Chapter 59

Nascent state, its relation to combination, 658, 717. _Natural_ standard of direction for current, 663. ---- relation of electrolytic intensity, 987. _Nature of the electric_ current, 1617. ---- force or forces, 1667. _Negative_ current, none, 1627, 1632. ---- _discharge_, 1465, 1484. ---- ----, as Spark, 1467, 1482. ---- ----, as brush, 1466, 1502. ---- spark or brush, 1484, 1502. _Negative and positive discharge_, 1465, 1482, 1525 ---- in different gases, 1393. _New_ electrical condition of matter, 60, 231, 242, 1114, 1661, 1729. ---- law of conduction, 380, 394, 410. _Nitric acid_ formed by spark in air, 324. ---- _favours_ excitation of current, 906, 1138 ---- ---- transmission of current, 1020. ---- is best for excitation of battery, 1137. ----, nature of its electrolysis, 752. _Nitrogen_ determined to either pole, 554, 748, 752. ---- a secondary result of electrolysis, 746, 748. ----, brush in, 1458. ----, dark discharge in, 1559. ----, glow in, 1534. ----, spark in, 1422, 1463. ----, _positive and negative_ brush in, 1476. ----, ---- discharge in, 1512. ----, its influence on lightning, 1464. Nomenclature, 662, 1483. Nonconduction by solid electrolytes, 381, 1358, 1705. Note on electrical excitation, 1737. Nuclei, their action, 623, 657.

Olefiant gas, interference of, 610, 652. _Ordinary electricity_, its tension, 285. ---- evolution of heat, 287. ---- magnetic force, 288, 362. ---- _chemical force_, 309, 454. ---- ----, precautions, 322. ---- spark, 333. ---- physiological effect, 332. ---- general characters considered, 284. ----, identity with other electricities, 360. Origin of the force of the voltaic pile, 878, 910, 919. Oxidation the origin of the electric current in the voltaic pile, 919, 930. Oxide of lead electrolysed, 797. _Oxygen_, brush in, 1457. ----, _positive and negative_ brush in, 1476, ----, ---- discharge in, 1513. ----, solubility of, in cases of electrolyzation, 717, 728. ----, spark in, 1422. ---- _and hydrogen combined by_ platina plates, 570, 605, 630. ---- ---- spongy platina, 609, 636. ---- ---- other metals, 608.

