] of human = of our.
[10] +und die Stoffe, welche sonst nur dem Reichtum und dem Wohlstand zugänglich waren, für die ganze Welt billig und erreichbar gemacht.+
_Section 144._
JAMES WATT AND THE STEAM-ENGINE.
III.
It has armed the feeble hand of (S. 3, N. 2) man, _in_ short[1], with a power to which no limits can be assigned[2]; completed[3] the dominion of mind over the most refractory qualities of matter[4], and laid a sure foundation for[5] all those future miracles of mechanic power which[6] are to aid and reward the labours of after generations. It[7] is to the genius of one man, too, that all this is mainly owing! And certainly no man ever bestowed such a gift on his kind[8]. The blessing is not only universal, but[9] unbounded; and the fabled[10] inventors of the plough and the loom, who were deified by their rude[11] contemporaries, conferred less important benefits (App. § 5) on mankind than the inventor of our present steam-engine.
This will be the fame of Watt with[12] future generations, and it[13] is sufficient for his race and his country.—LORD JEFFREY.
[1] Commence the period with ‘_In_ short’.
[2] to assign limits to a thing, +einer Sache Grenzen stecken+.
[3] Say ‘it has completed’, etc.
[4] +Materie+, f.
[5] +zu+.
[6] Say ‘which are destined (+zu etwas bestimmt sein+, Comp. S. 87, N. 6) to assist and to reward the labours of (= of the) future generations’.
[7] It — owing = All this we owe mainly to the genius of a single man.
[8] +Geschlecht+, n.; use the verb in the Perfect; ever, +je vorher+.
[9] +sondern auch.+
[10] +sagenhaft.+
[11] rude = inexperienced.
[12] +bei+, with the def. art.
[13] +dieser.+
_Section 145._
MANUFACTURES OF ENGLAND[1].
The principal branches of[2] the industrial pursuits are the manufactures[3] of cotton, woollen[4], and worsted goods, iron and hardware, earthenware[5], hosiery, mining[6], and shipbuilding. The geographical distribution of the manufacturing[7] population is dependent partly on natural, partly on accidental circumstances. The proximity of a coal-field[8] decides the point[9] in many instances[10]; for, even where the raw material is bulky[11], it is generally more practicable to bring[12] it to the coal (+Kohlen+), than the coal to it, an[13] instance of which is furnished by the copper-ore of Cornwall being taken to Swansea to be smelted. The iron manufacture is carried on[14] generally at[15] the coal-fields, the[16] chief seats being south Wales, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire. The cotton manufacture has[17] been located in Lancashire and Cheshire for _the last_ three centuries; but[18] it has attained its present dimensions very much through those counties being readily furnished with the raw material from America, as[19] well as from the abundance of coal outside those counties; Manchester, Bolton, Oldham, Stockport, and Macclesfield are the chief seats of the manufacture.—BEVAN, “THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY.”
[1] +Die englische Industrie.+
[2] of — pursuits, +der Industrie+.
[3] +Fabrikation+, f.
[4] The preposition ‘of’ is best repeated in this enumeration; worsted, +aus Kammwolle gefertigt+; ‘goods’, here +Stoffe+.
[5] +irdenes Geschirr+ or +Töpferwaren+.
[6] +Berg- und Schiffsbau.+
[7] manufacturing = industrial.
[8] +Kohlenlager+, n.
[9] the point, +darüber+, which place last.
[10] instances = cases.
[11] +schwer und umfangreich.+
[12] +hin´schaffen+; than — it = than the reverse, +als umgekehrt+.
[13] It is well to begin a new period here, thus: ‘An example of this (+dazu+) furnishes the copper-ore of Cornwall, which is taken (+befördern+) to (S. 72, N. 4), S.’, etc.
[14] +betreiben+, insep. c. str. v.
[15] at the = in the neighbourhood of the.
[16] the — being = which are mainly situated (+belegen+) in.
[17] has been located, +ist ansässig+. =The Present is often used in German where the English use the Perfect to express the duration of an action up to the time of speaking=; as—+Unsere Familie ~wohnt seit~ zwanzig Jahren+ (or +~schon~ zwanzig Jahre+) +in Manchester+, our family _has been living_ in Manchester _for_ these last twenty years.
