Chapter IV., 175

Eudæmonism, 134, 230; see Happiness, Self-realization

Euripides, 112, 116, 139

Evil, problem of, in Israel, 100 ff.

Excitement, and pleasure, 408

Ezekiel, on personal responsibility, 104

"Fagan, J. O.," 503

Family, or Household Group, 23-31; as an agency in early society, 47-9; as affected by reflective morality, 193; and contract, 453; history of, 571-8; psychological basis of, 578-84; strain in, 584-9; present factors of strain in, 590-4; and the economic order, 594-9; authority in, 599-603; and divorce, 603-5

Feelings, the hedonistic ultimate, 225; an ambiguous term, 249-51; Mill on importance of, 294

Feud, see Blood Feud

Fichte, 490

Fisher, G. P., 143

Fiske, John, 581

Franchises, abuses of, 539

Franciscans, 149 f.

Francke, Kuno, 149

Freedom, Pauline conception, 108; formal and real, 158 ff., 437-9, 483 f., 525 f., 529, 549; see Rights

Freund, E., 555

Galileo, 164

Genetic Method in Ethics, 3

Gentleman, in Greece, 116 f.; mediæval and class ideal of, 144 f., 149, 155-7

Genung, J. F., 102

George, Henry, 162, 510 f.

Germans, customs of, 18, 53; character and ideals, 143 f., 149; family among, 575 f.

Golden Rule; 334

Good, the, as subject of ethics, 1, 7 f., 12, 203-5, 215, 236, 241; origin of the conception of moral, 183 f.; in group morality, 69-72; Hebrew ideals of, 107-9; significance in Greek thought, 113, 117, 119, 124; Greek individualistic and hedonistic theories of, 126; Plato on, 131-4, 136 f., 140; Aristotle on, 134 f., 138; and modern civilization, 154 ff., 557 f.; as happiness, 169, Chapter XIV.; private and general, 289-300, 308; the true, 208, 284, 302; good men as standard, 279, 324; rational and sensuous, 337; wealth as, 487; see Happiness, Value

Goodness, 233, 251; formal and material, 259 n.; of character, 279; and happiness, 284; and social interest, 298; intrinsic, 318-20; and progress, 422; see Virtue

Government, distrust of, 474; reform of, 479-80; see also State

Gray, J. H., 17

Greeks, early customs, 18 f., 46; compared with Hebrews, 91 f.; moral development of, 111-41, 197, 215, 217 f.

Green, on duty, 225; on hedonism, 269; on practical value of utilitarianism, 287-8; on moral progress, 429

Grosscup, Judge, 552

Grote, 19, 172 f., 178

Group ideal, mediæval, 144 f.; see Class Ideal

Group Life, early, Chapter II.; necessary to understand moral life, 17; typical facts of, 17; kinship, 21 ff.; family, 23 ff.; ownership of land in, 24; other economic aspects of, 25 f.; political aspects of, 26-30; rights and responsibilities of individual in, 27-30; religious aspects of, 30-2; age and sex groups in, 32-4; moral significance of, 34 f.

Group Morality, 34 f., 51 ff.; values and defects of, 68-73; in early Hebrew life, 92; in Middle Ages, 144 f.; persistence of, 173-8; in legal progress, 456; and international relations, 481 f.; in industrial conflicts, 500

Habit, and character, 9 f., 12, 202; effect on knowledge, 319; effect upon desire, 342-3

Hadley, A. T., 475 n., 488, 563

Hammurabi, Code of, 82, 105, 574

Happiness, and pleasure, 230, 263; ambiguity in conception of, 266; relation to desire, 272-4; as standard, 275-80; elements in its constitution, 281-3; final or moral, 284; general, 286; and sympathy, 300-3; and efficiency, 373; private and public, 395-7; see Eudæmonism, Good

Hazlitt, on Bentham, 268; on excitement, 409 n.

Hearn, 24

Hebrews, early morality, 18; moral development, 91-110; compared with Greek, 91

Hedonism, 230; Hebrew, 106 f.; Greek, 126, 132 f.; criticism of, 269-75; universalistic, 286; egoistic character of, 289-94; Kant's, 309; paradox of, 352; its theory of duty, 353

Hegel, on institutional character of morals, 225-6

High-mindedness, Aristotle's description of, 135 n.

Hobhouse, L. T., on formation of custom, 54; on social order and individuality, 428; on the family, 575 f., 577

Höffding, 253 n.

