PART II
_Statutes not Limited to War._ (See pp. 180–194 of text.)
A. _Red Flags and Other Insignia_:
_Arizona_ Laws, 1919, c. 11. 6 mos., $100-$300.
_California_ Laws, 1919, c. 142. Felony.
_Colorado_ Laws, 1919, c. 171. 1–10 yrs.
_Connecticut_ Public Acts, 1919, c. 35. 6 mos., $200. New Haven Red Flag Ordinance (1919), 29 _Yale L. Journ._ 108.
_Delaware_ Laws, 1919, c. 231. 15 yrs., $2,000.
_Idaho_ Laws, 1919, c. 96. 1–10 yrs., $1,000.
_Illinois_ Laws, 1919, p. 420, sec. 265 f. 1–10 yrs.
_Indiana_ Laws, 1919, c. 125 (preamble referring to Russia). 5 yrs., $5,000.
_Iowa_ Laws, 1919, c. 199. 6 mos., $1,000.
_Kansas_ Laws, 1919, c. 184. 18 mos.-3 yrs.
_Massachusetts_ Laws, 1913, c. 678, sec. 2 (repealed by Laws, 1915, c. 255). 6 mos., $100.
Comm. _v._ Karvonen, 219 Mass. 30 (1914).
_Michigan_ Laws, 1919, No. 104. 5 yrs., $1,000.
_Minnesota_ Laws, 1919, c. 46. Felony.
_Montana_ Laws, 1919, c. 25. 1–5 yrs., $500.
_Nebraska_ Laws, 1919, c. 208. 5 yrs., $1,000.
_New Jersey_ Laws, 1919, c. 78. 15 yrs., $2,000.
_New Mexico_ Laws, 1919, c. 33. 6 mos., $100.
_New York_ Laws, 1919, c. 409. Misdemeanor.
_Oklahoma_ Laws, 1919, c. 133. 10 yrs., $1,000.
_Oregon_ Laws, 1919, c. 35. 10 yrs., $1,000.
_South Dakota_ Laws, 1919, c. 191. 30 days, $100.
_Utah_ Laws, 1919, c. 129. 1–10 yrs., $1,000.
_Vermont_ Laws, 1919, c. 195. 6 mos., $200.
_Washington_ Laws, 1919, c. 181. Felony.
_West Virginia_ Laws, 1919, c. 24, sec. 2. 1 yr., $100-$500 (first offense); 1–5 yrs. (second offense).
_Wisconsin_ Laws, 1919, c. 369. $10-$100 (30 days on default).
B. _Statutes Against Incitement to Specific Acts of Violence_:
(Note: The grouping adopted below is necessarily somewhat arbitrary. Groups B-E run into one another, and the line between sedition and syndicalism is not always clear.)
*_Massachusetts_ Laws, 1919, c. 191. 3 yrs., $1,000.
*_New Jersey_ Laws, 1908, c. 278. High misdemeanor.
State _v._ Boyd, 86 N. J. L. 75; 87 N. J. L. 328 (1915). State _v._ Quinlan, 86 N. J. L. 120; 87 N. J. L. 333 (1915; with dissenting opinion). State _v._ Scott, 86 N. J. L. 133 (1914) (reversal).
_Vermont_ Laws, 1919, No. 194 (like Mass., but has “indirectly”). 3 yrs., $1,000.
C. _Statutes Against Incitement to Crime Generally_:
_Indiana_ Laws, 1919, c. 125, sec. 2 (includes advocacy of revolution by “general cessation of industry”). 5 yrs., $5,000.
_Washington_ Laws, 1909, c. 249, sec. 312. Gross misdemeanor.
State _v._ Fox, 71 Wash. 185 (1912). Fox _v._ Washington, 236 U. S. 273 (1915).
_Wyoming_ Laws, 1919, c. 76. 5 yrs., $5,000.
D. _Statutes Against Criminal Anarchy_:
*_New York_ Laws, 1902, c. 371. 10 yrs., $5,000:
Von Gerichten _v._ Seitz, 94 App. Div. 130 (1904).
_Washington_ Laws, 1909, c. 249, secs. 311, 314–316. 10 yrs., $5,000.
State _v._ Lowery, 104 Wash. 520 (1918).
E. _Peace-Time Sedition Statutes_:
*_Connecticut_ Public Acts, 1919, c. 191 (public advocacy of “any measure, doctrine, proposal or propaganda intended to injuriously affect the government” of U. S. or Conn.). 3 yrs., $1,000.
Public Acts, 1919, c. 312 (“abusive, disloyal, scurrilous matter about form of government of U. S., military forces, etc., or matter intended to bring them into contempt, or which creates or fosters opposition to organized government”). 5 yrs., $500.
_Hawaii_ Laws, 1918 sp., Act 19 (like contempt part of Espionage Act of 1918; also war clauses and peace clauses). 1–10 yrs., $100-$1,000.
_Illinois_ Laws, 1919, p. 420, adding to Criminal Code secs. 265 a-g (advocacy of reformation or overthrow of present representative form of government by violence or other unlawful means; issuing books, etc.; membership in society, etc.) 1–10 yrs.
_Iowa_ Laws, 1917, c. 372 (exciting or attempting to excite insurrection or sedition, advocating subversion or destruction by force of Ia. or U. S. government; attempting to excite hostility or opposition to them; membership in association, etc.). 20 yrs., $1,000-$10,000.
State _v._ Gibson, 174 N. W. 34 (1919).
_Louisiana_ Laws, 1917 sp., No. 24 (like Ia.). 20 yrs., $10,000.
_Montana_ Laws, 1919, c. 77 (like war-time statute, _supra_, and U. S. Espionage Act of 1918). 1–20 yrs., $200-$20,000.
_New Hampshire_ Laws, 1919, c. 155 (advocating overthrow of government or interference with any public or private right whatever by force; any act which _tends_ to encourage violation of law). 10 yrs., $5,000. Injunction provision.
_New Jersey_ Laws, 1918, c. 44 (like Ia.). 20 yrs., $10,000.
_New York_ Laws, 1917, vol. 2, c. 416 (removal of officers, civil service employees, and teachers for treasonable or seditious acts or utterances).
Laws, 1918, vol. 2, c. 246 (elimination of school textbooks containing seditious or disloyal matter).
_Pennsylvania_ Laws, 1919, No. 275 (any publication, utterance, or conduct which _tends_ to cause any outbreak of violence, to encourage conduct with a view of overthrowing by force or show or threat of force the government of U. S. or Pa., to encourage any overt act with a view of bringing them into hatred or contempt, or to incite harm to officials or public property, etc. _Cf._ Palmer federal bill). 20 yrs., $100-$10,000.
_West Virginia_ Laws, 1919, c. 24 (see text). 1 yr., $100-$500 (first offense); 1–5 yrs. (second offense).
_Criminal Syndicalism Statutes_ (substantially of a uniform type, unless otherwise noted):
_Alaska_ Laws, 1919, c. 6. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Arizona_ Laws, 1918 sp., c. 13 (special wording). 10 yrs., $5,000. Message of Governor Hunt, refusing to sign this Act, _ibid._ 49; Senate and House Resolutions denouncing the I.W.W., _ibid._ 55, 67.
*_California_ Laws, 1919, c. 188. 1–14 yrs.
_Ex parte_ McDermott, 183 Pac. 437 (1919).
_Hawaii_ Laws, 1919, c. 186. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Idaho_ Laws, 1917, c. 145. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Iowa_ Laws, 1919, c. 382. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Michigan_ Laws, 1919, No. 255. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Minnesota_ Laws, 1917, c. 215. 10 yrs., $5,000.
State _v._ Moilen, 167 N. W. 345 (1918); 1 A. L. R. 331.
_Montana_ Laws, 1918 sp., c. 7. 1–5 yrs., $200-$1,000.
_Nebraska_ Laws, 1919, c. 261. (Adds “or for profit”) 1–10 yrs., $1,000.
_Nevada_ Laws, 1919, c. 22. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Ohio_ Laws, 1919, House Bill No. 477. 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Oklahoma_ Laws, 1919, c. 70. (Adds “or for profit.”) 10 yrs., $5,000.
_Oregon_ Laws, 1919, c. 12. (Adds “or for profit.”) 1–10 yrs., $1,000.
_South Dakota_ Laws, 1918, c. 38. 1–25 yrs., $1,000-$10,000.
_Utah_ Laws, 1919, c. 127. 1–5 yrs., $200-$1,000.
_Washington_ Laws, 1919, c. 3. 10 yrs., $5,000. (Repealed by the following act.)
Laws, 1919, c. 174 (special wording, favoring “crime, sedition, violence, intimidation or injury” as a means of change). Felony.
Laws, 1919, c. 173 (special wording, favoring sabotage). Felony.
INDEX OF CASES
NOTE: Prosecutions are indexed by the name of the accused, whether conducted by the King (Rex), the Queen (Regina), the United States, or a state (People, Commonwealth, Respublica). All other cases are indexed by the plaintiff’s name. Important prosecutions and election cases are also in the General Index. Many federal and state prosecutions not discussed in this book are indexed in Appendices II and V.
Abbott, _Re_, 320 _n._, 321 _n._
Abrams _v._ U. S., 120–160; see General Index.
Acklen Election Case, 349 _n._
Ahearn, P. _v._, 352 _n._
Ahlers, R. _v._, 326 _n._
Albers, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._, 59 _n._
American School of Magnetic Healing _v._ McAnnulty, 105 _n._, 285 _n._
American Socialist Society _v._ U. S., 27 and _n._, 308, 356.
Aso, U. S. _v._, 167, 168 and _n._, 173.
Atchison etc. Ry. _v._ Brown, 11 _n._
August _v._ U. S., 149 _n._
Ault, U. S. _v._, 115 _n._
Bailey _v._ Alabama, 36 _n._
Baker, U. S. _v._, 101 _n._
Baltzer, U. S. _v._, 64, 65 and _n._, 88 _n._
Bancroft _v._ Frear, 320 _n._
Barker, P. _v._, 340 _n._, 342 _n._
Beatty _v._ Gillbanks, 183 and _n._
Beresford-Hope _v._ Lady Sandhurst, 319 _n._
Berger Election Case, 315–332; see General Index.
Bernat and Dixon, _Ex parte_, 272 _n._
Billingsley _v._ U. S., 166 _n._
Blanding, C. _v._, 8 _n._, 24 _n._
Blodgett, U. S. _v._, 62, 64.
Blount, Expulsion Case, 346 _n._
Blum, Matter of, 304 _n._
Bollman and Swartwout, _Ex parte_, 325 _n._
Bosny _v._ Williams, 236 and _n._
Boutin, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Boyd, S. _v._, 192 _n._
Boyd _v._ U. S., 299, 300, 303 _n._, 335 _n._
Bradlaugh Election Case, 344.
Bright Expulsion Case, 346, 347, 350 _n._
Brinton, U. S. _v._, 83.
Bryant _v._ U. S., 40 _n._
Buessel, U. S. _v._, 128 _n._
Burman, P. _v._, 183 _n._
Bush, P. _ex rel._, _v._ Thornton, 342 _n._, 347 _n._
Butler _v._ Perry, 36 _n._
Campbell _v._ Cannon, 347 _n._, 351 _n._
Cannon, Election and Expulsion Cases, 345 _n._, 347 _n._, 351 and _n._
Carlisle _v._ U. S., 326 _n._
Casement, R. _v._, 325, 326.
Chandler, S. _v._, 31 _n._
Charges to Grand Jury, 327 _n._
Chin Wah, _Re_, 241 _n._
Chin Yow _v._ U. S., 255 _n._
Clap, C. _v._, 24 _n._
Clark, S. _v._, 151 _n._
Clark, U. S. _v._, 215 and _n._
Clarke, _Ex parte_, 307 _n._
Claudius _v._ Davie, 7 _n._
Coaks, R. _v._, 319 _n._
Cobbett, Trial of, 8 _n._
Coldwell, U. S. _v._, 9 _n._
Colyer and Katzeff _v._ Skeffington, 242–249, 257, 270 and _n._, 271, 339.
Comfort _v._ Fulton, 304 _n._
Connolly _v._ Union Sewer Pipe Co., 282 _n._
Cowan _v._ Fairbrother, 12 _n._
Croswell, P. _v._, 30 and _n._
Cummings _v._ Missouri, 302 _n._, 342 _n._
Curran, U. S. _v._, 128 _n._
Cuthell, R. _v._, 58 and _n._
Dailey _v._ Superior Court, 61 _n._
Dalton, S. _v._, 344 _n._
Danbury Hatters’ Case, 53 _n._
Darmer, U. S. _v._, 110 _n._
Darwin, S. _v._, 112 _n._
Davidson _v._ New Orleans, 16 _n._
Dean of St. Asaph, R. _v._, 8 _n._, 9 _n._
Debs _v._ U. S., 90–93; see General Index.
Dennie, Resp. _v._, 8 _n._
Denson, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._, 59 _n._
Dobbs’ Case, 150 _n._
Doe _v._ U. S., 60, 67.
Drakard, R. _v._, 27, 28.
Eastman, P. _v._, 171 _n._
Eastman, U. S. _v._, 85 _n._, 86, 126.
Ehrich _v._ Root, 306 _n._
Eisner _v._ Macomber, 106 _n._
Entinck _v._ Carrington, 298 _n._, 304.
Equi, U. S. _v._, 33 _n._, 128 _n._
Flagg, C. _v._, 165.
