Part 3

The priest is God's succeeder, Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug and also the Father of the souls. mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga calág. The flowers are pretty. Manindut man ang mga bulac. I will make it. Acoy magabuhat. Who will be my comforter? ¿Quinsa nay macalipay canaco? What a beautiful effigy! ¡Pagca maanindut nga laraoan! What does concern you, about my ¿Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba acó, good or bad behaviour? cun dili ba? Behave well at teacher's house. Magbuutan ca bayá sa balay sa magtoto-on. How? is ill my behave? Diay? ¿dautan ba acó? God is the Almighty. Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa ngatanan. I am who shall go. Acoy moadto didto. Good should be. Maayo unta. A moment. Cariot da. Are you a chattering fellow? ¿Hinultihon ca ba? What countryman is he? ¿Tagadi-in ba sia? God is every where. Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.

Exercise VIII.

Who is the Priest?,--The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of the souls--Are pretty the flowers?--Yes; all the flowers are pretty; but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity, chastity, virginity, innocence and candour--Where are you from?--I am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from Oroquieta, and my younger from Tagbilaran--Do you wish to send one more horse to our friends?--I wish to send many more to them--Are you going for any thing?--I am going for some thing--What are you going for?--I am going for some wine--Does your father send for any thing?--Yes, sir: he sends for some wine--Whom does your neighbour send for?--He sends for the physician--Does your servant take off his shirt to make the fire?--He takes it off to make it.

NINTH LESSON

TO BE--ANI-A, NA-A OR ANA-A, TUA.

When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a or ana-a, to be there: and tua, to be far from the speaker.

Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi, here: diha, there: didto, there (further).

The indicative present does not need adverbs of place.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.

I am here. Ania man acó. (dinhi) Thou art there. Naa ca man. (dihá) He is there. (further) Tua man sia. (didto) We are here. Ania man quitá or camé (dinhi) You are there. Naa man camó. (dihá) They are there (further) Tua man silá. (didto)

PAST TENSE.

I was here, when you was there. Dinhi man acó sa didto ca pa. (further) I was there yesterday. Didto man acó cahapon.

FUTURE.

I will be there to-morrow. Didto man acó ngma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

I would be there, if you were Didto unta acó, cun buut ca pa pleased. unta.

Subjunctive Mood

FUTURE.

It is necessary you be there. Quinahanglan nga didto ca.

ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE.

That I might be here. Dinhi unta acó.

CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE.

If I were there. Cun didto pa unta acó.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Be there (ye, you). Diha camó.

GERUND.

Being there, I saw him. Sa didto acó, naquita co sia.

Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

I am sick. Masaquit man acó.

PAST TENSE.

He was sick, when I was well or Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug strong. laoas.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

He will or shall be ill to-morrow. Masaquit sia ugma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were sick, you would care Cun masaquit acó unta, icao magalima of me. unta canaco.

GERUND.

Being he sick, was not willing to Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut take the medicines. uminom sa mga tambal.

Conjugation of the Verb TO HAVE.

The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by ania, for first persons; na-a or ana-a, for the seconds; and tua, for the thirds.

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

I have the shirt. Ania canaco ang sinina. They have the hat. Tua canila ang calo.

PAST TENSE.

When you were looking after the Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi shirt it was with me. man canaco.

Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of the adverbs Dinhi, Dihá. and Didto, according to the persons, placing the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle.

I had the hat yesterday. Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo. I shall or will have the hat Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo. to-morrow. I would have the fan, if I Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun bought it. paliton co unta. If I had the ring, I would give Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang it to you. singsing, ihatag co unta canimo.

TO HAVE--(In Partitive Sense.)

l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case.

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

Have you money? ¿May salapi ca ba? I have some money. Dunay acong salapi

PAST TENSE.

I had money yesterday, and you Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug had not. icao ualá.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

I shall have money tomorrow. Ugma duna may acong salapi.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

You might have money, if you Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun worked. magtrabajo ca unta.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

I if had money, I would give it Cun dunay unta acó ug salapi, ihatag to you. co unta canimo.