Honesty, 188, 414, 496

Honor, 85-8, 144 f., 176

Hosea, 95

Hospitality, in group morality, 67

"How," the, in conduct, 5-8, 228 f., 240; in group morality, 69 f.; in Hebrew morality, 102 ff.; in Greek ethics, 136 ff.; see Attitude

Howard, 576

Ibsen, 82, 100, 157, 303, 588

Ideal, _vs._ actual in Greek thought, 136-8; meaning of, 421 f.

India, customs of, 26, 63, 524

Indians (American), 25, 43, 54, 60

Indifferent Acts, 205-6, 210-11

Individual, the, in early group life, 20, 22 f., 27-30, 34, 71 f.; collision of with group, 74, 75 f., 82 ff., 88, 184-7, 432; among Hebrews, 104; development of, in modern civilization, 148-69; as affected by reflective morality, 187-92; and society, 427-36; relation to corporations and unions, 500-3; see Individualism, Self

Individualism, as factor in transition from custom to conscience, 75; forces producing, 76-87; in Israel, 94, 102, 104; in Greece, 114-24, 432; in Greek ethical theory, 124-6; in modern world, 149-63, 184-6, 220-3, 432 f.; in ethical theory, 225 f., 290; Carlyle's criticism of, 265 f.; hedonistic, 289 ff., 301 f.; as self-assertion, 368-75; true and false, 481; political formula of, 483 f.; in economic theory, 523-35; democratic, 525, 530 f.; "survival of the fittest," 525, 532-4; values, 527 f., 548 f.; does not secure real freedom, 529; nor justice, 530 ff., 535, 546 f.; other defects of, 551 ff.; in U. S. Constitution, 534; on "unearned increment," 564 f.; in family, 604; see Individual, Self

Industry, as a rationalizing agency, 39-42; differentiation in, 41; as a socializing agency, 42 f.; factor in effecting transition from custom to conscience, 76-8; modern development of, 155-9; agencies of, 497

Initiation, in primitive tribes, 58

Institutions, 192-5, 222, 225-6; see Chapter XX.

Intention, and Motive, 246-54, 257-8, 261; and accident, 63, 104, 459-60; see Deliberation

Intuitionalism, 226, 232, 306; discussion of, 317-25; and casuistry, 325-8

Ireland, ancient law of, 24 f., 62, 83

Israel, moral development of, 91-110, 197

James, William, on the social self, 85-7; on animal activity, 204; on effect of emotion on ideas, 253

Japanese morality, 18

Jesus, 106 f., 109

Job, moral theory in, 97, 101 f., 106

Judgments, moral; see Moral

Jural influence, 7, 103, 113 f., 177, 218-9, 224, 328, 353-6, 439, 454-5, 467-8

Justice, in primitive society, 27 f.; as Hebrew ideal, 94 f., 99 f., 108 f.; in Greek theory, 113 f.; natural and conventional, 120 f.; as interest of the stronger, 122-4; modern demand for, 148, 161 ff.; and charity, 148, 389 f.; virtue of, 414-7; development of civil, 456-63; formal and substantial, 465 f., 531; social, 161, 410, 521, 556-8; the new, 496 f.; and individualism, 530-5; in distribution, theories of, 545-50

Kafirs, clanship among, 19, 35

Kant, on unsocial sociableness of man, 75; forces of progress, 87 f.; his _Critique of Pure Reason_, 166; on dignity of man, 167; general standpoint, 169; individualism of, 191; and the "law of nature," 222 n.; on moral law, 228-9; on the Good Will, 241-3; his theory of will discussed, 241-46; on egoistic hedonism, 289; theory of practical reason, 309-17; theory of duty, 344, 346-52; on legality and morality, 432; cf. also 231, 492, 580

Kidd, Dudley, 19, 23, 35

Kinship, 21 ff.; see Group Life

Knowledge, place in morals, 215; theories of, 231-2; close connection with emotion, 256 n.; with character, 279; see Chapter XVI.; Kant's theory of, 309-16; intuitional theory of, 317-24; casuistical view, 325-9; principles in, 333-4; and sympathy, 334; and conscience, 418-23

Labor, differentiation of, in early society, 41; the gentleman and, 156; church and, 156; and the law, 504-7; conditions of, 540 f.; of women and children, 540 f.; exploitation of, 542-4; Prof. Seager's programme for benefit of, 566 ff.; see Industry, Labor Union, Capital

Labor Union, moral aspects of, 499 f.; revives group morality, 500; relations to the law, 503 ff.; disadvantages of, 503-6; violence of, 541; open and closed shop, 559 ff.