Fong Yue Ting _v._ U. S., 235 _n._, 241 _n._, 249 _n._
Fontana, U. S. _v._, 48 _n._
Foster, Matter of, 307 _n._
Fox, S. _v._, 188 _n._
Fox _v._ Spicer, 42 _n._
Fox _v._ Washington, 188 _n._
Fraina _v._ U. S., 13 _n._, 59 and _n._
Frank _v._ Skeffington, 252–254.
Freerks, S. _v._, 57 _n._
French _v._ Senate, 340 _n._
Fricke, U. S. _v._, 41 _n._, 326 _n._
Frishman, C. _v._, 182–185.
Frohwerk _v._ U. S., 15, 16 and _n._, 88 _n._, 90.
Furman, P. _ex. rel._, _v._ Clute, 320 _n._
Garland, _Ex parte_, 342 _n._
Gegiow _v._ Uhl, 239 _n._
Gibson, S. _v._, 111 _n._
Gillow, R. _v._, 150 _n._
Gilmore, S. _v._, 344 _n._
Goetcheus _v._ Matthewson, 342 _n._
Goldman, U. S. _v._, 13 _n._, 41 _n._, 126.
Goldsmith, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._, 59 _n._
Goldstein _v._ U. S., 10 _n._, 60, 61.
Gompers _v._ Bucks Stove and Range Co., 53 _n._
Gompers _v._ U. S., 32 _n._
Grafton _v._ Connor, 349 _n._
Granzow, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Grau, U. S. _ex rel._, _v._ Uhl, 272 _n._
Green _v._ Shumway, 342 _n._
Guiney _v._ Bonham, 272 _n._
Gulf etc. Ry. _v._ Ellis, 282 _n._
Haffer, P. _v._, 172 _n._
Hall, U. S. _v._, 59 _n._
Halliday, R. _v._, 42 _n._
Halter _v._ Nebraska, 112 _n._
Harris Expulsion Case, 345 _n._, 346.
Harrison, _Ex parte_, 11 _n._
Harshfield _v._ U. S., 59 and _n._, 93 _n._
Hatzel _v._ Hall, 341 _n._
Haywood, U. S. _v._, 85 _n._, 87 _n._, 163.
Head _v._ U. S., 88 _n._
Henning, U. S. _v._ 48 _n._
Herbert Expulsion Case, 345 _n._
Hiss _v._ Bartlett, 340 _n._
Hitchcock, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Hodges, U. S. _v._, 326 _n._
Holm, S. _v._, 111 _n._
Houston _v._ Moore, 112 _n._
Hunt, R. _v._, 27, 28, 68.
Hurtado _v._ California, 36 _n._
I. C. C. _v._ Brimson, 242 _n._
Jackson, _Ex parte_, (Fed.), 241 _n._, 242 _n._, 273 _n._, 274.
Jackson, _Ex parte_, (U. S.), 108 _n._
Ju Toy, U. S. _v._, 238 _n._, 255 and _n._
Kammann _v._ U. S., 93 _n._
Kansas _v._ Colorado, 34 _n._
Karvonen, C. _v._, 186 _n._, 187 _n._
Kaufman, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Kentucky _v._ Dennison, 191 _n._
Kentucky Members Election Case, 350 _n._
Kirchner, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Konkel _v._ S., 112 _n._
Krafft, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Kramer, U. S. _v._, 110 _n._
Kumpula _v._ U. S., 83 and _n._
Listman, U. S. _v._, 115 _n._
Loewe _v._ Lawlor, 53 _n._
Lopez _v._ Howe, 278–280.
Louthan _v._ C., 11 _n._
Lowery, S. _v._, 272 _n._
Low Hong, U. S. _v._, 255 _n._
Low Wah Suey _v._ Backus, 238 _n._, 239 _n._
Ludemann, S. _v._, 60 _n._
Lynch, P. _v._, 111 _n._
Lyon Expulsion Case, 329, 345.
McClure, S. _v._, 7 _n._
McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 34 _n._
McDonald, P. _v._, 303 _n._
McGrorty _v._ Hooper, 351 _n._
McKee, S. _v._, 11 _n._
McKee _v._ Young, 347 _n._, 350 _n._
McNeill, _Re_, 344 _n._
Magon _v._ U. S., 214 _n._
Mahaney, P. _v._, 341 _n._
Mamaux _v._ U. S., 80 _n._
Martin, U. S. _v._, 128 _n._
Masses Publishing Co. _v._ Patten, 46–56; see General Index.
Maxwell _v._ Cannon, 347 _n._, 351 _n._
Meckel, _Ex parte_, 111 _n._, 192 _n._
Merryman, _Ex parte_, 34 _n._, 81 _n._
Metcalf, S. _ex rel._, _v._ Dist. Ct., 11 _n._
Miller, _In re_, 257, 261 _n._, 339.
Miller, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Milligan, _Ex parte_, 33 and _n._, 42 _n._, 69 _n._, 81 _n._, 96 _n._, 113, 116, 117 _n._, 325.
Milwaukee Social Dem. Pub. Co. _v._ Burleson, 316 _n._
Mitchell, _Ex parte_, 239 _n._
Moilen, S. _v._, 192 _n._, 272 _n._
Molyneux, P. _v._, 85 _n._
Moore, U. S. _v._, 150 _n._
Most, P. _v._, 205, 206.
Most, R. _v._, 205 _n._
Moy Suey _v._ U. S., 255 _n._
Moy Wing Sun _v._ Prentis, 241 _n._
Muir, R. _v._, 28, 146 _n._
Mutual Film Co. _v._ Industrial Commn., 10 _n._
Nagler, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Neagle, _Re_, 200.
Nearing, U. S. _v._, 27, 53 _n._, 55 _n._, 85 _n._, 125.
Nesin, P. _v._, 110 _n._
New Yorker Staats-Zeitung _v._ Nolan, 110 _n._
Nishimura Ekiu _v._ U. S., 230 _n._
Norman _v._ Mathews, 42 _n._
Ogletree _v._ S., 150 _n._
O’Hare, U. S. _v._, 83, 162.
Orear _v._ U. S., 40 _n._
Oswald, Resp. _v._, 8 _n._
Pacific Ry. Com’n, _In re_, 242 _n._
Palmer, R. _v._, 28.
Pape, U. S. _v._, 59 and 60 _n._
Patterson _v._ Colorado, 9 _n._
Peaslee, C. _v._, 53, 89.
Pembliton, R. _v._, 150 _n._
Pettine, _Ex parte_, 280 _n._, 281 _n._
Phillips, U. S. _v._, 13 _n._, 41 _n._, 79 _n._, 126.
Pierce, S. _v._, 11 _n._
Pierce, U. S. _v._, 13 _n._, 94 and _n._, 101–106, 134, 135 _n._, 285 _n._
Pioneer Press Co., S. _v._, 12 _n._
Powell Expulsion Case, 346.
Preis, _In re_, 257, 261.
Printing Co., S. _v._, 12 _n._
Public Clearing House _v._ Coyne, 108 _n._
Quinlan, S. _v._, 189 _n._
Ragan, S., _ex rel._, _v._ Junkin, 11 _n._
Rathbone _v._ Wirth, 343 _n._
Reeder, U. S. _v._, 41 _n._
Roach Election Case, 349 _n._
Roberts Election Case, 345 _n._, 347 _n._, 350 _n._, 352 and _n._
Roberts _v._ People, 150 _n._
Roberts, Resp. _v._, 326 _n._
Robertson _v._ Baldwin, 7 _n._, 36 _n._
Robinson, U. S. _v._, 41 _n._, 324 _n._, 326 _n._, 327 _n._
Rogers _v._ Common Council, 343 _n._
Rogers, U. S. _v._, 166 _n._
Ronnfeldt _v._ Phillips, 119 _n._
Russell, Bertrand, R. _v._, 2, 42 _n._, 59 and _n._
St. Louis etc. Ry. _v._ Griffin, 11 _n._
Samson _v._ Columbia, 110 _n._
Sandberg, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._, 59 _n._
Sanford _v._ Richardson, 305 _n._
Schaefer _v._ U. S., 85, 87, 94–101, 106, 218 _n._, 265 and _n._
Schenck _v._ U. S., 9 _n._, 16 _n._, 88–93; see General Index.
Schoberg, U. S. _v._, 38 _n._, 59 _n._
Schurmann _v._ U. S., 110 _n._
Scott, S. _v._, 189 _n._
Selective Draft Law Cases, 7 _n._, 40 _n._
Shaffer, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Shelley’s Case, 38.
Silverthorne Lumber Co. _v._ U. S., 242 _n._, 299 _n._, 300.
Skuy _v._ U. S., 149 _n._
Smith _v._ Brown, 320 _n._, 347 _n._, 350 _n._
Smoot Election Case, 347 _n._, 352, 353.
Socialists Election Case, 332–364.
Spirit of ’76, U. S. _v._, 10, 38 _n._, 43, 60, 61.
Star _v._ Brush, 110 _n._
Star Opera _v._ Hylan, 110 _n._, 183 _n._
Stark Election Case, 347 _n._, 349, 350 and _n._
Starr, _Ex parte_, 113 _n._
Steene, U. S. _v._, 116 _n._
Stephens, U. S. _v._, 51 _n._
Stern _v._ Remick, 242 _n._
Stilson _v._ U. S., 93 and _n._
Stokes, U. S. _v._, 13 _n._, 28 _n._, 58, 59, 67, 87 _n._, 92, 118, 119.
Strong, U. S. _v._, 115 _n._
Stuppiello, U. S. _v._, 280 _n._
Sugarman _v._ U. S., 88 _n._, 89, 90.
Sultan _v._ Star Co., 110 _n._
Swelgin, U. S. _v._, 272 and 273 _n._
Swift _v._ U. S., 53 _n._
Symes _v._ Trimble, 350 _n._
Tachin, S. _v._, 111 _n._, 112 _n._, 192 _n._
Taubert, U. S. _v._, 81 _n._
Thomas Election Case, 347 _n._, 350 _n._
Toledo Newspaper Co. _v._ U. S., 12 and _n._
Townley; see General Index.
Truss, _In re_, 257.
Turner _v._ Williams, 275, 277, 278, 283.
U. S. Steel Corp., U. S. _v._, 106 _n._
Vallandigham, _Ex parte_, 117 _n._, 325.
Van Lonkhuyzen _v._ Daily News, 110 _n._
Vegelahn _v._ Guntner, 53 _n._
Von Bank, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Von Gerichten _v._ Seitz, 188 _n._
Waldman Election Case, 332–364.
Waldron, U. S. _v._, 61, 62.
Wallace, U. S. _v._, 13 _n._, 62.
Wallace _v._ Georgia Ry., 11 _n._
Weeks _v._ U. S., 241 _n._, 299 _n._, 300.
Weems _v._ U. S., 148 _n._
Weinsberg, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Weist, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Wells _v._ U. S., 41 _n._, 168 and _n._, 173.
Werner, U. S. _v._, 41 _n._, 327 _n._; see Schaefer _v._ U. S.
Wheeler, U. S. _v._, 45 _n._
Whitaker, P. _v._, 110 _n._
White, U. S. _v._, 57 _n._
Whittemore Election Case, 349 _n._
Wiborg _v._ U. S., 149 _n._
Wilkes _v._ Wood, 297 _n._
Wilkes Election Case, 311–315, 328, 356.
Wishek, U. S. _v._, 48 _n._
Wong Quong Wong, U. S. _v._, 241 _n._
Workingmen’s Co-operation Publishing Association, U. S. _ex rel._, _v._ Burleson, 115 _n._
Wursterbarth, U. S. _v._, 109, 110 _n._
Young, U. S. _v._, 325 _n._, 326 _n._
Zenger trial, 23 and _n._
Zimmerman, U. S. _v._, 82.
GENERAL INDEX
NOTE: The Index of Cases should also be consulted for prosecutions, etc., since only a few of the most important are listed in this index.
ABERCROMBIE, J. W., Solicitor of the Department of Labor, 243, 248, 249, 258.
ABOLITIONISTS, 3, 209, 210, 372.
ABRAMS, Jacob, 123–126, 131, 138 _n._, 141, 142, 148; trial and decision, 9 _n._, 22 _n._, 46, 68, 85 _n._, 93, 94, 100, 106, 116; chapter III., 120–160, 202, 207, 215, 216, 220.
ADAMS, John, 2, 210, 299; on assassination, 223.
ADDISON, Judge, 21 _n._
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, conclusiveness of the decisions of officials: post-office, 45, 54, 106–109, 199, 233, 234; deportations, 232–240, 254–256, 291, 292; treaty funds and Land Office, 233; taxation, 233; danger of wide range of administrative discretion in criminal statutes, 75.
_Agents provocateurs_, 269–271.
AGITATORS, value for liberty, 294, 295.
ALDRICH, Edgar, Judge, 81.
_Alice in Wonderland_, 232, 334.
ALIEN LAW OF 1798, 1, 162; text summarized, 29; compared with contemporary deportations, 109, 240.
ALIENS, denaturalization of, see same; deportation of, 109, 110, 229–293; value to U. S., 227, 236, 289, 293; reasons for not becoming naturalized, 235, 236.
ALTERCATIONS, language in, prosecuted, 59 and _n._, 68.
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR, 193, 198, 255, 267, 272 _n._, 278.
AMERICAN LABOR PARTY, 267.
_American Labor Year-Book_, 257, 273 _n._, 305 _n._, 308 _n._, 319 _n._
AMERICAN PROTECTIVE LEAGUE, 71, 308.
