Part 5

Where are you coming from? ¿Di-in ca guican? From what place? ¿Di-in?, ¿Dis-a? I am coming from Tagbilaran. Guican acó sa Tagbilaran. Whose? ¿Quinsa? Whose hat is this? Quinsa ba ang tag-iya ni-ining calo? The afternoon. Ang hapon. Noon. Odto. The dinner. Ang paníodto. The breakfast. Ang pamahao. The supper. Ang panihapon. After me. Sa human na acó.

Exercise XVIII.

Is it right to laugh thus at every body?- I laugh at your clothes, I do not laugh at every body-- Does your daughter resemble any one?--She resembles no one--Can you not get rid of that man?--I can not get rid of him, for he will absolutely follow me--Has he not lost his wits?--It may be--What does he ask you for?--I do not know--Whose gun is that?--It is my uncle's--Who are those men? --The one who is dressed in white is my neighbour, and who is dressed with black it is the son of the physician, who has given my neighbour a blow with a stick--Are there many learned in Roma; are there not?--Milton asked a Roman "Not so many as when you were there" answered the Roman.

NINETEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA.

NACA.

3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points out, containing in itself the faculty of doing.

This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of ma. Instead of naca and maca, are used nacag and macag respectively, when the signification of the root is often done.

These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples:

The wounded horse can already walk Ang cabayong guisamad-an a little. nacalacao-lacao na. The sick man is already able to get Ang masaquiton nacatindug na. up. I can not eat. Dili acó macagcaon. I have murmured against you very Nacaglibác acó canimo sa often. masubsub. They will be not able to overtake Dili na sia cahá maapas, cay tua him, for he is, I think, far na sa halayo. distant. I can not sleep. Dili acó macatolog. When my Father died, my Mother was Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong not able to weep. Inahán ualá macahilac.

2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang, gahúm and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition with naca.

Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated to another. Examples:

If I could afford, I would buy a Ug ma-arang pa acó, mu-palit acó fine horse. unta ug usa ca ma-ayong cabayo.

If you please, give me some Ug ma-arang sa imong bu-ut, tagai, medicine. acó ug tambal. Can you afford to buy that ¿Macapalit ca ba nianang cabayo? horse? I can afford it. Arang co paliton. How is the sick? ¿Comusta ang masaquit? He is so so. Arang-arang na sia.

Gahúm, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in both material and moral acceptations, as:

I am an old man. Tigulang na acó, or uala na acoy gahúm. Did you dare to rob your ¿Ngano nacagahúm ca sa pagpangauat sa master? imong agalon?

Himo, signifies to possess the power of doing any thing, as:

Can you make it? Macahimo ca ba niana? I could make it, but I have not Macahimo acó unta, apan uala acoy tools. hilimoan. What is impossible with men, God Ang dili mahimo sa mga taoo, mahimo can do. sa Dios. Is it possible? Mahimo ba? It is possible. Mahimo man. The authority. Cagamhanan. Our Lord Jesus Christ left to his Ang mga ilis ni Jesucristo ministers the power of forgiving guitaga-an nia sa cagamhanan sa sins. pagpa-saylo sa mga salá.

Exercise XIX.

Why do you associate with those people?--I associate with them because they are useful to me--If you continue to associate with them you will get into bad scrapes, for they have many enemies--Do you know a good place to swim in?--I know one--Where is it?--On the side of the river behind the wood, near the high road--When shall we go to swim?--This evening if you please--Will you wait for me before the city gate?--I shall wait for you there, but I beg you not to forget it--You know that I never forget my promises--Is this man angry with you?--I think he is angry with me, because I do not go to see him; but I do not like to go to his house, for when I go there, instead of receiving me with pleasure, he looks displeased--Why do you look so sad?--I have experienced great misfortunes--You must not afflict yourself so much, for you know that we must yield to necessity--But, bless me, why do you cry so?

TWENTIETH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA-CAUSAL.

NACA-Causal.

This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.

The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs, and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.

The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or ca, before.

Remark. At Cebú and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:

Of what illness did John die? ¿Onsay namatyan or guicamatyan ni Juan? He was struck with fever. Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.

2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with more energy and precision the causality idea.

Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says, that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:

ACTIVE.

The medicine did well with the Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa sick. masaquit.

PASSIVE.

The medicine &. Ang tambal maoy guica-ayohan sa masaquit.

