Book II., ch. ix.

[159] Compare the sentence quoted on p. 268 from Hazlitt.

[160] This means Duty. This phase will be discussed in the next chapter.

[161] _Kant's Theory of Ethics_, trans. by Abbott, pp. 47-51.

[162] In last analysis Kant is trying to derive moral enlightenment from the most abstract principle of formal logic, the principle of Identity, that A is A!

[163] A student in an ethics class once made this remark: "Conscience is infallible, but we should not always follow it. Sometimes we should use our reason."

[164] Compare Locke, _Essay on the Human Understanding_, Book I., ch. iii.

[165] Of course, the word "rule" is often used to designate a principle--as in the case of the phrase "golden-rule." We are speaking not of the words, but of their underlying ideas.