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 2, 9, 17, 21, 24, 46, 203, 209, 299, 326 _n._; censorship of moving pictures, 10, 60, 61.
AMERICAN SOCIALIST SOCIETY, Rand School, 308–310; prosecution, 27 and _n._, 308, 356.
AMERICANISM, 178, 227, 331, 362, 372.
AMIDON, C. F., Judge, 46, 48 _n._, 56, 76, 83.
AMNESTY, after Civil War, 2; after World War, 116, 117, 118 and _n._
ANARCHISTS, 2, 83, 97, 223, 309; in Abrams case, 123, 142–147, 159; past outrages, 164, 165; regulation of explosives, 168, 169; state statutes against criminal anarchy, 187–194; anarchy acts generally, 163–228 _passim_; extradition, 191 _n._; deportations of violent anarchists, 275; of philosophical anarchists, 275–280, 285.
ANDERSON, A. B., Judge (Ind.), 82.
ANDERSON, F. M., on Sedition Law of 1798, 78 _n._, 81 _n._
ANDERSON, G. W., Judge (Mass.), 70 _n._, 194 _n._, 242–250, 253–257, 268.
ANGELL, W. F., on Caillaux trial, 136 _n._
ANSELL, S. T., General, on militia, 111 _n._
ANTIN, Mary, 82.
ANTONELLI, Étienne, _La Russie Bolcheviste_, 132 _n._
ANTONY, funeral oration, 55, 214.
ARIETE, EL, anarchistic society, 167, 168, 173, 174.
ARIZONA, Bisbee deportations, 45; syndicate law, 190.
ARMY, criticism of flogging in, 27, 28, 68; abuse of uniform, crime, 45, 114, 115; criticism of incompetent general by troops, 50. See CONSCRIPTION; WAR.
_Army and the Press, Relation Between_, 98, 99.
ARRESTS, without warrant, in Civil War, 116, 117; under Espionage Act, 123, 159; in deportation proceedings, 237, 241 and _n._, 243–246, 248; of citizens for deportation, 242, 244, 245, 249, 252–256; general warrants, 296, 297.
ART, and freedom of speech, 17, 31, 32, 175. See CENSORSHIP.
ASSASSINATION, 52, 163–169 _passim_, 173, 175, 196, 198, 199, 205 _passim_, 230, 231, 263, 268.
ASSEMBLY, right of, 5, 7 _n._, 50; in war, 57, 58; in peace, 172, 177, 178, 180, 182–185, 205, 206; permits for use of streets, 15, 180, 182, 183; red flag laws, 180–187.
ASSOCIATION, guilt by, 112, 113, 192, 193, 230, 231 and _n._, 250, 257, 262–268, 281, 285, 336, 337, 360, 361.
ASSOCIATIONS, to suppress sedition, 71, 72, 357.
ATHEISTS, 2, 172 _n._, 196 and _n._
ATTEMPTS, criminal, 304 _n._; relation to freedom of speech, 25, 165, 173; to Espionage Act, 51–53, 88, 89, 155; attempts to obstruct recruiting, 41, 44, 46; in federal crimes, 166, 201.
ATTORNEY GENERAL, alleged Star-Spangled Banner prosecutions, 102, 103; supervision over judges, 84, 85; no control over deportations, 242, 252. See GREGORY; PALMER; JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF.
AUDIENCE, character of, as affecting criminality of utterances, 57–61, 206.
BAGEHOT, Walter, 34, 140 _n._, 197, 207, 289 _n._
BAIL, under Espionage Act, 46; in deportations, 248.
BAKUNIN, 221.
BALDWIN, Roger, 193 _n._
BARKLEY, F. R., 248 _n._, 255 _n._
BEALE, Joseph H., on criminal attempts, 51 _nn._
BEAN, R. S., Judge, 33 _n._
BEARD, imprisonment for wearing long, 172, 183.
BECKSTROM, J. W., prosecution, 102 _n._
BEECHER, Edw., _Alton Riots_, 3 _n._
BELGIUM, 63.
BENTHAM, J., 266.
BERGER, Victor L., _Milwaukee Leader_, 64, 107, 315–318, 323; prosecution, 79, 101, 162, 318, 319, 323, 331; exclusion from Congress, 201, 315–332, 333, 336.
BERKMAN, A., 47.
BERRI, Duc de, 175.
BETTMAN, Alfred, 73, 125 _n._, 167, 262 _n._, 263 _n._
BEVERIDGE, A. J., _Life of Marshall_, 11 _n._, 22, 23 _n._, 65 _n._, 81 _n._, 211 _n._, 265 _n._, 330 _n._
_Bible_, 110, 332, 333; prosecution for quoting, 218. See JESUS.
BIKLÉ, H. W., on sedition law, 199 _n._, 204 _n._
BILLBOARD-POSTERS, indecent, 10.
BILL OF RIGHTS, adopted by U. S., 4; important for interpreting as well as invalidating statutes, 4–6; comparison with European constitutions, 5 and _n._; subject to implied exceptions, 7; apply in war, 33, 34, 42 _n._, 86 and _n._; do not crystallize antiquity, 35, 36; deportation, 281–291; miscellaneous references, 3, 228.
BISBEE DEPORTATIONS, 45.
BISHOP, on intent, 150 _n._
BISMARCK, sedition legislation, 263.
BLACK, Jeremiah, 69, 113.
BLACKSTONE, William, 9, 31 _n._; definition of freedom of speech, 8–12, 19, 21, 22 _n._, 23 _n._, 31, 32, 108, 199; on incitement, 53; on Wilkes, 313.
BLANC, Louis, 286 _n._
BLASPHEMY, 14, 170, 172.
BLEDSOE, B. F., Judge, 10, 38.
BOLSHEVISTS, in U. S., 2, 60–120 _passim_, 124, 168, 185, 196, 197, 219, 261, 309; Overman Committee, 134, 135, 164. See RUSSIA.
BOMBS, 163–169 _passim_, 196, 212, 268.
BONDS. See LIBERTY BONDS.
BOOKS, danger of suppression under federal sedition law, 220–224; Rand School, 308–310.
BORAH, Senator, 37 _n._
BOSTON, 182–186, 191, 311.
BOURQUIN, G. M., Judge, 59 _n._, 273 _n._, 274.
BRADLAUGH, Charles, exclusion case, 344.
BRADLEY, Joseph, Justice, 299, 335.
BRANDEIS, L. D., Justice, 53 _n._, 85, 89, 94–106, 148, 202, 218, 285 _n._
BRAXFIELD, Lord, 87, 146 _n._, 210.
BREACH OF THE PEACE, acts causing, not protected by free speech clauses, 24, 25; punishment of language as, 74 and _n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._, 111, 171, 172, 205, 208.
BREWER, Justice, 278.
BRIGHT, John, 104, 117.
BRISSENDEN, Paul, 292.
BROOK FARM, 177, 277.
BROWN, Philip A., _French Revolution in English History_, 28 _n._, 146 _n._
BRYCE, James, 6 _n._, 363 _n._
_Buford_, 230, 249.
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, 164, 195, 243–247, 269–271. See JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF.
BURKE, Edmund, 266, 313, 314, 338, 355, 361.
BURLESON, A. R., Postmaster General, 107, 108, 109 _n._, 115, 199, 229, 335.
BURNSIDE, Ambrose E., General, suppression of newspapers, 116.
BURR, Aaron, 201, 265.
BYRON, 52.
CAFFEY, F. Z., U. S. Attorney, 126.
CAILLAUX, Mme., trial, 136 _n._
CALIFORNIA, syndicalism prosecution, 190 _n._; Oriental question, 209.
CALLENDER, prosecution under Act of 1798, 78 _n._
CAMBRIDGE, raids, 311.
CAMDEN, Lord, 297, 298.
CAMINETTI, A., Commissioner General of Immigration, 243, 251.
CAMPBELL, Lord, 344.
CANADA, free speech in, 42, 218, 269.
CARROLL, T. F., on war laws, 42 _n._, 325 _n._
CARTOONS, Opper, 52; in _Masses_, 46.
CASEMENT, Sir Roger, treason prosecution, 325, 326.
CENSORSHIP, press, 8–12, 19, 21, 23 _n._, 25, 32, 38, 42 and _n._, 179, 180; in Russia, 176, 294 _n._; billboards, 10; moving pictures, 10, 61 _n._, 179, 203 _n._; theater, 172, 175; mails, see POST-OFFICE, telegraph, 109 _n._; of military information, 10, 98, 99; by municipalities, 110 _n._, 190, 191; foreign language press, see same; _Ex post facto_ censorship of books, 190, 220–224.
CENTRALIA SHOOTINGS, 115, 163, 197, 212.
CHAMBERLAIN, Senator, sedition bill, 41, 42.
CHASE, Samuel, Justice, 80.
CHASE, S. P., Chief Justice, 33 _n._
CHATHAM, Lord, 250, 295, 296.
CHESTERFIELD, Lord, 52.
_Chicago Times_, suppression, 116 and 117 _n._
CHINESE, exclusion of, 230 _ff._, 255, 273.
CHIVERS, Ellen, testifies against Socialist assemblymen, 357, 358, 364.
CIBBER, Colley, 175.
CITIZENS, American, arrests for deportation, see ARRESTS; in foreign countries, 288 and _n._
CIVIL RELIEF ACT, SOLDIERS’ AND SAILORS’, 112.
CIVIL WAR, American, 2, 363; opposition to, 41, 46, 81, 90, 116, 117; treason cases, 324; legislation exclusions, 325–330, 345–353.
CLARKE, J. H., Justice, 87, 94, 129, 139, 140–142, 148–159, 215, 216.
CLAESSENS, August, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
CLAY, Henry, 330.
CLAYTON, H. D., Judge, in Abrams trial, 28 _n._, 86 _n._, chapter III., 125–148.
COBDEN, Richard, 117.
COKE, Edward, 19.
COLLEGES, expulsion of pacifist student, 110 _n._
_Collier’s Weekly_, on telegraph censorship, 109 _n._
_Columbia Law Review_, 192 _n._, 263 _n._
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, expels pacifist student, 110 _n._
COLYER CASE, deportations, 242–250, 257, 268, 270 and _n._, 271, 339, 357.
COMMON LAW, not embodied in constitutional definition of free speech, 14, 22–24, 170; of crimes not adopted in U. S. courts, 22.
COMMUNISTS, 52, 139, 172, 177, 188, 223, 365; raids, 230, 242–272; under Espionage Act, 261; Communist Labor Party, 243 _ff._, 250, 256, 257, 261 and _n._, 262, 339; Communist Party of America, 243, 250; origin, 256, 262, 268; program and Secretary Wilson’s decision, 256–262; proof of membership in, 231 _n._, 250, 257, 262–268; spies in, 268–272; Communist International, 259, 260, 334.
COMMUTATIONS, of Espionage Act sentences, 73, 86 _n._ See PARDONS.
CONFEDERACY, control of the press, 117 and _n._
CONGRESS, 116; freedom of debates, 3; criticism of, punished under Sedition Act of 1798, 29, 204; under Espionage Act, 62–64, 102 _ff._, 129; declaration of war against Germany, 40; used as evidence in prosecutions, 57, 103 _ff._; freedom of discussion for elections, 62–65, 329–331; sedition bills, 194–199; House Rules hearings, 198, 250–252; House Judiciary Committee, 197; House Immigration Committee, 251; repays fines of 1798, 30, 157; Continental Congress, 17; Confederate Congress, 117 _n._ See UNITED STATES STATUTES; SEDITION BILLS; ESPIONAGE ACT; DEPORTATIONS; LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSIONS (Berger, Test Oath Act, etc.).
CONNECTICUT, Bridgeport strike, 153; sedition prosecution, 190 _n._; Hartford deportations, 246.
CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS, discussion of, 2, 47, 59, 86.
CONSCRIPTION, military, violation of, 40, 144, 145; constitutionality, 7, 35, 40; criminal to discuss, 57, 62, 88; advocacy of resistance to draft, 40, 41, 53, 57, 88–90, 200; discussion opposing draft, 25, 57, 62, 64, 65, 86, 102; in _Masses_ case, 46–56; opposing re-election of Congressmen who voted for, 62; urging rearrangement of quotas, 64, 65; men of draft age held within armed forces, 57, 58, 64; efficiency of draft organization, 40, 64; slacker round-up, 107, 108; in peace, 35, 115, 358.
CONSERVATIVES, benefit from freedom of speech, 3; some advocate violence, 260, 261.
CONSPIRACY, at common law, 92, 110 _n._; under United States Criminal Code, in war, 40–42, 46, 81 _n._, 90, 101, 148 _n._, 168, 173; in peace, 166–169, 173, 196, 205, 206, 213; does not cover injurious conduct of single person, 41, 50, 90, 167, 196; under Espionage Act, 43, 45, 124, 265.
CONSTANT, Benj., 286.
CONSTITUTION, see various topics, e.g., SPEECH, FREEDOM OF; also UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, and the names of states; and BILLS OF RIGHTS.
CONSTRUCTIVE MEASURES, proposed by writer, for opposition to war, 41, 46; for anarchy and violence, 165–169; for I.W.W., 274, 275; for revolutionary aliens generally, 289–293.
CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS, 8, 11 _n._, 12 _n._, 15.
CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, address to people of Quebec, 17.