_Particles_, their nascent state, 658. ---- in air, how charged, 1564. ----, neighbouring, their relation to each other, 619, 624, 657. ----, contiguous, active in induction, 1165, 1677. ---- of a dielectric, their inductive condition, 1369, 1410, 1669. ----, polarity of, when under induction, 1298, 1676. ----, _how polarised_, 1669, 1679. ----, ----, in any direction, 1689. ----, ----, as wholes or elements, 1699. ----, ----, in electrolytes, 1702. ----, crystalline, 1689. ----, contiguous, active in electrolysis, 1349, 1702. ----, _their_ action in electrolyzation, 520, 1343, 1703. ----, ---- local chemical action, 961, 1739. ----, ---- relation to electric action, 73. ----, ---- electric action, 1669, 1679, 1740. Path of the electric spark, 1107. Phosphoric acid not an electrolyte, 682. _Physiological effects of_ voltaic-electricity, 279. ---- common electricity, 332. ---- magneto-electricity, 56, 347. ---- thermo-electricity, 349. ---- animal electricity, 357. _Pile, voltaic_, electricity of, 875. ----. _See_ Battery, voltaic. _Plates of platina_ effect combination, 568, 571, 590, 630. ---- _prepared by_ electricity, 570, 585, 588. ---- ---- friction, 591. ---- ---- heat, 595. ---- ---- chemical cleansing, 599, 605, ----, clean, their general properties, 633, 717. ----, _their power preserved_, 576. ----, ---- in water, 580. ----, _their power diminished by_ action, 581. ----, ---- exposure to air, 636. ----, _their power affected by_ washing in water, 582. ----, ---- heat, 584, 597. ----, ---- presence of certain gases, 638, 655. ----, their power, cause of, 590, 616, 630. ----, _theory of their action_, Döbereiner's, 610. ----, ----, Dulong and Thenard's, 611. ----, ----, Fusinieri's, 613. ----, ----, author's, 619, 626, 630, 656. _Plates of voltaic battery_ foul, 1145. ----, new and old, 1116. ----, vicinity of, 1148. ----, immersion of, 1003, 1150. ----, number of, 989, 1151. ----, large or small, 1154. _Platina_, clean, its characters, 633, 717. ---- attracts matter from the air, 634. ----, spongy, its state, 637. ----, _clean, its power of effecting combination_, 564, 590, 605, 617, 630. ----, ---- interfered with, 638. ----, _its action retarded by_ olefiant gas, 640, 652. ----, ----, carbonic oxide, 645, 652. ----. _See_ Combination, Plates of platina, and Interference. ---- poles, recombination effected by, 567, 588. Plumbago poles for chlorides, 794. Poisson's theory of electric induction, 1305. _Points_, favour convective discharge, 1573. ----, fluid for convection, 1581. _Polar_ forces, their character, 1665. ---- decomposition by common electricity, 312, 321, 469. _Polarity_, meaning intended, 1304, 1685. ---- of particles under induction, 1298, 1676. ----, _electric_, 1070, 1085. ----, ----, its direction, 1688, 1703, ----, ----, its variation, 1687. ----, ----, its degree, 1686. ----, ----, in crystals, 1689. ----, ----, in molecules or atoms, 1699. ----, ----, in electrolytes, 1702. Polarized light across electrolytes, 951. _Poles, electric_, their nature, 461, 498, 556, 662. ----, appearance of evolved bodies at, accounted for, 535. ---- one element to either? 552, 681, 757. ----, of air, 455, 461, 559. ----, of water, 491, 558. ----, of metal, 557. ----, of platina, recombination effected by, 567, 588. ----, of plumbago, 794. Poles, magnetic, distinguished, 44, _note_. Porrett's peculiar effects, 1646. _Positive_ current none, 1627, 1632. ---- _discharge_, 1465, 1480. ---- ----, as spark, 1467, 1482. ---- ----, as brush, 1467, 1476. ---- spark or brush, 1484, 1502. ---- _and negative_, convective discharge, 1600. ---- ---- _disruptive discharge_, 1465, 1482, 1485, 1525. ---- ---- ---- in different gases, 1393. ---- ---- voltaic discharge, 1524. ---- ---- electrolytic discharge, 1525. Potassa acetate, nature of its electrolysis, 749. Potassium, iodide of, electrolysed, 805. Power of voltaic batteries estimated, 1126. Powers, their state of tension in the pile, 949. Practical results with the voltaic battery, 1136. Pressure of air retains electricity, explained, 1377, 1398. Primary electrolytical results, 742. Principles, general, of definite electrolytic action, 822. Proportionals in electrolytes, single, 679, 697.

_Quantity of electricity in_ matter, 852, 861, 873, 1652. ---- voltaic battery, 990.

Rarefaction of air facilitates discharge, why, 1375. Recombination, spontaneous, of gases from water, 566. _Relation_, by measure, of electricities, 361. ---- of magnets and moving conductors, 256. ---- of magnetic induction to intervening bodies, 1662, 1728. ---- of a current and magnet, to remember, 38, _note_. ---- of electric and magnetic forces, 118, 1411, 1653, 1658,1709, 1731. ---- of conductors and insulators, 1321, 1326, 1334, 1338. ---- of conduction and induction, 1320, 1337. ---- _of induction and_ disruptive discharge, 1362. ---- ---- electrolyzation, 1164, 1343. ---- ---- excitation, 1178, 1740. ---- ---- charge, 1171, 1177, 1300. ---- of insulation and induction, 1324, 1362, 1368, 1678. ----, lateral, of lines of inductive force, 1231, 1297, 1304. ---- of a vacuum to electricity, 1613. ---- of spark, brush, and glow, 1533, 1539, 1542. ---- of gases to positive and negative discharge, 1510. ---- of neighbouring particles to each other, 619, 624. ---- _of elements in_ decomposing electrolytes, 923, 1702. ---- ---- exciting electrolytes, 921. ---- of acids and bases voltaically, 927, 933. Remarks on the active battery, 1034, 1136. Residual charge of a Leyden jar, 1249. _Resistance_ to electrolysis, 891, 904, 911, 1007. ---- of an electrolyte to decomposition, 1007. _Results_ of electrolysis, primary or secondary, 742, 777. ----, practical, with the voltaic battery, 1136. ----, general, as to induction, 1295, 1669. Retention of electricity by pressure of the atmosphere explained, 1377, 1398. _Revolving_ plate. _See_ Arago's phenomena. ---- _globe, Barlow's_, effect explained, 137, 160, 169. ---- ----, magnetic, 164. ---- ----, direction of currents in, 161, 166. Riffault's and Chompré's theory of electro-chemical decomposition, 485, 507, 512. Rock crystal, induction across, 1692. Room, insulated and electrified, 1173. Rotation of the earth a cause of magneto-electric induction, 181.