3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only the verb. Examples:

What did your brother die of? ¿Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on mo? He died of fever. Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia. Our Lord Jesus Christ died Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy nailed to a shameful cross. guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C. The just man, pities his Giucasaquitan sa taong matarung ang neighbours sufferings. mga saquit sa iyang isigcataoo. Why? ¿Ngano?, ¿Mano?. Because. Cay.

For what reason? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay? Why did you become sick? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay guisaquit ca? Will you give me the cocoa you ¿Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao have? nga na-a canimo? I will give it to you. Bu-ut acó muhatag canimo sa acong cacao. Can you drink as much wine as Macainom ba camó sa vino ug sa gatas milk? nga magsama sa cadaghan? We can drink as much of the one Macainom camé sa usa ug sa usa nga as of the other. magsama sa cadaghan. Can our neighbours children ¿Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga work? silingan ta? They can, but are not willing Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut. to work. Whom do you wish to answer? ¿Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan? I wish to answer my good Bu-ut acó magbalus sa acong mga friends. higalang ma-ayo. Where is your son? ¿Hain ba ang anac mo? He is at the street Tua sa dalan. Why do you laugh? ¿Onsa ba ang guicatao-an niñó? I am coming to work to-morrow. Muanhi acó ugma cay aron magbuhat acó. The Almighty God. Ang Macagagahúm sa ngatanan.

Exercise XX.

What is the price of this cloth?--I sell it at six reals (tolo ca cahate) the rod--It seems to me very dear--Will you have the kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?--I am ready to serve you--Does this red cloth suit you?--It does not suit me--Why so?--Because it is too dear--Are you learning Bisaya?--Yes, I am learning it--Who is your teacher?--A Recoleto Father--Does he teach also English?--Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish to his American friends--I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore, I beg of you to introduce me to him--I should like to know, why I do not know to speak as well as you?--I will tell you: you would speak as well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid, if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.

TWENTY FIRST LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES MI AND NA.

MI.

The particle mi, signifies to do what the root points out, and is ordinarily compounded with verbs denoting motion. It is formed by putting mi, before the root for present tense, min for past, and mu for the future. The imperative mood is formed with um before the root, when begins with a vowel; but when with a consonant, um must be placed between the first and the second radical letters. Ex:

When will the steamer arrive? ¿Anus-a ba muabut ang vapor? My father arrived yesterday. Cahapon minabut si Tatay. Who has arrived at the town? ¿Quinsa ba ang minabut sa longsod? I wish to enter, in order to speak Musulud unta acó, sa pagsulti sa with the Captain. Capitan. Make haste, it is my master Dumali ca, cay guipa-abut ca man waiting you. sa agalon co.

Do you wish to dine? ¿Bu-ut ba camó cumaon? We wish to eat, but we do not wish Bu-ut camé cumaon, apan dili camé to drink. bu-ut uminom. Do you wish to drink any thing? ¿Bu-ut ba camó uminom bisan onsa? I do not wish to drink any thing. Dili acó bu-ut muinom bisan onsa.

NA

l.a The particle na, is joined to the neuter verbs and signifies what the root points out. In active voice is made use of na for present and past tenses, and of ma, for the future.

In passive voice the tenses are formed by placing na, before the root and an after, for present and past; and ma, before the root and an after, for the future tense.

This particle serves also to point out the place or cuasi-place of the action. These passive particle sentences are formed by putting in subjective case the place or cuasi-place, and the verb in its correspondent tense. Ex:

Going through the forest a branch Sa pag-agui co didto sa came upon me. cacahuyan nahologan acó sa usá ca sangá. My house was destroyed by the fire. Nasunug ang acong balay. He fell from the cocoa-tree, and Naholog sa lubí ug namatay. died. He was struck with asthma, and died Guihangus sia ug nalumus. of asphyxia. Take care, that you do not fall. Maholog ca bayá.