CONVENTIONS, political, prohibition of, invalidated by free speech clause, 11 _n._
CONVERSATIONS, prosecuted, 59 and _n._
COOLEY, Thomas M., on freedom of speech, 11, 13, 14, 48, 219 _n._; on searches and seizures, 301, 303 _n._, 304 _n._, 305 _n._; on legislative eligibility, 340 _n._
COPPERHEADS, 41, 325.
CORRUPT PRACTICES, statute void under free speech clause, 11 _n._
CORY, H. E., N. J. sedition law, 189 _n._
COURTS MARTIAL, for sedition, 33 _n._, 42.
CREEL, George, 108.
CRIMES, relation to free speech clauses, 14, 15, 16; normal law of, 164–180.
CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT, excessive sentences as, 148 _n._
CRUELTY, charges against officials, 145, 146, 159, 189 _n._, 247, 248.
CUDGEL, liberty of the, 18.
CULLEN, Chief Justice, on exclusion for opinions, 352.
DALLINGER, F. W., Representative, on Berger case, 331, 332.
DARWIN, Charles, 32.
DAVIS, David, Justice, 33 _n._
DAY, Justice, 241 _n._, 300.
DE ARMOND, Representative, 352 and _n._
DE WITT, S. A., N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
DEBS, E. V., prosecution, 16, 22 _n._, 79, 85–93 _passim_, 100, 117, 124, 162, 212, 317, 360.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 60, 209, 223.
DEFAMATION. See LIBEL.
DEFENSE OF THE REALM ACT. See GREAT BRITAIN.
DENATURALIZATION, of Pro-Germans, 109, 110; under sedition bills, 198; of I.W.W., 272, 273; of philosophical anarchist, 280.
DEPORTATIONS, Bisbee, 45; from Russia, 176; of Americans from other countries, 288 and _n._; from England, 263 _n._; in history of persecution, 284; of aliens in U. S., 229–293; Act of 1798, 29, 109, 240; effect of economic views of judges, 81; punishment for sedition, 198; federal power, 200, 230, 284; Statute of 1918, 109, 110; text, 230, 231, 240; of 1920, 230 _n._, 231 _n._; administrative machinery, 232–240, 291, 292; raids of January, 1920, 230, 241–254, 292, 293; Palmer-Post controversy, 250–252; arrest of citizens, 242, 244, 245, 249, 252–256; Communists, 256–272; Wilson decision on Communist Party, 257 _ff._, 268; on Communist Labor Party, 261; proof of membership in proscribed associations, 231 _n._, 250, 257, 262–268, 281, 285; use of spies, 268–272; I.W.W., 272–275; violent and philosophical anarchists, 276–280; effect of due process clause and First Amendment, 280–291; wisdom, 284–291; danger of international difficulties, 287 _ff._; constructive measures suggested, 289–293; need of pardoning powers, 292.
DETROIT, deportations, 243 _n._, 248, 255 _n._, 288.
DICEY, A. V., 5 _n._, 76 and _n._, 183 _n._
DICKENS, Charles, 140.
DICTAGRAPH, used to prosecute for conversations, 59 _n._
DISORDERLY CONDUCT, pacifism punished as, 74 and _n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._ See BREACH OF THE PEACE.
DISQUE, Colonel, 113, 163.
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS, United States. See PROSECUTING OFFICIALS.
DISTRICT COURTS, UNITED STATES, administration of Espionage Act, 46–87; juries in, 78–80.
DOE, J. P., prosecution, 60, 67.
DORR WAR, 164.
DRAFT. See CONSCRIPTION.
DREYFUS, Alfred, 115, 136.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW, involves balancing, 35, 38; in deportation proceedings, 232, 241, 242 _n._, 254, 255, 280–285.
DUGUIT, Leon, on the state, 109.
DUMA, 176.
DUNIWAY, C. A., _Freedom of the Press in Mass._, 19 _n._, 23 _n._, 24 _n._
EASTMAN, Max, 79, 85 _n._, 86, 126. See _Masses_.
EGYPT, 108.
EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT. See PROHIBITION.
ELECTORAL COLLEGE, 114.
ELLENBOROUGH, Lord, 28, 68.
ELLIOT’S DEBATES, cited, 5 _n._, 19 _n._, 20 _n._, 21 _n._, 211 _n._, 240 _n._
EMERSON, 277, 367.
EMPEY, Guy, 261.
ENGLAND. See GREAT BRITAIN.
ENLISTMENT, voluntary, interference with, 41, 43, 53, 57, 169.
ENTINCK, John, raid on, 298, 304.
ERSKINE, Thomas, 19, 23.
ESMEIN, A., 175 _n._
ESPIONAGE ACT, 40–160. _Act of 1917_: origin and text, 40–43; a military statute, 48 and _n._, 50, 51, 73; construction generally, 43, 44, 57, 58, 69, 216, 218, 335, in _Masses_ case, 46–56, in prosecutions, 56–66, by Supreme Court, 1, 15–17, 57, 65, 87–106, 265; false statements, 51, 56, 57, 94–106, 134, 135, 218; insubordination and recruiting, 57 _ff._ _Act of 1918_: origin, 43–46; summarized, 44, 45; text and digest of cases, 395–398; construction generally, 51, 113 _ff._, by prosecuting attorneys, 74–76, by employers, 74, in Abrams case, 120–160, by Supreme Court, 116, 141, 148–160; Constitution and government clauses, 114, 128, 129; army and navy clauses, 114, 115; munitions clause, 127, 129, 130, 137–144, 149–153; resistance to U. S., 127, 129, 137, 141, 149, 153 _n._, 215, 216; opposing cause of U. S., 114. Human machinery of Act, 66–87, public feeling, 70–73, prosecuting officials, 73–76, juries, 76–80, judges, 80–87; sentences, 58–62, 87 and _n._, 147, 148, 159, 220; constitutionality, 12 and _n._, 15, 16, 32, 47, 48, 88, 89, 114–116, 128, 129, 154; relation to state war statutes, 110–113; use of Act against radicals, 77, 81 _ff._, 162, against actual incitement to violation of draft law, 57, 88–90, after armistice, 113–116, 229, 261, 302, 335; comparison, with Sedition Act of 1798, 56, 128, with Civil War, 41, 46, 116, 117, with Defense of the Realm Act, 118 and _n._; inadequate and evil results of Act, 46, 100, 118, 119, 335, 336; effect in future wars, 46, 64, 113–119; repeal essential, 93, 159, 160. Conspiracy section, 43, 45, 124; misprision section, 43, 45; search-warrants, 43, 45, 302; postal powers, 43, 45, see POST-OFFICE; non-sedition parts of Act, 6, 43; deportation, 23 _n._ Relation of Act to law of attempts and solicitation, 49, 51–53, 88, 89, 155; intention in prosecutions, 54–56, 63–68, 86; proved by utterances outside indictment, 58, 67, 85 and _n._, 140–142, and before U. S. entered War, 67; in Abrams case, 127 _ff._, 139–145; truth usually no defense, 56, 115. Relation of Act to peace-time sedition statutes, 197, 216; to treason, 325–328. Effect on legislative exclusion, 323–335 _passim_, 345, 354–356. Alphabetical index of cases, 387–395.
EVARTS, W. M., 229, 359 _n._
EVIDENCE, questions of, in war cases, utterances outside indictment, 58, 67, 68, 85 and _n._; self-incrimination, 69; law and fact, 101–106; Robins testimony in Abrams case, 132–137.
EXILE, as punishment for sedition, 109, 110, 157, 176, 197, 198. See DEPORTATIONS; DENATURALIZATION.
EXPLOSIONS, 163–169 _passim_.
EXPRESS, as substitute for mails, 109 and _n._
EXTRADITION, of political criminals, 191 and _n._, 286.
FACT, questions of, 101–106.
FEDERALIST JUDGES, 8, 9, 21, 22, 31, 78, 80, 81.
FEDERALIST PARTY, wrecked by Sedition Act of 1798, 30, 116.
FERRARI, Robert, on political trials, 85 _n._, 136 _n._
FERRER, 278, 279.
FIELD, Stephen, Justice, 96 _n._, 235.
FIFTH AMENDMENT, in war, 33 and _n._, 42 _n._, 299. See DUE PROCESS OF LAW.
_Finished Mystery_, pamphlet, 101.
FIRST AMENDMENT. See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.
FISH, Hamilton, on intervention, 160 _n._
FLAG, United States, 185, 187; abuse of, 45, 171, 185.
FLAG, RED, 180–187.
FLETCHER, Henry J., on war powers, 33 _n._
FLOGGING, in army, criticism of, 27, 28, 68.
FLYNN, E. G., I.W.W., 189 _n._
“FORCE AND VIOLENCE,” legislation punishing advocacy of, 139, 140, 194; constitutionality, 198–207; wisdom, 207–228, 231; in deportation statute, 257–262.
FORD, an I.W.W., 163.
FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS, in war, 90, 94 _ff._, 108 _n._, 110 _n._; in peace, 195, 199.
FORTY-EIGHT, COMMITTEE OF, 184, 267.
FOUR-MINUTE MEN, 64, 74.
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, 35, 38, 323–328.
FOURTH AMENDMENT. See SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.
FOX, Charles James, 23, 174.
FOX’S LIBEL ACT, 9, 23, 25, 27, 29, 39, 69.
FRANCE, threatened war of 1798, 29; Rhine policy, 64; Restoration sedition laws, 175; attacks on, suppressed in U. S., 108; Dreyfus affair, 115, 136; teachers, 375. See FRENCH REVOLUTION.
FRANK, Peter, citizen arrested for deportation, 252–254.
FRANKLIN, Benjamin, 18, 21.
FREEDOM. See _sub_ ASSEMBLY, PERSON, PRESS, SEAS, SPEECH, etc.
_Freeman’s Journal and Catholic Register_, excluded from mails, 108.
FRENCH REVOLUTION, 109, 221; French trials, 26; effect on English sedition trials, 13, 27, 28, 77, 87, 118, 157, 158, 175, 263, 264; effect in U. S., 29, 162.
FREUND, Ernst, 92, 175 _n._, 206, 207, 211 _n._, 263 _n._, 267.
FROHWERK, prosecution, 15, 16 and _n._, 88 _n._, 90.
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW, 114, 209, 210.
FULLER, M. W., Chief Justice, 277, 283 _passim_.
FURNEAUX, Philip, _Letters to Blackstone_, 31 _n._
_Gaelic American_, excluded from mails, 108.
GALSWORTHY, John, 10.
GARRISON, W. L., 209, 210.
GARVAN, Assistant Attorney General, 261, 262.
GAYNOR, Wm. J., on searches, 304 _n._
GEIGER, Judge, 48 _n._
GEORGE III., sedition under, 312. See GREAT BRITAIN.
GEORGE, Lloyd, 117.
GERMAN OPERA, prohibited, 110 _n._, 183 _n._
GERMANY, treaty with, 2; opposition to war with, 6, 40–119, 317 _ff._; propaganda by, 42, 70; submarine warfare, 57, 60; invasion of Belgium, 63; spies, 6, exaggerated reports, 70–72; connection with Russian Revolution, 132 and chapter III _passim_; laws against associations, 263. See PRO-GERMANS.
GILBERT, W. S., quoted by Judge Clayton, 134.
GILMAN, President, 372, 373.
GITLOW, Benjamin, prosecution, 188.
GOETHE, 52.
GOLDMAN, Emma, 13 _n._, 41 _n._, 47, 56, 126, 177, 200, 256, 287.
GOLDSTEIN, prosecution, 10 _n._, 60, 61.
GOMPERS, Samuel, 108.
GRAHAM BILL, 197, 198, 203, 268.
GRANT, U. S., 2.
GRAY, Horace, Justice, 234.
GRAY, John Chipman, on rights and interests, 36 _n._
GREAT BRITAIN, sedition trials, 22, 23, 26–29, 118, 146 _n._, 157, 175, 210, 211, 216; informers and anti-sedition associations, 72; Defense of the Realm Act in World War, 42 and _n._, 58, 118 _n._; other wars, 104, 117; Combination Acts, 192; treason, 201–203; Reform Bill, 260; laws against seditious associations, 263, 264; expulsion of aliens, 263 _n._; spies, 269–271; Wilkes, 295–299, 311–315; other Parliamentary cases, 344; effect of English law on Federalist judges, 8, 9, 21, 22; criticism of England suppressed under Espionage Act, 10, 60, 61, 108; British Secret Service and Lusk Committee, 306.
GREGORY, Thomas W., Attorney General, on war laws, 40, 43, 44, 54, 65; on propaganda, 176; requests amendment of Espionage Act, 43, 44; on baseless spy rumors, 72; circulars to district attorneys, 74–76; on slacker round-up, 107, 108. See ATTORNEY GENERAL.
GRENVILLE, George, 296, 298, 311, 313.
GUESTS, prosecute host for sedition, 59.
GUILT BY ASSOCIATION. See ASSOCIATION.
GYORI, Louis, philosophical anarchist deported, 280.
HABEAS CORPUS, right to, 3, 69, 95 and _n._, 238, 239, 240, 253, 255. See COLYER CASE.
HALE, Swinburne, 270 _n._
HALÉVY, D., on American political parties, 363.
HALIFAX, Lord, 296, 297, 302.
HAMERSLEY, Judge, 12.
HAMILTON, Alexander, 2, 15; definition of free speech, 3 and _n._, 4 _n._, 30 and _n._, 372; rejected for Espionage Act, 44.
HAMILTON, Andrew, 19, 23 _n._ See ZENGER.
HAND, Augustus, Judge, 86, 126.
