PART III

THE WORLD OF ACTION

XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427

Object of discussion, 427. § 1. _Growth of individuality through social organizations_:--Emancipation from custom, 428; double movement towards individuality and complex associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold contribution of social environment to individual morality, 433; moral value of the state, 434. § 2. _Responsibility and freedom_:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. § 3. _Rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative, 440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445; limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446; education, 448.

XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451

§ 1. _Civil rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 451; their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for wrongs, 454. § 2. _Development of civil rights_:--Contrast with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462; significance of negligence and carelessness, 464; conflict of substantial and technical justice, 465; relations of the legal and moral, 467; reform of criminal procedure necessary, 468; also of punitive methods, 470; and of civil administration, 471. § 3. _Political rights and obligations_:--Significance of the state, 473; distrust of government, 474; indifference to politics, 476; political corruption, 477; reform of partisan machinery, 478; of governmental machinery, 479; constructive social legislation, 480; a federated humanity, 481. § 4. _The moral criterion of political activity_:--Its statement, 482; the individualistic formula, 483; the collectivistic formula, 484.

XXII. THE ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE 486

§ 1. _General analysis_:--The economic in relation to happiness, 487; relation to character, 488; social aspects, 491. § 2. _The problem set by the new economic order_:--Collective and impersonal organizations, 495; readjustments required, 496. § 3. _The agencies for carrying on commerce and industry_:--Early agencies, 497; the business enterprise, 498; the labor union, 499; reversion to group morality, 500; members and management, 500; employer and employed, 501; relations to the public, 502; to the law, 503. § 4. _The methods of production, exchange, and valuation_:--The machine, 507; basis of valuation, 508. § 5. _The factors which aid ethical reconstruction_:--Principles more easily seen, 511.

XXIII. SOME PRINCIPLES IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 514

1. Wealth subordinate to personality, 514. 2. Wealth and activity, 514. 3. Wealth and public service, 515. 4. A change demanded from individual to collective morality, 517. 5. Personal responsibility, 519. 6. Publicity and legal control, 520. 7. Democracy and distribution, 521.

XXIV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER 523

§ 1. _Individualism and socialism_:--General statement, 523; equal opportunity, 526. § 2. _Individualism or free contract analyzed; its values_:--Efficiency, 527; initiative, 527; regulation of production, 528. § 3. _Criticisms upon individualism_:--It does not secure real freedom, 528; nor justice, 530; competition tends to destroy itself, 531; position of the aristocratic individualists, 532.

XXV. UNSETTLED PROBLEMS IN THE ECONOMIC ORDER (CONTINUED) 536

§ 4. _The theory of public agency and control_, 536. § 5. _Society as agency of production_:--Charges against private management, 537; corruption, 538; conditions of labor, 540; collective agency not necessarily social, 544. § 6. _Theories of just distribution_:--Individualistic theory, 546; equal division, 547; a working programme, 548. § 7. _Ownership and use of property_:--Defects in the present system, 551. § 8. _Present tendencies_:--Individualistic character of the Constitution, 554; increased recognition of public welfare, 555; social justice through economic, social, and scientific progress, 557. § 9. _Three special problems_:--The open versus the closed shop, 559; the capitalization of corporations, 561; the unearned increment, 564. Appendix: Prof. Seager's programme of social legislation, 566.

XXVI. THE FAMILY 571

§ 1. _Historical antecedents of the modern family_:--Maternal type, 572; paternal type, 572; influence of the church, 576. § 2. _The psychological basis of the family_:--Emotional and instinctive basis, 578; common will, 580; parenthood, 581; social and religious factors, 582; the children, 582. § 3. _General elements of strain in family relations_:--Differences between the sexes in temperament and occupation, 584; in attitude toward the family, 587; differences between parents and children, 589. § 4. _Special conditions which give rise to present problems_:--The economic factors, 590; cultural and political factors, 593. § 5. _Unsettled problems_:--Economic problems, 594; the dilemma between the domestic life and occupations outside the home, 595; the family as consumer, 598. § 6. _Unsettled problems_:--Political problems, authority within the family, 599; equality or inequality, 600; isolation not the solution, 602; authority over the family, divorce, 603; general law of social health, 605; conclusion, 605.

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ETHICS