2.a The neuter verbs of action, are formed by means of the particles of active verbs maga or mi, as:

I did go up. Minsacá acó. The bird flew away. Ang langgam minlupad. Where are you taking me to? As-a guidalá acó nimó? I will take you to my father's Dad-on ta icao sa camalig sa amahan yard. co. To walk. Soroy-soroy, Lacat-lacat, Lacao-lacao. Are you walking? ¿Nagasoroy-soroy ca ba? I am walking. Nagasoroy-soroy acó. When does your father walk? ¿Anus-a magasoroy-soroy ang imong amahan? He walks as early as you. Nagalacao-lacao sia sa masayó ingon canimo. Early. Masayó, Sa masayó. It is early. Buntag pa man. It is too late. Hata-as na ang adlao. Enough, Too. Igo, Hinlabihan. Do you speak more than enough. ¿Hinlabihan ba ang imong pagsulti? No; I speak moderately. Dili: casarangan ang acong pagsulti. Already. Na. Yet. Pa. Not yet. Dili pa, Uala pa. Do you speak Bisaya yet? ¿Nagasulti ca na ba ug Binsaya? Not yet. Dili pa. I do not speak yet. Dili pa acó magasulti. Never. (future.) Dili sa guihapon. No; never (past.) Uala, Sugud. Seldom. Tagsa ra, Talagsa ra. How many times? ¿Nacapila?, ¿Macapila? One, Twice. Nacausa, Nacaduha. Many times. Nacadaghan. Heretofore, formerly. Canhi pa, Sa canhi pa.

Exercise XXI.

Of what illness did your brother die?--He died of fever--How is your brother?--My brother is not longer living, he died last week--He was very well last year, when I was in Tagbilaran--Of what illness did he die?--He died of small-pox--How is the mother of your friend?--She is not well, she had an attack of ague the day before yesterday, and this morning the fever has returned--Do your pupils learn their exercises by heart?--They will rather tear them than learn them by heart--Why does the mother of our servant shed tears?--She sheds tears because the Father, our friend, who used to give her alms, died four days ago--Of what illness did he die?--He died oppressed by his old age--Will you help me to work when we go to Panglao?--I will help you to work, if you help me now to get a livelihood--How does your sister like those oranges?--She likes them very well, but she says that they are a little too sweet--Do you wish to dine here?--I will dine here, provided that you had prepared a good meal.

TWENTY SECOND LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES NANAG AND NAN.

NANAG.

The particle nanag, is employed when the agent is more than one. The present and past tenses are formed by means of nanag; and the future and imperative with manag. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed by putting guipanag, before the root, and the future and imperative, with panag, before and on after, as:

The children are waiting for their Ang mga bata nanaghulat sa ilang teacher. magtoto-on. The children will read. Ang mga bata managbasa. The carabaos have destroyed the Ang mga calabao nanagpanggubá sa circle. siclat. Our Lord Jesus Christ redeemed us Quitáng tanan gnipanglucat sa all, from the power of the devil. atong J.C. sa cabihagan sa yaoa.

Forgive them, for they know not Pasaylo-a sila, cay ualá sila what they do. mahibaló sa guipanagbuhat nila. To depart, to go out. Guican At what time do you wish to leave? ¿Anus-a camó bu-ut muguican? We wish to leave now. Bu-ut camé muguican caron. To thank, (to God or the Saints) Pagpasalamat. To thank, (to the men) Pagdios magbayad. I thank you for the trouble you Nagadios magbayad acó canimo sa have taken for me. cabudlay mo tungud canaco. How high?, of what height? ¿Onsa ba ang cata-ason? Of what height is your house? ¿Onsa ba ang cahitas-on sa imong balay? To save anybody's life. Pagbaui sa quinabuhi. To dispute, to contend about some Paglalis, pagindig-indig. thing. About what are these people ¿Onsay guilalisan nianang mga tao? disputing? They are disputing about who shall Cun quinsa ba ang mu-ona, mao go first. ilang guila-lisan. They are contending about the Nanagindig-indig sila tungud sa signification of the Bisaya word, polong binisaya, Lagui. "Lagui". Even, not even. Dili pa ngani. He has not even money enough to Dili pa ngani igo ang salapi nia buy some wine. sa pagpalit ug vino. By no means. Dili gayud mahimo.

NAN.

The particle nan, is made use of to point out the continuance of an action, to give particular energy to the object, and also when the agent person is more than one. The active tenses present and past, are formed with nan, and the future and imperative with man. In passive voice is made use of guipa, for the former tenses, and of pa, for the latter.

The use of the change of letters, very usual in this particle, is explained about the end of the 15.a Lesson, Page 58, which the learned is desired to consult.

Remark. The roots compounded with the particle nan, may be also recompounded with the particle naca potential, according to its active conjugation; but in such a case, says the P. Zueco, if the first syllable of the root is a consonant, pang, must be inserted between naca, and the root, as:

The sick talks nonsense. Nacapangyamyam ang masaquit. The men are kneeling Ang mga lalaqui nacapanglohod. The women will kneel Ang mga babaye nanlohod. Kneel down. Manlohod camé.

