PART I

THE BEGINNINGS AND GROWTH OF MORALITY

II. EARLY GROUP LIFE 17

§ 1. _Typical facts of group life_:--Primitive unity and solidarity, 17. § 2. _Kinship and household groups_:--The kinship group, 21; the family or household group, 23. § 3. _Kinship and family groups as economic and industrial units_:--The land and the group, 24; movable goods, 25. § 4. _Kinship and family groups as political bodies_:--Their control over the individual, 26; rights and responsibility, 27. § 5. _The kinship or household as a religious unit_:--Totem groups, 30; ancestral religion, 31. § 6. _Age and sex groups_, 32. § 7. _Moral significance of the group_, 34.

III. THE RATIONALIZING AND SOCIALIZING AGENCIES IN EARLY SOCIETY 37

§ 1. _Three levels of conduct_:--Conduct as instinctive and governed by primal needs, regulated by society's standards, and by personal standards, 37. § 2. _Rationalizing agencies_: Work, 40; arts and crafts, 41; war, 42. § 3. _Socializing agencies_:--Coöperation, 42; art, 45. § 4. _Family life as idealizing and socializing agency_, 47. § 5. _Moral interpretation of this first level_, 49.

IV. GROUP MORALITY--CUSTOMS OR MORES 51

§ 1. _Meaning, authority, and origin of customs_, 51. § 2. _Means of enforcing custom_:--Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. § 3. _Conditions which render group control conscious_:--Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. § 4. _Values and defects of customary morality_:--Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68.

V. FROM CUSTOM TO CONSCIENCE; FROM GROUP MORALITY TO PERSONAL MORALITY 73

§ 1. _Contrast and collision_, 73. § 2. _Sociological agencies in the transition_:--Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. § 3. _Psychological agencies_:--Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. § 4. _Positive reconstruction_, 89.

VI. THE HEBREW MORAL DEVELOPMENT 91

§ 1. _General character and determining principles_:--The Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92. § 2. _Religious agencies_:--Covenant, 94; personal law-giver, 95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. § 3. _Moral conceptions attained_:--Righteousness and sin, 102; responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of "life," 107; the social ideal, 108.

VII. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEKS 111

§ 1. _The fundamental notes_:--Convention versus nature, 111; measure, 112; good and just, 113. § 2. _Intellectual forces of individualism_:--The scientific spirit, 114. § 3. _Commercial and political individualism_:--Class interests, 119; why obey laws? 122. § 4. _Individualism and ethical theory_:--The question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. § 5. _The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and the social order_:--Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudæmonism and the mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. § 6. _The conception of the ideal_:--Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical significance, 138. § 7. _The conception of the self, of character and responsibility_:--The poets, 138; Plato and the Stoics, 140.

VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142

§ 1. _The mediæval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the church ideal, 145. § 2. _Main lines of modern development_, 147. § 3. _The old and new in the beginnings of individualism_, 149. § 4. _Individualism in the progress of liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. § 5. _Individualism as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159. § 6. _The individual and the development of intelligence_:--The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present significance of scientific method, 167.

IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171

§ 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Régime of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical terms, 175. § 2. _Elements of contrast_:--Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing _versus_ reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. § 3. _Opposition between individual and social aims and standards_:--Withdrawal from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186. § 4. _Effects upon the individual character_:--Increased possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. § 5. _Moral differentiation and the social order_:--Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality, 197.