Laissez-faire, 161, 475

Land, "unearned increment," 510 f., 564 f.

Lankester, Ray, 168

Law, as control in group life, 59-63; in Hebrew moral development, 95-8; righteousness of the, 103; Greek conceptions of, 118-23; of nature, 130, 136, 152, 222; Roman, 142, 152, 222; and government, 194 f.; as defining rights, 454; development of, 456 ff.; formal in, 465; needed reforms in, 468 ff.; relation to corporations and unions, 503-7; needed to embody and enforce moral standards, 520 f.; moral, see Jural; and Right; see Civil Society, Courts, Justice, Legal, State

Legal and Moral, 177, 182 f., 433, 439, 454-5, 467-8; see also Jural, Law, Right

Leibniz, 165

Levels of conduct, 37-9, 51, 73

Liability, equals external responsibility, 436

Liberty, struggle for, 84 f.; see Freedom, Rights

"Life," Hebrew and Christian moral ideal, 107; the moral as, 606

Locke, on natural rights, 152; on the "natural light," 166; his _Essay_, 166; on danger of fixed rules, 329

Love, between the sexes, 107; psychological analysis of, 578 ff.; as moral ideal, 100, 108 f.

Lubbock, 428

Machine, in production, 507 f.

MacLennan, 24

Magic, contrasted with religion, 30 n.; influence on morals, 457 f.; see Taboos

Maine, status and contract, 20; Slav families, 60

Mallock, W. H., 533

Marriage, regulations for, in group morality, 64 f.; violation of, provokes moral reflection, 106; in reflective morality, 193; and contract, 453; Roman, 574 f.; church views of, 576 f.; see Divorce, Family, Sex

Marti, 98

Mead, G. H., 164

Mean, Aristotle's conception of, 134 f.

Measure, among Greeks, 112 f.

Men's clubs and houses, 32 f.

Micah, 99

Mill, John Stuart, on Bentham's method, 235 n.; on motive and intention, 248; on disposition, 254; on partial and complete intent, 256; on the desirable, 265; on the quality of pleasure, 279-80; on utilitarian standard, 286; on general happiness, 290; criticism of Bentham, 293; on desire for social unity, 294, 295, 296; on personal affections, 299 n.; on general rules, 330; as democratic individualist, 525; on private property, 553 f., 556; on equality in the family, 601

Monasticism, 149 f., 185 f., 187; women under, 576 f.

Moral, derivation of term, 1 f.; characteristics of, 5-13, 49 f., 51, 73, 89, 201-11; conceptions, derivation of, 175-7; differentiation of, 177-92; see Morality

Morality, customary or group, 51 ff.; defined, 73; Hebrew, 91 ff. (Chapter VI.); Greek, 111 ff. (Chapter VII.); Modern, 142 ff.; customary and reflective, compared, 171 ff.; subjective and objective, 259; Kant's view of, 309-10; social nature of, 431; and legality, 433, 439; changes in, necessitated by present economic conditions, 496 f., 517 ff.

Mores, or customs, Chapter IV.; definition, 51; authority and origin of, 52-4; means of enforcing, 54-7, 172

Moses, 82

Motives, 216, 228, 237; in customary morality, 70; purity of, insisted on by Hebrews, 105 f.; relation to effort and achievement, 243-6; relation to intention, 246-54, 257-8, 261; hedonistic theory of, criticized, 273, 288-92; sympathy as, 298-300; Kantian view of, 346-8; egoistic, 379-80; altruistic, 385-6; in business, 538, 541 f.

Naturalism, ethical, 369-75; and individualism, in the economic, 525, 532-4; see Nature

Nature, opposed to convention among Greeks, 111 f.; 124-31, 135; in modern development of rights, 152 f.; versus artificiality of society, 221 f.; see Naturalism

Nemesis, 132, 139

Newton, 165

Nietzsche, 82, 122, 370 n.

Nineteenth Century, development of intelligence in, 163

Obligations, 186; and responsibility, 440; and rights, 441; see Duty

Opportunity, equal, 526 f., 549

Optimism and courage, 412-3

"Oregon case," decision of U. S. Supreme Court in, 540

Ought, 176; see Duty

Owen, 161

Paley, 354 n.

Parsifal, 149

Parties, political, 478

Paul, his ethics, 100, 108 f.