HAND, Learned, Judge, 15, 17, 125, 128 _n._, 194, 324 _n._; interpretation of freedom of speech in _Masses_ case, 46–56, 63, 69, 76 _n._, 88, 89, 107, 174, 216.
HANSON, Ole, 115 _n._, 193 _n._
HARPER, Saml. N., 186 _n._
HARRISON, Benjamin, 284.
HARTFORD, deportations, 246.
HARTFORD CONVENTION, 97.
HARVARD, red flag, 187; dismissal of Loring, 209; Russian library, 221; academic freedom, 368.
_Harvard Law Review_, unsigned notes, 42 _n._, 51 _n._, 54 _n._, 57 _n._, 76 _n._, 82 _n._, 83 _n._, 128 _n._, 150 _n._, 156 _n._, 202 _n._, 214 _n._
HARVARD LIBERAL CLUB, 194 _n._, 226 _n._
HAYWOOD, W. D., prosecution, 85 _n._, 87 _n._, 163.
HAZEL, Judge, 167, 168 and _n._
HEARST, W. R., 52; newspapers in the war, 110 _n._
HENRY, Patrick, 60, 205.
HIGGINS, Henry B., on conciliation courts, 192 _n._
HOBBES, Thomas, 13.
HOLMES, O. W., Justice, on freedom of speech, 9, 15, 16, 22, 88–93, 94, 101, 120, 148 _n._, 148–159, 188, 194, 197, 226; on socialism, 82; on searches, 300; 32, 37, 53.
HOLT, Judge, 236, 237, 238.
HOLT, Lord, 211.
HOUGH, Judge, 13 _n._, 54 _n._, 55, 108 _n._, 119.
HOXIE, 267 _n._
HUGHES, Charles E., 2, 189, 332, 333, 336–339.
HUMAN MACHINERY, for enforcing statutes: Espionage Act, 66–87; peace-time sedition laws, 207–219; deportations, 231–240, 291–293.
HUNT, Governor, 190.
HUNT, Leigh, prosecution, 27, 28, 68.
HUTCHINSON, Chief Justice, on freedom of speech, 23 _n._; on witches, 356 _n._
HYDE, C. C., on Czecho-Slovaks, 131 _n._
HYLAN, Mayor, 110 _n._, 183 _n._, 190, 191.
HYMNS, military imagery in, 140.
IDAHO, syndicalism law, 190.
IHERING, von, on rights and interests, 35 _n._
_Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice_, pamphlet, 243 _n._, 270 _n._
ILLINOIS, Alton riots, 3; Haymarket murders, 165; sedition statute, 191.
IMMIGRATION OFFICIALS, hearings. See DEPORTATIONS.
INCITEMENT. See SOLICITATION.
INDECENT PUBLICATIONS. See OBSCENITY.
INDIA, discussion of, suppressed in U. S., 108; sedition in, 66, 212, 241, 249.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (I.W.W.), Bisbee deportations, 45; Chicago trial, 85 _n._, 87 _n._, 163; Sacramento trial, 87 _n._; other federal prosecutions, 77, 83; attitude toward war, 81, 162, 163; state war prosecutions, 110, 113; peace prosecutions, 189 _n._, 190–193; Centralia, 164, 212; economic causes, 193; injunction against, 193; raids upon, 212, 242 _n._, 260, 271; deportations, 242 _n._, 272–275; denaturalization, 272, 273; constructive measures suggested, 274, 275.
INJUNCTION, of libels, 8; against exclusion from mails, 47, 48; against coal strike, 82, 260.
INTENTION, doctrine of constructive, 26, 28–30, 54–56, 67, 97, 134–136; in Sedition Law of 1798, 29; in Espionage Act, see same.
INTERESTS, principle of social and individual, 34–38, 170, 179, 180, 284, 366 _ff._
INTERNATIONAL, COMMUNIST, 259, 260, 334, 360.
IOWA, war sedition act, 111 _n._
IRELAND, 186, 287; discussion of, in war, suppressed in U. S., 108, 134, 154; suppression in, 212, 264, 265; status under our deportation statute, 287, 288.
_Irish World_, excluded from mails, 108.
ISAIAH, prosecution for quoting, 218.
I.W.W. See INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD.
JEFFERSON, Thomas, 17, 18, 21, 30, 31, 56, 66, 67, 108, 161, 162, 217, 227, 336; on revolution, 323, 372.
JEFFREYS, Judge, 213.
JENKINS, cause of war, 114.
JESUS, 362, 370; a crime to quote against war, 57, 61, 62; called anarchist, 146 and _n._; Sermon on the Mount, 55, 119.
JEWS, 82, 83, 108, 126, 281, 284, 289 _n._, 290.
JOHNSON, Reverdy, Senator, on legislative exclusion, 347 _n._, 351 _n._
JOHNSON, Samuel, 10 _n._, 118 _n._, 172 _n._, 175 _n._, 289, 311.
JU TOY, deportation, 238 _n._, 255 and _n._
JUDGES, effect of free speech clauses on, 5; Federalist, 8, 9, 21, 22, 31, 78, 80, 81; function in libel and petition prosecutions, 19, 22–28, 29, 85, 86; interpretation of Espionage Act, in _Masses_ case, 46–56; in other cases, 56–66, 81, 87, 91, 96, 100; under Sedition Act of 1798, 80, 81; attitude toward radicals, 81–84, 146–148, 158, 159, 185; supervision by Department of Justice, 84, 85; sentences, 86, 87; Abrams case, 125 _ff._; jesting with prisoners, 146–148; unfitness to determine bad intention and bad tendency, 213–219.
JUNIUS, 23, 312, 314.
JURY, right to, grouped with freedom of speech, 3, 4, 17; function in libel and sedition prosecutions, 19, 22–28, 29, 85, 86, 91–93, 96–100; not a sure guarantee of free speech because of unfitness to determine bad tendency and bad intention, 24–28, 49, 52, 66–69, 76, 92, 93, 158, 213–219; and affected by popular hysteria, voluntary informers, and anti-sedition societies, 70–72; in Espionage Act trials, 73, 76–80, 91, 98, 99, 103 _ff._, 132–136 and _ff._; importance of methods of selection, 26, 77–79; under Sedition Act of 1798, 78 and _n._; age and occupation, 79, 80; divergent opinions of same writing, 26, 27; denied in post-office exclusion proceedings, 158, 199; in deportation proceedings, 158, 232–240.
JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF, 202, 309; administration of Espionage Act, 73–76, 90, 112, 113, 124–126, 229, 261, 262, 302; recommendations for reduction of sentences, 73, 87 _n._; policy toward radicals, 164, 195–197, 229; enforcement of state sedition laws, 229, 249; of deportation statute, 229, 240 _n._, 241–252, 272–274, 293, 338, 339; _Illegal Activities_ pamphlet, 243 _n._; Silverthorne raid, 300, 301; civil liability, 302; instructions to agents, 243–247, 249, 257; employment of spies, 268–272.
KANSAS, red flag law, 181 _n._; schools, 369.
_Kansas City Star_, 118.
KENYON, Lord, 13, 58, 213.
KIMBALL, Day, on Abrams case, 156–158.
KNITTING, discouragement of, criminal, 57.
KNOX, Judge, 278 _n._
KNOX, P. C., Senator, on legislative exclusion, 347 _n._, 353.
KOHLER, on construction of fundamental statutes, 31, 32 _n._
KROPOTKIN, 276, 279, 287.
LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF, exclusion and deportation of aliens, 232–293; no other Department has control of deportations, 242, 252. See DEPORTATIONS; WILSON, W. B.; POST.
LABOR, SECRETARY OF, 232–293 _passim_; conclusiveness of decisions in deportation cases, 232–240, 254–256, 291, 292.
LABOR UNIONS, 11 _n._, 53, 192, 193, 263, 267, 268, 273 and _n._, 274, 308. See STRIKES; INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD.
LACHOWSKY, H., prosecution, 124, 126, 143 _n._, 144, 147 _n._, 148. See ABRAMS.
LA FOLLETTE, R. M., Senator, 36, 95, 98.
LANGTRY, Secretary, 261.
LANSING, Robert, 60.
LARKIN, James, 287.
LASKI, F., 109 _n._
LASKI, H. J., 42 _n._, 109 _n._, 375 _n._
LATZKO, _Men in War_, excluded from the mails, 107.
LEAVITT, Judge, 324 _n._
LEGISLATIVE DEBATES, freedom of speech in, 3.
LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSIONS, 311–364; Russia, 176; Wilkes, 311–315; Berger, 315–332; eligibility of next highest candidate, 319, 320; grounds of disqualification, 321 _ff._; in U. S. Constitution, 321, Fourteenth Amendment, 323 _ff._, 348, guilt of treason, 324 _ff._, opposition to war as disqualification, 328 _ff._; N. Y. Socialists, 332–364; original proceedings, 332 _ff._; protests, 335 _ff._; Judiciary Committee sits, 339 _ff._; power to suspend, 339, 340; power to disqualify on grounds not stated in the constitution, 321, 322, 328–332, 340 _ff._, 347 _ff._, judicial precedents, 340–343; legislative precedents, 343–354, in England, 344, expulsions from Congress, 345 _ff._, disqualifications in Congress, 349 _ff._, under Test Oath Act, 328, 330, 349–351, 353, Mormons, 348, 351 _ff._, in New York, 354; disqualification for probability of breach of oath, 354 _n._; charges against Socialists, 355; testimony, 356–361; the vote, 361; conclusions, 362–364.
LENINE, N., 107, 135, 147, 286, 311.
LETTERS, prosecutions based on, 57–60 _passim_, 118.
LEVER ACT, 148 _n._; coal strike injunction, 82, 153.
LIBEL, criminal and seditious, 4 _n._, 8, 9, 14, 15, 19–32, 52, 170–172; truth as defense, 4 _n._, 19, 22–25, 29, 30 _n._; functions of judge and jury, same; injunction of, 8; civil actions, 12–18, 32; privilege and fair comment, 15, 32, 104; libel in war controversy, 110 _n._; on the dead, 172. See SEDITION; FOX.
_Liberator_, 79 _n._
LIBERTY, of the person, press, speech, etc. See PERSON, PRESS, SPEECH, etc.
LIBERTY BONDS, effect of campaigns on discussion, 7, 74; interference with sales, 44, 45, 53 _n._, 57, 64, 65, 81, 107, 169; refusal to buy prosecuted, 59, 60.
LICENSE AND LIBERTY, theory of freedom of speech, 12–16, 210, 211.
LINCOLN, Abraham, 46, 116, 117, 224, 329; on revolution, 223.
LIPMAN, S., prosecution, 123, 126, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143 _n._, 145, 147, 147 _n._, 148. See ABRAMS.
LIPPMANN, Walter, 67 _n._
LITTLEFIELD, Charles, Representative, 347 _n._, 352 and _n._
LOANS, as cause of war with Germany, 102–106. See MORGAN; LIBERTY BONDS.
LOPEZ, F. R., philosophical anarchist deported, 278–280, 286.
LORIMER, Wm., Senator, exclusion case, 339, 343, 347.
LOVEJOY, E. P., 3.
LOWELL, A. L., on academic freedom, 368.
LOWELL, James Russell, 16, 97, 104, 116, 202, 366, 372.
LOYALISTS, British, 2, 302 and _n._
LOYD, W. H., 23 _n._
LUDENDORFF, 6.
LUSK COMMITTEE, 203, 204, 270, 302–310, 334, 337, 358, 361–364.
LYON, Matthew, expulsion case, 329, 345.
MCKELLAR, Senator, 198.
MCKENNA, Justice, 94–98, 148 _n._
MCKINLEY, William, 52, 165, 187, 205, 230.
MCMASTER, J. B., 19 _n._
MACAULAY, T. B., 19 _n._, 66 and _n._, 203, 250, 294.
MADISON, James, 15, 19–22, 211, 240, 361.
MAGNA CHARTA, abandoned in war, 119.
MAINE, Sir Henry, 69.
MAILS. See POST-OFFICE.
MAITLAND, F. W., 22.
MANN, J. R., Representative, on Berger, 320, 324.
MANSFIELD, Lord, 8, 23, 310.
MARSHALL, John, 3, 22 _n._, 34 _n._, 200, 201, 211 _n._, 265, 325.
MARSHALS, United States, 78, 80.
MARTENS, L. C. A. K., 287, 305–308.
MARTIAL LAW, for opponents of war, 33 _n._, 41, 42, 116, 117; for discussion in army, 50.
MARTIN, Luther, 17.
MARX, 221, 223, 279, 365 _ff._
MARYLAND, demands federal free speech clause, 4, 19.
MASSACHUSETTS, 283, 315; constitution, free speech clause, 4 and _n._; Blackstonian decision, 8; restriction of press by stamp tax, 19 _n._; colonial sedition law, 23 _n._; libel statute, 24 _n._; Roxbury Riots, 182–186, 212; red flag law, 186, 187; anarchy act, 189, 190, 204, 212, 269; Boston ordinance, 191; deportations, 248 _n._, see COLYER CASE; Secretary Langtry, 261; raids, 310, 311.
_Masses_, exclusion from mails, 9 _n._, 46–56, 107, 108 _n._, 118, 119, 125, 154, 174, 175 _n._, 194, 205 _n._, 207, 214, 216. See EASTMAN.
MASTERS, Edgar L., 275.