Salts considered as electrolytes, 698. Scale of electrolytic intensities, 912. _Secondary electrolytical results_, 702, 742, 748, 777. ---- become measures of the electric current, 843. _Sections of the current_, 498, 1634. ----, decomposing force alike in all, 501, 1621. _Sections of lines of inductive action_, 1369. ----, amount of force constant, 1369. Shock, strong, with one voltaic pair, 1049. _Silver, chloride of_, its electrolyzation, 541, 813, 902. ----, electrolytic intensity for, 979. Silver, sulphuret of, hot, conducts well, 433. _Simple voltaic circles_, 875. ----, decomposition effected by, 897, 904, 931. Single and many pairs of plates, relation of, 990. _Single voltaic circuits_, 875. ---- without metallic contact, 879. ---- with metallic contact, 893. ---- their force exalted, 906. ---- _give_ strong shocks, 1049. ---- ---- a bright spark, 1050. _Solid electrolytes are non-conductors_, 394, 402, 1358. ----, why, 910, 1705. _Solids, their power of inducing combination_, 564, 618. ---- interfered with, 638. Solubility of gases in cases of electrolyzation, 717, 728. _Source of electricity in the voltaic pile_, 875. ---- is chemical action, 879, 916, 919, 1741. Spark, 1360, 1406. _Spark, electric, its_ conditions, 1360, 1406, 1553. ---- path, 1407. ---- light, 1553. ---- insensible duration or time, 1438. ---- accompanying dark parts, 1547, 1632. ---- determination, 1370. 1409. _Spark is affected by the_ dielectrics, 1395, 1421. ---- size of conductor, 1372. ---- form of conductor, 1302, 1374. ---- rarefaction of air, 1375. _Spark_, atmospheric or lightning, 1464, 1641. ----, negative, 1393, 1467, 1482, 1484, 1502. ----, positive, 1393, 1448, 1467, 1482, 1484, 1502. ----, ragged, 1420, 1448. ----, when not straight, why, 1568. ----, variation in its length, 1381. ----, tendency to its repetition, 1392. ----, facilitates discharge, 1417, 1553. ----, passes into brush, 1448. ----, preceded by induction, 1362. ----, forms nitric acid in air, 324. ----, in gases, 1383, 1421. ----, in air, 1422. ----, in nitrogen, 1422, 1463. ----, in oxygen, 1422. ----, in hydrogen, 1422. ----, in carbonic acid, 1422, 1463. ----, in muriatic acid gas, 1422, 1463. ----, in coal-gas, 1422. ----, in liquids, 1424. ----, precautions, 958, 1074. ----, voltaic, without metallic contact, 915, 956. ---- from single voltaic pair, 1050. ---- from common and voltaic electricity assimilated, 334. ----, first magneto-electric, 32. ---- of voltaic electricity, 280. ---- of common electricity, 333. ---- of magneto-electricity, 348. ---- of thermo-electricity, 349. ---- of animal electricity, 358. ----, brush and glow related, 1533, 1539, 1542. Sparks, their expected coalition, 1412. Specific induction. _See_ Induction, specific, 1252. _Specific inductive capacity_, 1252. ----, apparatus for, 1187. ---- of lac, 1256, 1270, 1308. ---- of sulphur, 1275, 1310. ---- of air, 1284. ---- of gases, 1283, 1290. ---- of glass, 1271. _Spermaceti_, its conducting power, 1240, 1323. ----, its relation to conduction and insulation, 1322. Standard of direction in the current, 663. State, electrotonic, 60, 231, 242, 1114, 1661, 1729. Static induction. _See_ Induction, static. _Sturgeon_, his form of Arago's experiment, 249. ----, use of amalgamated zinc by, 863, 999. _Sulphate of soda_, decomposed by common electricity, 317. ----, electrolytic intensity for, 975. _Sulphur_ determined to either pole, 552, 681, 757. ----, its conducting power, 1241, 1245. ----, its specific inductive capacity, 1275. ----, copper and iron, circle, 943. _Sulphuret of_ carbon, interference of, 650. ---- silver, hot, conducts well, 433. Sulphuretted solution excites the pile, 943. _Sulphuric acid_, conduction by, 409, 681. ----, magneto-electric induction on, 200, 213. ---- in voltaic pile, its use, 925. ---- not an electrolyte, 681. ----, its transference, 525. ----, its decomposition, 681, 757. Sulphurous acid, its decomposition, 755. _Summary of_ conditions of conduction, 443. ---- molecular inductive theory, 1669.