Peace, as moral ideal, 108

Perfectionism, 231

Pessimism, and courage, 413

Pindar, 122

Plato, on the necessity of the moral sense, 2; moral influence of art, 42; duty to strangers, 67; on measure, 112; religious critic, 116; on the "gentleman," 117; presents arguments of individualists, 120 ff.; on the State, 127, 129 f.; on the good, 131 ff.; on pleasure, 132 f.; on the ideal, 136 ff.; on the self, 140; on rule of wealthy, 491; on private property, 494

Pleasure, good measured by, among early Hebrews, 107; Greek doctrines of, 125 f., 132 f.; not the object of desire, 269-71; quality, 279, 282, 300; relation to happiness, 230, 281-3; and sympathy, 291-2; control of, 407-8

Police Power, 505-7, 540 f., 555 f.

Pollock and Maitland, 460, 576

Post, 61

Principles, 179; nature of, 333-4; as motives, 350-2

Problems of Moral Theory, Chapter XI. (211-23); classified, 201, 214-5, 239, 263, 307

Production, moral cost of, 489; efficiency of, in individualistic systems, 527; regulation of, 528 f.

Property, in primitive groups, 24-6; taboo as substitute for, 55; as factor in growth of individualism, 79 f., 83, 94, 119 f.; Plato on, 130; the Church on, 146 f.; and wealth, 487 f.; and character, 490; social aspects of, 491 f.; private, and social welfare, 493-5; implies public service, 515-7; value of private, 551; defects in present system, 551 ff.

Prophets, Hebrew, 99 f.

Protagoras, 2

Protestantism, conception of marriage, 577

Public Agency, theory of, 525, Chapter XXV.; advantages claimed by, 537 ff.

Public ownership, 494 f.

Publicity, necessity of, 511 f., 520 f.

Punishment, as necessitating moral judgment, 96 f.; evil viewed as by Hebrews, 96 f., 101; and duty, 353-5; and justice, 417; and social welfare, 442-3; and intent, 461; reform of, 470

Puritans, conception of God-given rights, 152; of art, 155; emphasized value of work, 156

Reason, as element in the moral, 10, 12, 40-2; as standard among Greeks, 91, 131 f., 134; age of, 163, 166; see Chapter XVI.; defined, 306; relation to desire, 308; _a priori_ of Kant, 310; is social, 315; value of principles, 333; and sympathy, 334; opposition to desire, 338, 340; and virtue, 405; and conscientiousness, 418-23

Religion, in early group life, 30-2; socializing force, 81 f.; moral agency among Hebrews, 94-102; Greek, 115 f., 139-41; ideals of mediæval, 145-7; modern development of, 148-50; and customary morality, 180; in reflective morality, 195 ff., 432, 448; as sanction of the family, 582; see Church.

Renaissance, 163 ff.

Responsibility, collective, in group life, 17-20, 63, 70, 102; development of personal, 104 f., 141, 153, 158, 182 f.; meaning of, 436-9; for accidents, 458-60; for carelessness and negligence, 463-5; as affected by modern economic conditions, 500-3, 519 f.

Reverence, 30 n., 59, 71, 140, 407

Revolution, American, 152; English, 151; French, 152; Industrial, 159, 591

Riehl, W., 595

Right, as subject of ethics and moral judgments, 1-3, 37 f., 201-3, 215, 218, 224, 307 ff.; meaning of, 7 f., 177, 182 f., 224 f.; as standard, 7, 69, 89, 97; among Hebrews as righteousness, 102-4, 109; among Greeks as justice, 113 f., 140; see also Jural, Justice, Law, Reason, Standard

Righteousness, typical theme in Hebrew morality, 91 f., 99, 101, 102 ff., 109, 188; as justice, 414; see Right, Justice

Rights, development of, 83 ff., 151 ff.; natural, 152 f.; modern assertion of, 186; and freedom, 440; and obligations, 441; physical, 442-4; mental, 445-9; civil, 452; contract, 452; of association, 453; to use of courts, 454; development of civil, 456-66; political, 473-4

Ritual, 55

Romanticists, on art and morality, 155

Rome, government and law, contribution to modern morality of, 142, 152, 218, 222; patriarchal family, 572, 574 f.