MAY, J. W., on intent, 150 _n._
MAY, T. E., on English sedition, 22 _n._, 23 _n._, 28 _n._, 72 and _n._, 77, 263 _n._, 264 _n._, 265 _n._, 269 _n._, 271 _n._, 297 _n._; on exclusion from Parliament, 312, 344 _n._, 345 _n._, 356.
MAY DAY RIOTS. See RIOTS.
MAYER, J. M., Judge, 13 _n._, 27 _n._, 40, 54 _n._, 79 _n._, 125.
MAZZINI, 286.
MEEHAN, John, I.W.W., 275.
MEETINGS. See ASSEMBLY.
MERCHANT VESSELS, sinking of, 57, 60.
MERIVALE, on Tiberius, 268 _n._
MEXICO, possible war with, 114, 133; opposition in U. S., in 1846, 16, 64, 104, 116, 330; possible deportation of Americans, 288.
_Mikado_, quoted by Judge Clayton, 134.
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE POLICE, 123, 124, 145, 146, 159.
MILITIA, compulsory training constitutional, 35; state and federal control, 111 and _n._
MILL, John Stuart, 32, 50, 157, 197, 205, 219 _n._, 365, 375.
MILLER, Justice, 16 _n._
MILLER, S. L., Asst. U. S. Attorney, 126.
MILLIGAN, 33 and _n._, 42 _n._, 69 _n._, 81 _n._, 96 _n._, 113, 116, 117 _n._, 325.
MILTON, John, 1, 32, 197, 375.
_Milwaukee Leader_, 64; exclusion from mails, 107, 315–317, 323, 331.
MINNESOTA, safety commission, 33; war sedition act, 57, 77, 85 _n._, 110–113, 162.
MINORITIES, legal rights should be upheld, 2, 3, 156, 157, 294.
MISDIRECTION, unexcepted, 149 _n._
MISSISSIPPI, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._
MOB VIOLENCE, 44, 45, 46, 212; incitement to, 50, 260, 261.
MONTANA, war sedition law, 44, 113 _n._; peace sedition law, 190, 191.
MOONEY, Thomas, 163.
MOORE, J. B., _Digest of International Law_, cited, 160 _n._, 191 _n._, 284 _n._, 288 _n._; _Digest of International Arbitrations_, 288 _n._
MORGAN, J. P., 81 _n._, 102, 104.
MORLEY, John, 66, 117, 159 _n._, 212, 241, 264, 265 _n._
MORMONS, exclusion from Congress, 348, 351–353.
MORTON, Chief Justice, 165.
MOST, Johann, 205, 206.
MOTHERS, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 58, 103.
MOVING PICTURES, censorship and prosecutions, 10, 43, 60, 61 and _n._, 179, 203 _n._
MUIR, prosecution, 28, 146 _n._
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, censorship of press, 110 _n._; prohibition of German opera, 110 _n._, 183 _n._; of meetings, 182–186, 190, 191.
MUNITION FACTORIES, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 58.
MUNITIONS, curtailment of production, 45, 65, 127–153 _passim_, 152 _n._, 163; see ESPIONAGE ACT; criticism of defective munitions prosecuted, 62.
MYERSON, A., 289, 290.
NAPOLEON, propaganda in England, 27.
_Nation_, excluded from mails, 107; editorials, 132 _n._, 190 _n._, 193 _n._, 338.
NATIONAL FOUNDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 240 _n._
NATIONAL GUARD. See MILITIA.
NATIONAL POPULAR GOVERNMENT LEAGUE, 243 _n._
NATIONAL SECURITY LEAGUE, 338.
NATURALIZATION, compulsory undesirable, 235, 236; forbidden to anarchists, 278, 280; limits on power, 281. See DENATURALIZATION.
NAVY, abuse of, crime, 45, 114, 115. See SIMS.
NEARING, Scott, prosecution, 27, 53 _n._, 55 _n._, 85 _n._, 125, 308, 356.
NEGROES, freedom of speech and, 175, 184, 195, 203, 204.
NELLES, Walter, _Espionage Act cases_, 82 _n._, 83 _n._, 86 _n._, 110 _n._
NEW HAMPSHIRE, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._
NEW JERSEY, war sedition law, 111 _n._, 112 _n._; Plainfield regulation of meetings, 184; anarchy act, 189 and _n._, 190, 204; Berger, 321.
_New Republic_, editorials, 116 _n._, 132 _n._, 272 _n._, 278 _n._, 280 _n._, 338.
NEW YORK: _State._ Constitution on free speech, 4 _n._, 21 _n._, 24 _n._, 30 _n._, 374; demands U. S. clause, 4; libel statute, 24 _n._; Croswell case, 30 and _n._; red flag law, 180; criminal anarchy statute, 187, 188, 216; Loyalist investigation, 302 and _n._; law of searches and seizures, 303–310. See LUSK COMMITTEE; LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSIONS (N. Y. Socialists). _City._ Slacker round-up, 107, 108; federal juries, 79; radical meetings, 177–179; Hylan ordinances, 110 _n._, 183 _n._, 190, 191; Socialist aldermen, 338; school situation, 365 _ff._
NEW YORK BAR ASSOCIATION, of City, 189 _n._, 338–340.
_New York Call_, excluded from mails, 115, 229.
_New York Times_, Current History of the War, 130 _n._; editorial on Abrams case, 146 _n._; article on anarchistic press, 222; editorial on I.W.W., 272 _n._; on N. Y. Socialist assemblymen, 362.
_New York Tribune_, on Socialist assemblymen, 338.
_New York World_, telegrams censored, 109 _n._
NEWBERRY, T. H., Senator, 337, 338.
NEWSPAPERS, restraint in war, 10, 46–59, 90, 94 _ff._, 106–109, 110 _n._, 116; effect of exclusion from mail, 107, 199, 234; effect of publication of facts of sedition trials, 119, 222; revolutionary press, 164, 195, 213, 222; conspiracy to compel handling of distasteful newspaper, 110 _n._; opposition to sedition bills, 198, 338. See FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS; _Milwaukee Leader_.
NEWTON, Attorney General of N. Y., 309, 334, 337, 355, 357, 361.
NON-PARTISAN LEAGUE, 77, 78, 81, 83, 85 _n._, 110–113, 162, 267, 369.
NORTH CAROLINA, discussion of federal free speech clause, 5 _n._
NOTICE, constructive, 103, 104.
_Nude and the Prudes_, 188.
NUISANCES, relation to freedom of speech, 52, 171, 205.
OATES, Titus, 357.
O’BRIAN, J. L., 40, 41, 44 _n._, 46 _n._, 70–77 _passim_, 107, 108, 112, 113, 231 _n._, 319 _n._
O’BRIEN, Judge, 343.
OBSCENITY, 10, 14, 15, 52, 170–172, 188, 214, 234, 311.
OFFICIALS. See UNITED STATES OFFICIALS.
O’HARE, Kate R., prosecution, 83, 162.
_Official Record of the Rebellion_, cited, 117 _n._
OPERA. See GERMAN OPERA.
OPPER, cartoonist, 52.
ORDER, social interest in, limits freedom of speech, 34, 170, 179, 284, 366, 368.
ORR, Samuel, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
OTIS, James, 210, 299, 311.
OVERMAN, Senator, 181, 182; Bill, 197; Committee, 134, 135, 197.
PACIFISTS, 2, 26, 37, 46, 64, 68, 70, 73, 102 _ff._, 106, 224, 296, 317, 329; expulsion from college, 110 _n._
PALESTINE, 108.
PALFREY, J. G., on Salem witches, 357 _n._
PALMER, A. Mitchell, U. S. Attorney General, enforcement of Espionage Act after armistice, 115, 229, 302; house bombed, 163, 197; recommends federal sedition bill, 167, 195–198, 203, 207 _ff._, 335; on federal conspiracy statute, 167–169; does not fear revolution, 196, 251; recommends and enforces state sedition laws, 195, 229, 249; enforces deportation statute, 196, 229, 230, 241–252, 257, 274, 283, 293, 302; controversy with Post, 250–252; on spies, 270–272; on independent labor unions, 273 _n._
PALMER, Joseph, 172.
PALMER, T. Fyshe, prosecution, 28.
PARDONS, in Espionage Act cases, 61, 62 _n._, 73; impossible in deportation cases, 292. See COMMUTATIONS; AMNESTY.
PARKER, Carleton, 162, 163.
PARLIAMENT. See GREAT BRITAIN.
PARNELL, C. S., 264.
PARTIES, in America, 267, 363.
PECK, Jared, 65 _n._
PENNSYLVANIA, constitution, free speech clause, 4 and _n._, 18, 24 _n._; discussion of federal free speech clause, 19 _n._
_Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution_, 19 _n._, 23 _n._
PERSECUTION, Justice Holmes on, 155, 156. See RELIGION.
PERSON, liberty of, 17; searches of, 242 _n._, 301. See ARRESTS.
PETITION, right of, 5, 7 _n._; Baltzer case, 64, 65, 116.
_Philadelphia Tageblatt_, 94, 101. See SCHAEFER.
PHILLIPS, prosecution, 13 _n._, 41 _n._, 79 _n._, 126.
PHILLIPS, Wendell, 209.
PIERCE, prosecution, 13 _n._, 94 and _n._, 101–106, 134, 135 _n._, 285 _n._
“PILLARS OF FIRE,” 184.
PINCKNEY, Charles, 3, 21 _n._
PITNEY, Justice, 101–104.
PLACE, Francis, 260, 271 _n._
PLATFORMS, party, not be taken too seriously, 267.
POLITICAL DISCUSSION, doctrine that it should be confined to the legislature, 27, 28; punishment of criticism of government, chapter I.; forbidden to superintendent of schools, 11 _n._; conventions prohibited, 11 _n._; campaign expenses limited, 11 _n._; in war, 48, 49, 62, 63. See SEDITION.
POLITICAL TRIALS, 85 _n._, 94, 116, 132–137. See SEDITION.
POLLARD, E. A., on confederate censorship, 117 _n._
POST, Louis F., Assistant Secretary of Labor, 233 _n._, 239 _n._, 243, 272 _n._, 291 and _n._, 292; controversy with Palmer, 250–252.
POST-OFFICE, subject to First Amendment, 34, 108, 109, 218; conclusiveness of administrative decisions, 45, 54, 106–109, 199, 233, 234; powers under Espionage Act, 6, 12 _n._, 43, 45, 46–56, 106–109, 115, 229, 335; in peace-time sedition bills, 197–199; control of express and telegraph, 109 _n._; no jury, 158, 199; powers to exclude matter inciting to murder, etc., 214, 229; opening mail, 241 _n._
POUND, Roscoe, on freedom of speech, 8 _n._; on rights and interests, 35 _n._
PREIS, Engelbert, deportation, 256–261, 268.
PRESIDENT, 252; powers under Alien Law of 1798, 29; criticism of, punished under Sedition Act of 1798, 29, 204, under Espionage Act, 129, 138; protection of life, see UNITED STATES OFFICIALS; threats against, 202, 207, 214, 215. See JEFFERSON; LINCOLN; WILSON.
PRESIDENT’S MEDIATION COMMISSION, report of, 113 _n._, 163, 272 _n._, 292.
PRESS, freedom of, 5, 17, 18, 21. See CENSORSHIP; SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.
PREVIOUS RESTRAINT, 8–32; definition of freedom of speech, See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.
_Price We Pay_, pamphlet, 101–106. See PIERCE.
PRIMARIES, political, 11 _n._
PROBER, prosecution, 144. See ABRAMS.
PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS. See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.
_Procès de tendance_, 175 and _n._
PROFANITY, 170 _ff._
PROFITEERS, discussion of criminal, 50, 58, 59, 68, 95, 102, 103, 119, 225; possible raids on, 308.
PRO-GERMANS, 2, 59 _n._, 64, 70 and _n._, 73, 94 _ff._, 107, 194, 224, 296.
PROHIBITION, 66 _n._, 114, 209.
PROPERTY, judicial protection, 106.
PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS, effect of free speech clause on, 5; in the war with Germany, 73–76; under Sedition Act of 1798, 78; in Abrams case, 126, 144, 145.
PROUDHON, 221.
_Public_, excluded from the mails, 107.
PUBLIC INFORMATION, COMMITTEE ON, 108, 132.
PULLING, _Defense of the Realm Manual_, 42 _n._
QUAKERS, 197, 277.
QUEBEC, address to people of, 17, 170.
RADICALS, freedom of speech for, 1, 2, 52; duty of restraint, 187; mob violence against, 44, 45, 46; under Espionage Act, 77, 81 _ff._, 162; on juries, 78–80; attitude of judges toward, 81–84, 85 _n._; in Abrams case, 120–160 _passim_; prevalent after the War, 161, 162; relation to the criminal law in peace, chapter IV., 161–228 _passim_; see SEDITION and succeeding headings; deportation of, 229–293; exclusion from legislatures, 329, 332 _ff._
RAI, Lajpat, book on India excluded from mails, 108.
RAIDS, on Communists, 230, 241–254, 292, 293; on I.W.W., 212, 242 _n._, 260, 274; time of Wilkes, 296–299; in war, 115, 229, 302; by Lusk Committee, 302–310; in Massachusetts, 310, 311. See SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.
RAND SCHOOL, 204, 257 _n._, 308–310, 356, 361.
RANDOLPH, John, 23.
RAY, Judge, 13 _n._, 214.
READING, Lord, 325.
RECHT, Charles, 272 _n._, 275 _n._, 278 _n._
RED CROSS, criticism of, punished, 57; refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.
RED FLAG LAWS, 180–187.