[18] but — America. This clause containing a Gerund (being) preceded by the preposition ‘through’, must be construed according to S. 1, N. 3, and S. 87, N. 6 in the following way: ‘but it (+sie+) has received its present dimension especially thereby (+dadurch+, read S. 87, N. 6), that these counties can easily be (S. 2, N. 1) supplied with the raw material from America’. The three verbs must, of course, be placed at the end, and in such a way that the governing verb (can) stands last, and the auxiliary of tense in the middle.
[19] as — counties = as also (+wie auch noch+) thereby, that the coal is [use the pl. in German] to be got (+zu haben sein+) in abundance in the neighbouring counties.
_Section 146._
MR. H. M. STANLEY’S APPEAL[1] FOR SUPPLIES.
I.
Village _of_ N’sanda[2], August 4, 1877.
To[3] any Gentleman who speaks English at Embomma.
Dear[4] Sir,
I have arrived at[5] this place from Zanzibar with 115 souls, (S. 53, N. 9) men, women, and children. We are now in[6] a state of imminent starvation. We can buy[7] nothing from the natives, for they laugh at[8] our _kinds of_ cloth[9], beads, and wire. There[10] are no provisions in the country that may be purchased, except on market days, and starving people cannot afford to wait for these markets. I[11], therefore, have made bold to despatch three of my young men[12], natives[13] of Zanzibar, with (+nebst+) a boy named Feruzi, of the English mission at Zanzibar, with this letter.
I do not know you, but[14] I am told there (S. 104, N. 19) is an Englishman at (+in+) Embomma, and as you are a Christian and a gentleman, I beg you not to disregard my request. The boy Robert will be better able to describe our lone condition than I[15] can tell you in this letter. We are in _a state of_ the greatest distress; but if your supplies[16] arrive in time, I[17] may be able to reach Embomma within four days.
[1] +Anruf um Zusendung von Waren.+
[2] The village of N’sanda is three days’ journey from Embomma, or Boma, which is a small town on the Congo or Livingstone River at a distance of sixty-five English miles from the Atlantic, and, with regard to Stanley’s position, may be considered the van of civilisation in Africa, being the first place inhabited by Europeans.—For the full understanding of this letter, it may be useful to observe that it was written at the critical period when, at their journey home from the sources of the Nile, and almost at the end of all their troubles, the heroic travellers of more than 7000 miles through Equatorial Africa found themselves face to face with the grimmest of all enemies—starvation. Nearly forty men filled the sick list with dysentery, ulcers, and scurvy, and the number of victims of the latter disease was steadily increasing. For a considerable time the people had had no other food but a few ground-nuts and bananas, and were scarcely more than skin and bone. In this extremity Mr. Stanley determined to despatch four of his strongest and swiftest men with this letter to Embomma, where he was told there was one Englishman, one Frenchman, and three Portuguese. He then intended to follow these men as quickly as possible with the rest of his people, and to meet them and the expected supplies on the road to Boma, thus gaining at least one or two days, which might turn out to be of the greatest importance to his starving followers.
[3] Use the attributive construction, as explained in S. 48, N. 6.
[4] +Geehrt.+
[5] at this place = here.
[6] +dem Verhungern nahe sein.+
[7] ‘buy’, here = exchange, +ein´tauschen+.
[8] +über+, with Acc.
[9] Say ‘cloths, beads, and wires’.
[10] Say ‘Except on (+Außer an+) market days there are (+sind+) in the (+auf dem+) country no provisions to be got (+zu haben+) that we can buy, and if one hungers, one cannot possibly wait for (+auf+, with Acc.) these markets.
[11] Say ‘I venture (after which use the grammatical object, as explained in S. 51, N. 13) therefore to send (+ab´senden+), etc.
[12] +Leute.+
[13] +welche aus Zanzibar gebürtig sind.+
[14] +man sagt mir jedoch.+
[15] I can tell you = I can do.
[16] ‘supplies’, here = goods.
[17] I may be able = I can perhaps (see App. § 15).
_Section 147._
MR. H. M. STANLEY’S APPEAL FOR SUPPLIES.
II.