_Table of_ discharge in gases, 1388. ---- electric effects, 360. ---- electro-chemical equivalents, 847. ---- electrolytes affected by fusion, 402. ---- insulation in gases, 1388. ---- ions, anions, and cathions, 847. Tartaric acid, nature of its electrolysis, 775. _Tension_, inductive, how represented, 1370. ---- of voltaic electricity, 268. ---- of common electricity, 285. ---- of thermo-electricity, 349. ---- of magneto-electricity, 343. ---- of animal electricity, 352. ---- of zinc and electrolyte in the voltaic pile, 949. Terrestrial electric currents, 187. _Terrestrial magneto-electric induction_, 140. ---- cause of aurora borealis, 192. ----, _electric currents produced by_, 141, 150. ----, ----, _in helices_ alone, 148. ----, ----, ---- with iron, 141, 146. ----, ----, ---- with a magnet, 147. ----, ---- a single wire, 170. ----, ---- a revolving plate, 149. ----, ---- a revolving ball, 160. ----, ---- the earth, 173. Test between magnetic and magneto-electric action, 215, 243. _Theory of_ combination of gases by clean platina, 619, 626, 630, 656. ---- electro-chemical decomposition, 477, 661, 1623, 1704. ---- the voltaic apparatus, 875, 1741. ---- static induction, 1165, 1231, 1295, 1666, 1667. ---- disruptive discharge, 1368, 1406, 1434. ---- Arago's phenomena, 120. _Thermo-electricity_, its general characters, 349. ---- identical with other electricities, 360. ----, its evolution of heat, 349. ----, magnetic, force, 349. ----, physiological effects, 349. ----, spark, 349. Time, 59, 68, 124, 1248, 1328, 1346, 1418, 1431, 1436, 1439, 1612, 1641, 1730. _Tin_, iodide of, electrolysed, 804. ----, protochloride, electrolysis of, definite, 789, 819. _Torpedo_, nature of its electric discharge, 359. ----, its enormous amount of electric force, 359. Transfer of elements and the current, their relation, 923, 962. _Transference_ is simultaneous in opposite directions, 542, 828. ----, uncombined bodies do not travel, 544, 546, 826. ---- _of elements_, 454, 507, 539, 550, 826. ---- ---- across great intervals, 455, 468. ---- ----, its nature, 519, 525, 538, 549. ---- of chemical force, 918. Transverse forces of the current, 1653, 1709. Travelling of charged particles, 1563. Trough, voltaic. _See_ Battery, voltaic. _Turpentine, oil of_, a good fluid insulator, 1172. ----, its insulating power destroyed, 1571. ---- charged, 1172. ----, brush in, 1452, ----, electric motions in, 1588, 1595, ----, convective currents in, 1595, 1598.

Unipolarity, 1635.