Ross, E. A., 520

Rousseau, 152 f., 221

Rules, general, 325-35; and casuistry, 326-8; and legalism, 328-9; utilitarian view of, 329-32; distinguished from principles, 333-4

Sanctions, Bentham's theory of, 354; internal, 359

Sceptics, 135, 218

Schiller, 42; on Kant, 349

Schopenhauer, 82

Schurtz, 33

Science, as agency in effecting the transition from custom to conscience, 78-80; in Greek development, 114-9; in modern period, 155, 167 f.; influence on morals, 469, 473-6; as promoting justice, 557-9; and family problems, 593 f., 601-3

Seager, Henry R., programme of social legislation, 566 ff.

Secret societies, 33

Seebohm, F., 29, 61

Self, higher and lower, 5, 347 f.; social, how built up, 11, 86 ff.; individual and tribal or clan, 23 f.; Greek conception of, 138-41; the twofold, 310; Arnold on, 338; Kant on, 347; as social, 294, 345; fictitious theory of, 221, 361; theories regarding its nature, see Chapter XVIII.; self-denial, 364-8; self-assertion, 368-74; self-love and benevolence, 375-91; self-realization, 391-4; see Individual, Self-sacrifice

Self-sacrifice, 366-8; cf. 102, 298-304, 380-2, 388-91, 393-5

Seneca, 140

Sense, moral, 317-22

Sex, groups on the basis of, 32 f.; as a socializing agency, 47 f.; as prompting to self-assertion, 82; taboos, 55, 60, 65; in Hebrew conceptions, 98, 107; in different standards for men and women, 142 ff.; vices, 82, 189; psychology of, 578-81; differences between the sexes, 584-8

Shakspere, 23, 62, 97, 154, 197

Shop, open _vs._ closed, 559

Simmons and Wigmore, 18

Sidgwick, H., 265 n., 286

Sin, 98, 103 f., 108

Slav groups, 20, 24 f., 60, 83

Slavery, 84

Smith, Adam, on the formation of conscience, 141; on sympathy, 160; _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, 166; as individualist, 525, 527

Smith, Arthur, 69

Smith, H. P., 106

Smith, J. A., 555

Smith, Munroe, 555 f.

Smith, W. Robertson, 29 f.

Social Ends, of utilitarianism, 287 (see Chapter XV.), 296; and happiness, 302-3; and rationality, 314; and duties, 338, 345; and altruism, 389-90; and individuality, 430

Socialism, doctrine of, 162, 523, 525 f., 535; on production, 537 ff.; in decision of U. S. Supreme Court, 556; see Public Agency, Collectivism, Individualism

Socializing Process and Agencies, 11, 33, 42 f., 47 f., 57 ff., 186, 191

Socrates, 5, 116, 118

Sophocles, 35, 112, 118, 139 f.

Spahr, C. B., 545

Spargo, John, 543

Speech, freedom of, 446

Spencer (Baldwin), and Gillen (F. B.), 22, 58 f.

Spencer, Herbert, on primitive morality, 70; on nature and morality, 52, 53; on conduct as indifferent and as ethical, 205-6; on feeling as ultimate end, 225; on consequences, 234 n.; on happiness 265 n.; on duty, 358-60; on æsthetic ingredients of happiness, 374 n.; on reward and merit, 515; on voluntary limitation of competition, 532

Spinoza, 82, 253 n., 397, 410 n.

Standard, right as, 7; in group morality, 34; custom as, 38, 51 f., 61, 69 f.; law of deity as, 95-7, 103; measure as, 112; popular, in Greece, 116 f.; felt necessity of in Greece, 118, 124; for pleasure, 132 f.; the "mean" as, 135 f.; importance of, 138; utilitarians confuse with object of desire, 266-9; why necessary, 274; happiness as, 275-80; general happiness as, Chapter XV.; the rational, 307; revision of, 422; of political action, 482-5

Standard of living, 503, 504 n., 522, 540-2; Professor Seager's programme for, 566-70

State, the, early group as germ of, 26-30, 61 f.; as bearer of moral ideals in Israel, 92 f., 100, 108 f.; in Greece, 127; authority challenged, 118-24; Plato and Aristotle on, 127-30; and Church, 146 f., 150; moral effect of organization of, 194 f.; moral value of, 434-6; defined, 451; see Chapter XXI.

Stephen, on love of happiness, 273; on egoism, 378 n.; also 265 n.

Stevenson, Mrs. M. C., 66

Stoics, the "wise man" of, 135; on following nature, 136; on inner self, 140; natural law, 136, 142, 152, 222; on conflict between the moral and the actual order, 185; cosmopolitanism, 187; on control of passions, 217

Sumner, on "mores," 51; on luck, 53; on taboo, 55; on Ethos, 175; gladiatorial shows, 189; on relation between goodness and happiness, 396 n.