REFERENDUM, before war, discussion criminal, 57, 64, 65.
RELIGION, toleration, 2, 3, 172, 176, 177, 196, 197, 276, 277, 370; Virginia statute, see VIRGINIA; federal control prohibited, 5, 170; Christianity called inconsistent with war, 6, 57, 61, 62; religious meetings, 183, 184; Catholic Association, in Ireland, 264. See MORMONS.
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, right of, 17, 296. See LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSIONS.
_Review_ (now, _Weekly Review_), on Abrams case, 152 _n._; on Socialist assemblymen, 338; on Lusk bills, 362 _n._
REVOLUTION, 97, 139–142, 164–169, 173–179, 199–201, 205–207, 212, 219, 257–262. See SEDITION BILLS; PALMER; RUSSIA; AMERICAN and FRENCH REVOLUTION.
RHODE ISLAND, demands federal free speech clause, 4; soul-liberty, 177, 276, 283; Berger, 321; property qualification, 372.
RHODES, J. F., 116 _n._, 117 _n._, 177 _n._, 290 _n._, 330 _n._
RIGHTS, and interests, 34–38, 366 _ff._
RIOTS, 164, 177, 178, 182–186, 203, 212.
ROBERTS, Brigham H., exclusion case, 345 _n._, 347 _n._, 350 _n._, 352 and _n._
ROBINS, Raymond, 132–137, 181 _n._
RODENBERG, Representative, on Berger case, 331.
ROCKEFELLER, John D., 146.
ROGERS, H. W., Judge, 54 _n._, 56 and _n._, 108 _n._, 278–280.
ROLLAND, Romain, 367.
ROMAN CATHOLICS, abuse of, 184; legislation against, 264, 265, 281, 283.
ROOSEVELT, Theodore, 316, 325; (the younger), 361.
ROOT, Elihu, 86, 355, 359.
ROOT, Erastus, 21 _n._
ROSANSKY, H., prosecution, 123, 127, 144, 147 _n._, 148. See ABRAMS.
ROUSSEAU, J. J., 52.
ROXBURY RIOT, 182–186, 212.
RUGG, 186 _n._
RUSSELL, Bertrand, prosecution, 242 _n._, 59 and _n._, 295; _Proposed Roads to Freedom_, 222, 223, 276, 284.
RUSSELL, Lord John, 227.
RUSSELL, G. W. E., 227 _n._
RUSSELL, Pastor, sect, prosecutions, 83 _n._, 101.
RUSSIA, 10, 290; Russians in U. S., 82, 120–160 _passim_, 230, 235, 256; Czarist policy toward discussion, 176, 178, 191, 211 and _n._, 269, 294 _n._; effect of Russian Revolution in U. S., 26, 58, 81, 82, 86, 95, 120–160 _passim_, 162, 178, 196, 289, 293, 334, 360 _ff._, 371; truth needed, 158; Harvard library on Revolution, 221; documents censored in U. S., 107, 221, 311; German participation, 132 and _n._, 135, 147; Soviet Government Bureau in N. Y., 287, 305–308; American intervention, 94, 129–132; criminality of opposition, 130, 137 _ff._, 160; questionable effect of our deportations policy upon Russia, 286, 287.
_Russian-American Relations_, cited, 131 _n._
RUTHERFORD, Livingston, _John Peter Zenger_, 23 _n._
RYAN, J. M., Asst. U. S. Attorney, 126, 145.
SABOTAGE, 163; Federal statute, 152 _n._, 163; state statutes, 163, 274, 276; advocacy of, 190–194; deportations, 231 _n._, 272–275.
SALVATION ARMY, rioting against, 183 and _n._
SANFORD, Chancellor, 342, 354.
SCANDELLA, American deported from Venezuela, 288 _n._
SCHAEFER, _Tageblatt_ prosecution, 85, 87, 94–101, 106, 207, 216, 218, 265.
SCHENCK, prosecution, 9 _n._, 16 _n._, 88–93, 98, 99, 102, 155, 178, 179, 191, 192, 285.
SCHOFIELD, Henry, _Freedom of the Press in the United States_, 4 _n._, 8 _n._, 20 _n._, 21, 24 _n._, 30 and _n._, 31 _n._, 56.
SCHOOLS, political speeches by superintendent, 11 _n._; freedom for teachers, 365–376.
SCHWARTZ, prosecution, 124, 125, 126, 146. See ABRAMS.
SCIENCE, promoted by freedom of speech, 17, 31, 32, 170, 370, 374.
SCOTLAND, sedition trials in, 28.
SCOTT, Austin W., on atheism, 172 _n._
SCRUTTON, Lord Justice, 119.
SEARCHES AND SEIZURES, warrants authorized by Espionage Act, 43, 45, 302; raids in the war, 115, 229, 302; Russia, 176; importance of warrants, 140, 159; in deportation proceedings, 241 and _n._, 242 _n._, 244–247, 302; at time of Wilkes, 295–298; Supreme Court decisions on Fourth Amendment, 299–301; consequences of illegality, 300–302; when legal, 242 _n._, 301, 310 _n._; Lusk Committee raids, 302–310; N. Y. law, 303–310; Massachusetts raids, 310, 311.
SEARS, Clara E., 172 _n._
SEAS, FREEDOM OF THE, 17.
_Seattle Union-Record_, raided, 115, 229, 302.
SEDITION, common law of, and free speech, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19–32, 170; not federal common law crime; British trials, 22, 23, 26–29, 118, 146 _n._, 157, 175, 296 _ff._; colonial trials, 19, 22, 23; societies to suppress, 71, 72, 357; in war, see WAR, ESPIONAGE ACT; punishment in peace, chapter IV., 161–228; normal criminal law sufficient, 161–169; criminal law of obscenity, breaches of peace, etc., distinguished, 169–173; criminal law of violence distinguished, 173–180, 196; suppression of agitation by law unwise, 219 _ff._; distinguished from treason, 325–328. See SPIES.
SEDITION ACT OF 1798, 1, 17, 25, 65 _n._, 109, 116, 157, 162, 194, 199, 208, 223, 229, 329, 345; summary of text, 29, 30; constitutionality, 20–22 and _nn._, 30, 200, 204; comparison with Espionage Act, 56, 128; juries, 78 and _n._; judges, 80, 81.
SEDITION ACT OF 1918, 44. See ESPIONAGE ACT.
SEDITION BILLS, FEDERAL, 81, 140, 194–228, 229, 230, 231; summary, 194–199; constitutionality, affirmative federal power, 199–201, treason clause, 201–203, first amendment, 203–207; wisdom, 207–228, 268.
SEDITION STATUTES OF STATES, in war, 57, 74 _n._, 110–113, 163; in peace, 163, 169, 173–194, 204, 212, 216, 224, 246; red flag laws, 180–187; anarchy syndicalism, and sedition, 187–194, 261, 265, 268; constitutionality, 191–194; recommended by Palmer, 195; enforced by Palmer, 229, 249.
SELF-INCRIMINATION, rule against, 69, 303 and _n._, 307.
_Sentenced to Twenty Years Prison_, 145 _n._
SENTENCES, English and Scotch sedition trials, 28 and _n._, 87 _n._; Defense of the Realm Act trials, 118 _n._; India, 159 _n._; Espionage Act trials, 58–62, 87 and _n._, 147, 148, 159, 160, 220; long sentences as cruel and unusual punishment, 148 _n._
_September Morn_, suppression of, 175.
_Sermon on the Mount_, and war, 55, 119.
SERVICE-LETTER STATUTES, 3 _n._
SERVITUDE, involuntary, sometimes constitutional, 7, 35, 36.
SEWARD, W. F., arbitrary arrests, 116; on intervention, 160 _n._
SEX, discussion, 171, 172.
SHAKESPEARE, William, 14, 55; censored, 175, 214.
SHAW, Bernard, 32; censored, 175, 283.
SHAW, Lord, 42 _n._
SHAY’S REBELLION, 164.
SHELLEY, 172.
SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST LAW, 53 _n._, 106.
SHIPLACOFF, A., prosecution, 125.
SHIPMAN, Clare, 190 _n._
SHIPS, discussion of sinking of, 57, 60; parables of, 276, 286.
SHIPYARDS, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 58.
SIDIS, W., 186 _n._
SIMS, Admiral, 64.
SISSON, Edgar, Russian documents, 132 and _n._; in Abrams case, 133.
SISTERS, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 103.
SLANDER, no previous restraint possible, 14; not immune, 15. See LIBEL.
SMITH, Alfred, Governor, 362 and _n._
SMITH, F. E. (now Lord Birkenhead), criticism of, excluded from mails, 108.
SMITH, Jeremiah, on intent, 149 _n._, 150 _n._
SMITH AND WESSON CO., 153.
SMOOT, Reed, Senator, exclusion case, 347 _n._, 352, 353.
_Socialist Review_, 319 _n._, 331 _n._
SOCIALISTS, 2, 10, 27, 260; need for judicial comprehension, 82–84, 86; in the War, 81, 83, 162; St. Louis Platform, 162, 315, 316, 334; peace-time prosecutions, 188, 210, 216, 224; secession of left-wing, 256, 262; exclusion as a party from legislature, 306, 329–338, 355–364; in schools, 365 _ff._; in Germany, 262. See DEBS; PIERCE; STOKES; SYRACUSE; BERGER; RAND SCHOOL; LIPMAN; LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSION; COMMUNISTS.
SOCIETIES, to suppress sedition, 71, 72.
SOCRATES, 367, 370.
SOLICITATION, criminal, relation to freedom of speech, 25, 165, 166, 173, and to Espionage Act, 49, 51–53, 88, 89, 155; to non-criminal interference with the government’s war activities, 53, 169; in federal crimes, 166 and _n._, 201.
SOLOMON, Charles, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356, 357.
SOUTH CAROLINA, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._
SOVIET GOVERNMENT. See RUSSIA.
SPEECH, FREEDOM OF. _Constitutions_: guaranty in U. S. Constitution, 3–5, 18, 200, demanded by states, 3, 4, 19, 156; in Congressional debates, 3; in state constitutions, 3 and _n._, 4 and _n._, 17, 18, 21 _n._, 30 _n._, 374; exception of “abuse” implied if not expressed, 4 _n._; clauses a guide to interpretation of constitutional statutes, 5, 6, 46, 48, 193, 194, 207; and also invalidate statutes, 3, 4, 11 and _n._, 16, 111 _n._, 156, 192 _n._ _Meaning_: 1–39, 155–158, 366–372; subject to limits, 2, 7; necessarily extends to unpopular persons and causes, 3, 156, 157, 294, 366; Blackstonian censorship view, 8–12, 19, 21–23, 31, 32, 38, 108, 199; liberty and license view, 12–16, 210, 211, 368; history of principle, 17–32; inconsistent with common law of sedition, 14, 22–24, 170; social and political function, 34–36; conclusions on meaning, 34–39, 156 _ff._, 368 _ff._; view of Judge Hand, 50, 51; of Justice Holmes, 88, 155, 156; an issue between two tests of criminality, danger _v._ bad tendency, 24–31, 37–39, 49–52, 154–159, 173–180, 213–219, and elsewhere; not secured by juries, 24–28, see JURY TRIAL; meaning not fixed in 1791, 14, 32, 35, 36; does not exclude intemperate and foolish discussion, 48, 83, 114, 140 _n._, 173, 206, 219, 220; applies to political research, 370, 371; but not limited to political discussion, 156, 170; does not depend on merits of existing government, 210; suppression ineffectual, 118, 119, 219, 220, 226, 227. _Procedural safeguards_: 39, 49, 66–69, 92, 93; Fox’s Libel Act, etc., 24, 39, 69; precise offense must be specified, 49, 92, 93; objective test of criminality of words, 49–51, 54 _ff._, 216 _ff._; exclusion of psychological questions and disputes of opinion, 52, 66–69, 73, 103–106; judicial guidance of jury, 85, 86, 94–100; evils of bad intention as test of guilt, 63–68, 86, see INTENTION; culling sentences, 100, 102, 220; right to counsel, 236 _ff._, 247 _ff._; narrow range of administrative power in criminal law, 75. See HUMAN MACHINERY. _Relation to other branches of the law and concrete applications_: libel, see same; nuisance, 52, 171, 205; breaches of the peace, 24, 25, 74 and _n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._, 111, 171, 172, 205, 208; war, 6, 7 and _n._, 25, 26, 32–38, 46–56, 63–66, 88–90, 96, 104–106, 176, 179, 369 _ff._; obscenity, blasphemy, etc., 169–173, and see same; peace-time sedition laws, 173–180, 191–194, 199–228; deportations, 280–291; legislative exclusion, 328–332, 362–364; schools, 368–376. See ATTEMPT; SOLICITATION; ESPIONAGE ACT; POST-OFFICE; ASSEMBLY. Summary of recent events in U. S., 296, 336–339.
SPENCER, Herbert, 226, 276.
SPIES, German, 6, 70–72; opponents of war as, 41, 42; government spies and informers, 59, 71, 72, 227, 268–272, 302, 357.
SPIES, August, anarchist, 165, 205, 206.
_Spirit of ’76_, moving picture case, 10, 38 _n._, 43, 60, 61.
STAMP TAX, restraint of press by, 19 _n._, 32.
STANCHFIELD, J. B., on guilt by association, 360.
STANTON, E. M., arbitrary arrests, 116.
STAR CHAMBER, 32, 232, 238.
STAR-SPANGLED BANNER, alleged prosecutions for not standing up, 102 and _n._, 103.