Exercise XXII.

Are you a judge of horses?--I am a judge of horses--Will you buy one for me?--If you will give me the money I will buy you two--Is that man a judge of cloth?--He is not a good judge of it--How do you manage to do that?--I will show you how I manage it--What must I do for my lesson of to morrow?--You will make a fair copy of your exercises, do three others, and study the next lesson--How does your brother manage to learn Bisaya without a dictionary?--He manages it very dexterously--Have you already seen my son?--I have not seen him yet--How is he?--He is very well, you will not be able to recognize him, for he has grown very tall in a short time--What kind of weather is it?--It is very warm--Is it long time since we had any rain?--No; and I believe we shall have to-day a storm--It may be--The wind rises, it is thundering, do you hear it?--Yes, I hear it: but the storm is still too far--Not so far as you think--Do you not see how it lightens?--Bless me! what a shower!--If we go into some place, we shall be sheltered from the storm.

TWENTY THIRD LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES NAQUIG AND NAQUI.

NAQUIG.

The particle naquig, signifies to stimulate to perform what the root points out, and is employed with reciprocal verbs, and those implying company in the action. The present and past tenses of active voice, are formed by means of naquig, and the future and imperative with maquig. It may be recomposed with the particle naga, but in this case changes the letter n into p. The signification does not undergo any change. Examples:

I invite you to go up to the tower. Naquigsacá acó canimo sa latorre. This man has been challenging me to Nagapaquigaoay quining tao fight. canaco. The horses excite themselves to Ang mga cabayo naquigaoay. quarrel. The children will excite themselves Ang mga bata maquigaoay. to fight. To excite, to exhort. Agdá Excite your heart to the repentance Agdahon mo ang imong of your sins. casingcasing sa paghinulsul sa mga salá mo.

NAQUI.

This particle signifies to beg, to implore, to entreat, and also, to fancy or to give one's mind to that which the root refers to, points out. The present and past of this particle are conjugated by means of naqui, and the future and imperative with maqui. This particle like the preceding naquig, may be recomposed with naga, changing also the initial n into p. When the action falls upon the subject, naqui is translated into napaqui, being napaqui, for the present and past, mapaqui, for future, and paqui or mapaqui for the imperative mood. Examples:

The beggars are asking alms. Ang mga hangul naquilimos or nagapaquilimos. I beg you to explain this to me. Paquisayran mo acó niini. Did you ask help from Mr. Peter? ¿Napaquitabang ca ba can Sr. Pedro? Beg God's mercy, then God does not Paquimalo-oy ca sa Dios, cay ang despise to the sinner who begs of Dios magapasaylo sa macasasalá nga Him pardon. maquipasaylo cania. As to, As for.... Sa tungud sa.... As to me.... Sa tungud canaco.... As to that, I do not know what to Sa tungud niana, ambut cun onsay say. ipamolong co. I do not know what to do. Ambut or inay, cun onsay bububaton co. I do not know where to go. Ambut cun asay adto-on co. I do not know what to answer. Ambut cun onsa ba ang itubág co. To knock at the door. Pagtoctoc sa pultahan. To distrust one. Dili pagsalig. We must not trust every body. Dili quitá maeasalig sa mga tao ngatanan. To get into a bad scrape Pagsamuc. That man is ever getting into bad Canang tao nangita guihapon sa mga scrapes, but he always gets out of casamuc, apan nahigaoas guihapon them again. sia. To become acquainted with some Pagpaquig-higala. one. I have become acquainted with Mr Naquighigala acó can Sr. Gilbert, Gilbert, because he is a good cay maayong amigos sia. friend. To resemble some one. Ingon-ingon ug dag-oay. This lady resembles my sister. Quining babaye maingonlugon ug dag-oay sa igso-on cong babaye. You look like a federal. Ingon ug federal ang imong dag-oay. To spring forward. Pagdamag. The dog jumps upon the rabbit. Ang cornejo guidamagan sa iró. To lose one's wits. Pagcabu-ang. This Lady has lost his wits, and Quining Señora nabuang, ug dili she does not know what to do, sia mahibaló sa guibuhat nia unhappy woman! lintaon!

Exercise XXIII.