Sutherland, 48

Sympathetic Resentment, 44, 49, 70; see Sympathy

Sympathy, as factor in socialization, 11, 35, 44; fostered by art, 45 f.; and family life, 47 f.; and hospitality, 68; when moral, 49, 70; in the moral judgment, 141 n.; modern development of, 160 f.; Bentham's view of, 291-2; Mill's view of, 293-4; importance of, 298-9; principle of knowledge, 334; and duty, 348-9; and efficiency, 370-3; and thoughtfulness, 465; see Sympathetic Resentment

Taboos, 55, 60 f.; Hebrew, 96; survival of, in modern life, 174

Tariff, protective, 560

Taxation, 555

Teleological, types of moral theory, 224; see Good, Value

Temperance, 405-10; Greek view of, 117, 406; Roman, 407; Christian, 408

Theodorus, 126

Theory, relation to practice, 4, 212, 606; types of, classified and discussed, 224-39; see also Problems

Thomas, W., 584

Thoreau, 489

Totem groups, 30

Torts, 455

Toynbee, A., 492

Trades Unions, see Labor Union

Unearned Increment, 510 f., 564 f.

United States, individualism in, 554; Supreme Court decisions, 555 f.

Utilitarianism, relation of, to modern civilization, 169; theory of intention, 246-52; theory of the good, Chapters XIV. and XV.; method of, 275; introduction of the idea of quality, 279; its social standard, Chapter XV.; theory of general rules, 329-31; theory of duty, 353-61; see also Bentham, Mill

Valuation, changed basis of, 508-11; see Value

Value, as "higher and lower," 6, 197; the good as, 7 f., 12; measure of, among Hebrews, 107 f.; question and standard of, among the Greeks, 116, 119, 125 ff.; in modern civilization, 153-7, 169, 194; transformation of, 186 f., 558; moral, and incompatible ends, 207-9; and teleological theories, 224; of Good Will, 241

Veblen, T. B., 488, 515, 592

Vices, of reflective stage of morality, 189 ff.

Virtue, 230, 397, Chapter XIX.; origin of term, 156, 176; general meaning, 230, 397; in Greek popular usage, 117 f.; as "mean," 134; as wisdom, 135; highmindedness as, 135; meaning in group morality, 176; "old-fashioned," 188; defined, 399-402; classified, 402-3; aspects of, 403-4; cardinal, 405

Voltaire, 166, 195

Voluntary Action, its nature, 9 f., 201 f.; essential to morality, 12 f., 39, 49 f., 73, 89; agencies tending to evoke, 57, 75 ff.; covenant as implying, 95; fundamental, in Hebrew morality, 91, 105 f.; relation to moral theories, 227; divided into "inner" and "outer," 227-30; 237-9, 261, 432; place of motive and endeavor, 243-6; place of disposition, 254-8; and accident, 459-60; see Conduct

War, as agency in development, 42, 44, 66, 84; and right to life, 442 f.; and organized humanity, 482

Wealth, in Israel, 93 f.; in Greece, 119 ff.; and property, 487 f.; subordinate to personality, 514; should depend on activity, 514 f.; implies public service, 515-7; distribution of, 521 f., 545 ff.; see Property

Welsh, kin group, 29, 61

Wergild, 30, 62

Westermarck, 67, 70, 459

"What," the, meaning of, 5-8; in group morality, 71; in Hebrew morality, 102 ff.; in Greek theory, 125 ff.; relation to the "how" as outer to inner, 228-39; see Attitude, Consequences, "How"

Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, 18

Windelband, 126

Wisdom, as chief excellence or virtue with Plato, 118; Aristotle, 135; Sceptics, Epicureans, and Stoics, 135; as standard for pleasure, 133; nurse of all the virtues, 405; as conscientiousness, 418-23

Woman, as "leisure class," 157, 188; as laborer, protection for, 489, 540; and the family, 572 ff.; subordination of, 574 f.; her temperamental and occupational distinction from man, 584 ff.; effect of industrial revolution upon, 591 f.; and occupations, 594 ff.; determines consumption, 598 f.; use of higher training for, 599, 602; see Family, Marriage, Sex

Work, see Industry, Labor

Worth, see Value

Wyclif, 150

Xenophon, 115 f.

Zuñi ceremonies, 66

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