STATE SEDITION LAWS, in war and peace. See SEDITION STATUTES OF STATES.
STATE WAR CASES, miscellaneous, 110 _n._
STEAD, W. T., “The Maiden Tribute,” 171.
STEIMER, Molly, prosecution, 123, 126, 143 and _n._, 144, 145, 147 _n._, 148. See ABRAMS.
STEPHEN, James Fitzjames, 13, 20 _n._, 23 _n._, 24, 26 _n._, 29 _n._, 56, 201 _n._, 263 _n._
STERLING BILL, 197, 207.
STEVENSON, J. A., 269 _n._
STEVENSON, R. L., on Braxfield, 146 _n._
STIRNER, 221.
STOKES, Rose Pastor, prosecution, 13 _n._, 28 _n._, 58, 59, 67, 87 _n._, 92, 118, 119, 225.
STONE, F. D., 19 _n._
STOREY, Moorfield, on intervention, 160 _n._
STORY, Joseph, 8 _n._, 341, 345 _n._
STREET MEETINGS. See ASSEMBLY.
STRIKES, 53, 164, 218, 220; under Espionage Act of 1918, 74, 269, 273, 274; coal strike, 82, 260; advocacy of general strike, 122, 125, 139, 140, 149–153, 163, 188, 216, 257–261, 271. See LABOR UNIONS.
STRONG, A. L., 115 _n._
SUBMARINE WARFARE, discussion of criminal, 57, 60.
SUGARMAN, prosecution, 88 _n._, 89, 90.
SUHR, and I.W.W., 163.
SUMNER, Charles, 210, 330.
SUMNER, William G., 97, 362.
SUNDAY, Rev. Wm., 260.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Espionage Act cases, 15, 16, 87–106, 116, 120–160 _passim_, 178, 191, 207, 285; other free speech cases, 9, 12; on conscription, 7, 35, 40, 57; on postal power, 108; protection of lives of judges, 197, 200, 206; on power over aliens, 230 _ff._; on anarchist exclusions, 275 _ff._; on guilt by association, 265; on searches and seizures, 299–301, 335; on federal peace-time sedition bill, 207.
SWEDEN, free speech in, 286.
SWEET, Thaddeus C., N. Y. Speaker, 333–339, 357, 361 _ff._
SWEETHEARTS, discouragement of, in war criminal, 58, 103.
SWITZERLAND, free speech in, 286.
SYNDICALISM, statutes against, 163, 190–194, 197, 212, 265.
SYRACUSE SOCIALISTS, prosecution, 115.
TACITUS, quoted, 118 _n._
_Tageblatt, Philadelphia._ See SCHAEFER.
TANEY, Chief Justice, 34 _n._; against lawlessness in war, 81 _n._
TARDE, 163.
TAXATION, 106, 233; restraint of free speech by, 19 _n._, 32, 282; discussion of war taxation suppressed, 57, 64, 65, 95, 107.
TELEGRAPH, censorship of, 109 _n._
TENDENCY, bad, as test of criminality of words, fatal to freedom of speech, see SPEECH, FREEDOM OF; social and economic tendency unsuitable for decision by judges and juries, 49, 52, 68, 69, 104, 132–136, 158.
TEST OATH, restricted by U. S. Constitution, 3; in R. I., 77; in N. Y., 333, 342, 343, 354 _n._
TEST OATH ACT, 328, 330, 349–351, 353.
TEXAS, war sedition law, 111 _n._
THAW, H. K., trial, 136 _n._, 163.
THAYER, J. B., 6 _n._
THAYER, W. R., 203.
THEATER, shouting fire in, 16; censorship of, 172, 175.
THIRD AMENDMENT, 33.
THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, 7, 35, 36.
THOMAS, A. V., 218 _n._
THREATS. See PRESIDENT.
TIBERIUS, Emperor, censorship, 118 _n._, 268.
TIGHE, Ambrose, on war powers, 33 _n._, 117 _n._
TILDSLEY, John L., 365 _ff._
TOBACCO, 209.
TOLEDO, 191.
TOLSTOY, 276, 279, 294 _n._
TORTS, outside free speech clauses, 14, 15. See LIBEL.
TOWNLEY, prosecution, 78 _n._, 85 _n._, 111 and _n._
TRACHTENBERG, A., 257 _n._
TRADE UNIONS. See LABOR UNIONS.
TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT, 108 _n._, 195.
TRAINING CAMPS, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 57, 119; sanitary conditions, 64.
TREASON, 97; levying war, 166, 201, 265; aid and comfort to enemies, 148 _n._, 202, 324–328; in war with Germany, 41 and _n._, 50, 74, 91, 325 _n._; against U. S., states cannot prosecute, 111; effect of clause on federal sedition statutes, 201–203, 218; Berger and relation of treason to Espionage Act, 325–328.
TREATIES, 36, 233; with Germany, 1, 119; secret, 36, 37 and _n._
TREVELYAN, G. O., 295, 312.
TROTSKY, Leon, 135, 144, 147, 311.
TRUMBULL, Lyman, Senator, on expulsion, 346, 347.
TRUTH, social interest in, 34–39, 155–160, 176, 368 _ff._; importance in war, 36, 37, 46, 63, 65, 66, 96; not concerned in mere advocacy of violence and lawlessness, 49, 50, 63, 173, 204; not a defense under Espionage Act, except false statements clause, 56, 115; relation to criminal law of obscenity, profanity, etc., 169–173. See LIBEL.
TUCKER, St. George, 8 _n._
TUCKER, St. John, 101.
TUNNEY, T. J., Inspector, 123, 169 _n._, 181 and _n._, 182.
TURNER, John, anarchist excluded, 275–283 _passim_.
TYLER, Moses C., 276 _n._
UNDER-COVER INFORMANTS, 269–272.
UNITED STATES, inciting resistance to, opposing cause, see ESPIONAGE ACT; division of state and federal jurisdiction over crimes, 113 _ff._, 171; political parties, see PARTIES; absence of intellectual divergencies, 289, 363.
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, absence of free speech clause and ratification, 3, 4, 156; affirmative power over speech and sedition, 3, 34 and _n._, 199–201; abuse of, crime, 45, 114. See various topics, e.g., SPEECH, FREEDOM OF; TREASON; DEPORTATIONS; BILLS OF RIGHTS; also the various amendments by number.
UNITED STATES COURTS, no common law crimes, 22. See SUPREME COURT; DISTRICT COURTS; JUDGES; FEDERALIST JUDGES.
UNITED STATES OFFICIALS, protection of, from violence, 163–169, 196–207, 213–215, 251. See PRESIDENT; PROSECUTING OFFICIALS; JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF.
UNITED STATES STATUTES, adequacy against utterances in war, 40–42, 46, 50; against revolution and attacks on officials, 165–169, 194, 196; accessories, 52 and _n._, 53, 166 _n._; attempts and incitement, 166 and _n._; judicial code, 269, 149 _n._; Explosives Act, 169.
UNTERMEYER, Samuel, on Rand School, 309, 310.
VALLANDIGHAM, 97, 117 and _n._, 325, 330.
VANCE, W. R., on freedom of speech, 22 _n._, 76 _n._
VAN VALKENBURGH, Judge, 13 _n._, 28 _n._, 58, 59, 87, 225.
VEBLEN, Thorstein, book on Germany excluded from mails, 108.
VENEZUELA, deportation of American, 288 _n._
VERMONT, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._
VESSELS, merchant, sinking of, 57, 60. See SHIPS.
VIOLENCE, draft riots, 40, 50; mobs in war, 44–46; law against, 165–169; advocacy of, by radicals, chapters IV., V., _passim_; by conservatives, 260, 261; suppression of opinion by, 196, 197, 219, 260, 264. See “FORCE AND VIOLENCE”; SOLICITATION; RIOTS.
VIRGINIA, demands federal free speech clause, 4; constitution, free speech clause, 4; religious toleration statute, 17, 18, 31, 66, 67, 170, 217; Resolutions, 20 _n._, 211 _n._, 240 _n._
VOTERS’ LEAGUES, restrictions on, 11 _n._
WADE, Judge, 13 _n._, 62, 63, 64, 83.
WAITE, Chief Justice, 325 _n._
WALDMAN, Louis, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.
WALDRON, C. H., prosecution, 61, 62.
WALLACE, D. H., prosecution, 13 _n._, 62.
WALLAS, Graham, 271 _n._, 294 _n._
WAR, extended scope to-day, 6, 7; criticism of flogging in army, 27, 28, 68; of general by troops, 50; trial of civilians by military courts, 33 _n._, 42; censorship on military news, 10, 98, 99; Bills of Rights in, 32–34; importance of the truth in, 36, 37, 46, 63–66, 114; psychological effects, 225; mob violence, 44–46; causes of war not subject to judicial proof, 104–106; state war cases, 110 _n._; effect on legislative exclusion, 328–332; on schools, 366 _ff._; technical war, 113–119; future wars and free speech, 46, 64, 113 _ff._; federal war powers, 88, 200. See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF, _Concrete applications_; CONSCRIPTION; ESPIONAGE ACT; ARMY; NAVY; SEDITION STATUTES OF STATES; ASSEMBLY; names of various wars.
WAR DEPARTMENT, _Report of Activities in Field of Industrial Relations_, cited, 153 _n._
WAR OF 1812, opposition to, 64, 330 _n._
_War College Publications_, cited, 98, 99.
_War-time Prosecutions and Mob Violence_, cited, 45 _n._, 57 _n._, 74 _n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._, 302 _n._
WARD, Judge, 54 _n._
WARRANTS, general, 296, 297, 299, 311. See ARRESTS; SEARCHES AND SEIZURES; DEPORTATIONS.
WARREN, Charles, on treason, 325 _n._, 326 _n._, 327 _n._
WASHINGTON, prosecution for libel on the dead, 172; red flag law, 181 _n._; anarchy act, 188.
WASHINGTON, George, 147; libel on, 172.
WATKINS, Gordon S., 256.
WEBSTER, Daniel, 330.
WEINBERGER, Harry, 126, 132, 133 _n._, 146.
WEST VIRGINIA, red flag law, 181; sedition law, 190; moving picture law, 203 _n._
WESTENHAVER, Judge, 91.
WESTERN FEDERATION OF MINERS, 267.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO., 109 _n._
WHARTON, Francis, quoted, 52, 73.
WHITE, E. D., Chief Justice, 12, 148 _n._
WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC, discussion punished, 171.
WHITNEY, Anita, 190 _n._
WICKERSHAM, G. W., 133.
WIGMORE, J. H., _Evidence_, 85 _n._; on Abrams case, 130 _n._, 141 _n._
WILCOX, E. H., _Russia’s Ruin_, 132.
WILKES, John, 23, 295; searches and seizures, 295–298, 301; exclusion from House of Commons, 250, 295, 296, 311–315, 321, 328, 329, 338, 343, 349, 355, 356.
WILLES, Justice, 9 _n._
WILLIAMS, A. R., called in Abrams case, 133.
WILLIAMS, Roger, 176, 227, 276, 277, 286, 321, 372.
WILLOUGHBY, W. W., 230 _n._, 233 _n._
_Willy and his Papa_, cartoons, 52.
WILSON, William B., Secretary of Labor, 243, 247, 248, 250, 252; decisions on Communist Labor Party and Communist Party, 256–262, 268; on I.W.W., 272, 273; Martens case, 287, 288; on deportation policy, 290, 291.
WILSON, Woodrow, President, on Sedition Act of 1798, 25; ignorance of secret treaties, 37 _n._; opposes court martial for pacifists, 62; speeches as evidence in Espionage Act cases, 57, 103–106; exercise of pardoning power, 60, 61, 62 _n._, 73, 87 _n._, 117; war aims hindered by policy of suppression, 113, 119; attacked in Abrams case, 120–122, 138; Russian policy, 131, 132, 151; message on Federal Sedition Bill, 211–213, 220; threats to kill, 215; responsibility for deportations, 249; on economic nature of the War, 321; free speech record, 336; miscellaneous, 60, 225, 315, 363.
WITCHES, Salem, 356, 351.
WOLVERTON, Judge, 83.
WOMEN, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 57, 58, 103; nationalization of, 154.
WOOD, Baron, 27, 28.
WOODS, Arthur, 177, 178 and _n._
WORDS, and acts, relation to freedom of speech, 49–51, 164–180; criminal law of language, 169–173.
WORKS, John D., on federal judges, 84.
“WORK OR FIGHT” statute, constitutional, 7.
WURSTERBARTH, denaturalized, 109, 110 _n._
WURTS, John, on federal juries, 80 _n._
YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, criticism of, criminal, 57, 70; refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.
YOUTH, social interest in training of, limits freedom of speech, 34, 170, 179, 180, 368, 374 _ff._
ZENGER, Peter, trial, 23 and _n._
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 84: “recommmends” replaced by “recommends” 99: “unbiassed” replaced by “unbiased” 126: “Revolutions” replaced by “Revolution” 166: “refererences” replaced by “references” 169: “protct” replaced by “protect” 193: “Bolshevisim” replaced by “Bolshevism” 220: “nor” replaced by “now” 220: “aganist” replaced by “against” 238: “write” replaced by “writ” 241: “admistrative” replaced by “administrative” 277: “trangressors” replaced by “transgressors” 407: “Heating” replaced by “Healing” 408: “Hal” replaced by “Hall” 409: “Mollen” replaced by “Moilen” 416: “prosesecuting” replaced by “prosecuting”.