Vacuum, its relation to electricity, 1613. Vaporization, 657. _Velocity of_ conduction in metals varied, 1333. ---- the electric discharge, 1641, 1649. ---- conductive and electrolytic discharge, difference of, 1650. Vicinity of plates in voltaic battery, 1148. Volta-electric induction, 26. _Volta-electrometer_, 704, 736. ----, fluid decomposed in it, water, 706, 728, 732. ----, forms of, 707, 734. ---- _tested for variation of_ electrodes, 714, 722. ---- ---- fluid within, 727. ---- ---- intensity, 723. ----, strength of acid used in, 728,733. ----, _its indications by_ oxygen and hydrogen, 736. ----, ---- hydrogen, 734. ----, ---- oxygen, 735. ----, how used, 737. Voltameter, 704. _Voltaic battery_, its nature, 875, 989. ----, remarks on, 1034, 1136. ----, improved, 1001, 1119. ----, practical results with, 1136. ----. _See_ Battery, voltaic. _Voltaic circles, simple_, 875. ----, decomposition by, 897. Voltaic circles associated, or battery, 989. _Voltaic circuit_, relation of bodies in, 962. ----, defined, 282, 511. ----, origin of, 916, 1741. ----, its direction, 663, 925, ----, intensity increased, 905, 990. ----, produced by oxidation of zinc, 919, 930. ---- not due to combination of oxide and acid, 925, 933. ----, _its relation to the_ combining oxygen, 921, 962. ----, ---- combining sulphur, 943. ----, ---- the transferred elements, 923, 962. ----, relation of bodies in, 962. Voltaic current, 1617. _See_ Current, electric. Voltaic discharge, positive and negative, 1524. Voltaic decomposition, 450, 600. _See_ Decomposition, electro-chemical. _Voltaic electricity_, identical with electricity, otherwise evolved, 268, 360. ----, _discharged by_ points, 272. ----, ---- hot air, 271, 274. ----, its tension, 268, 275. ----, evolution of heat by, 276. ----, its magnetic force, 277. ----, its chemical force, 278. ----, its spark, 280. ----, its physiological effects, 279. ----, its general characters considered, 268. _Voltaic pile_ distinguished, 856, _note_. ----, electricity of, 875. ----, depends on chemical action, 872. ----, relation of acid and bases in the, 927. ----. _See_ Battery, voltaic. _Voltaic spark_ without contact, 915, 956. ----, precautions, 958, 1074. Voltaic trough, 989. _See_ Battery, voltaic.

_Water_, flowing, electric currents in, 190. ----, retardation of current by, 1159. ----, _its direct conducting power_, 1017, 1159, 1355. ----, ---- constant, 984. ----, electro-chemical decomposition against, 494, 532. ----, poles of, 494, 533, 558. ----, its influence in electro-chemical decomposition, 472. ---- is the great electrolyte, 924. ----, _the exciting electrolyte when_ pure, 944. ----, ---- acidulated, 880, 926, 1137. ----, ---- alkalized, 931, 934, 941. ----, electrolytic intensity for, 968, 981, 1017. ---- electrolyzed in a single circuit, 862. ----, its electrolysis definite, 732, 785, 807. ----, decomposition of by fine wires, 327. ----, quantity of electricity in its elements, 853, 861. ----, determined to either pole, 553. _Wheatstone's_ analysis of the electric brush, 1427. ---- measurement of conductive velocity in metals, 1328. _Wire, ignition of, by the electric current_, 853, _note_, 1631. ---- is uniform throughout, 1630. _Wire_ a regulator of the electric current, 853, _note_. ----, velocity of conduction in, varied, 1333. ----, single, a current induced in, 170. ----, long, inductive effects in, 1064, 1118. _Wollaston on_ decomposition by common electricity, 309. ---- decomposition of water by points, 327.

_Zinc, amalgamated_, its condition, 863, 1000. ----, used in pile, 999. _Zinc_, how amalgamated, 863. ----, of troughs, its purity, 1144. ----, its relation to the electrolyte, 949. ----, its oxidation is the source of power in the pile, 919. ---- _plates of troughs_, foul, 1145. ---- ----, new and old, 1146. ----, waste of, in voltaic batteries, 997.

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