GERUND.

Having money, all is easy. Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan mahimo.

2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus.

I am cold. Natugnao man acó. I was cold yesterday, and you Cahapon guitugnao acó ug icao warm. gui-initan.

3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits also gui with the passive of an.

I was warm yesterday. Cahapon nainitan acó. You will or shall be warm. Mainitan ca.

The impersonal expression--There--To be.

Duna

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

Is there a man in the street? ¿Duna bay usá ca taoo sa dalan? There are twenty. Duna man caluha-an. There is no body in the street. Ualay taoo sa dalan. There was rice yesterday at the Cahapon dunay bugás sa longsod, town, but there was not money. apan ualay salapi. The last month there was rice. Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugás. If there were rice, there would be Cun dunay bugás unta, uala unta not hunger at the province. ug gutum sa provincia.

Exercise IX.

When does your father intend to depart?--He intends to depart to day--At what o'clock?--At four o'clock--Where is he going?--He goes to Madrid--Does the butcher kill oxen?--He kills sheep instead of killing oxen--Do you always take off your hat, when you speak to my father?--I always take it off--What do you take in the morning, tea or coffee?--I take coffee--Do you take coffee every morning?--I take coffee every morning and every evening--What does your father take?--He drinks chocolate--How far did the children go this morning?--As far as their cousin's--Has any one stolen any thing from you?--Some one has stolen a fine horse from me.

TENTH LESSON

THE ADJECTIVE VERBS.

The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation.

The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa, Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place.

In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of the particle Naga, which is the most common.

The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.

To Choose--PAGPILI.

Infinitive. To choose. Pagpili. Gerund. Choosing. Sa pagpili. Past participle. Chosen. Pinili.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

I choose. Acó nagapili. Thou choosest. Icao nagapili. He (she) chooses. Sia nagapili. We choose. Camé (or quitá) nagapili. You choose. Camó nagapili. They choose. Sila nagapili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT.

I chose. (when) Nagapili acó, (sa) Thou chosest, &. Nagapili ca, (sa)

PAST PERFECT.

I have chosen. Nagpili acó. Thou hast chosen. Nagpili ca

PLUPERFECT.

I had chosen. Nagpili na acó. Thou hadst chosen. Human na icao nagpili. He had chosen. Ubus na sia nagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

I shall or will choose. Acó magapili. Thou shalt or wilt choose. Icao magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

I shall have chosen. Nagpili na cahá acó. Thou shalt have chosen. Nagpili ca na cahá

IMPERATIVE.

Choose. Magpili ca. Let him choose. Magpili sia. Choose. Magpili camó. Let them choose. Magpili sila.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--PRESENT.

That I may choose or not. Magpili acó unta, ug dili. That thou mayest choose. Nga magpili ca. That he may choose. Apat sia magpili. That we may choose. Nga quitá magpili. That you may choose. Nga camó unta magpili. That they may choose. Nga sila unta magpili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT,

That I might choose. Ug acó pay magapili. That thou mightest choose. Ug icao unta magapili. That he might choose. Ug magapili pa lamang sia. That we might choose. Ug magpili pa quitá. That you might choose. Ug camó untay magapili. That they might choose. Ug sila pa lamang magpili.

PERFECT PRETERIT.

That I may have chosen, or not Nga nagpili acó unta, cun ualá. That thou mayest have chosen. Nga nagpili ca na unta. That he may have chosen. Nga siay nagpili. That we may have chosen. Nagpili quitá (or camé) unta. That you may have chosen. Nga nagpili camó. That they may have chosen. Nga nagpili sila.

PLUPERFECT.

If I might have chosen. Cun acó pay nacagpili. If thou mightest have chosen. Cun icao diay nacagpili. If he might have chosen. Cun nacagpili pa unta sia. If we might have chosen. Cun nacagpili unta quitá. If you might hare chosen. Cun nacagpili unta camó. If they might have chosen. Cun sila diay nacagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will choose. Ug dao acó ang magapili. If thou shalt choose. Ug dao magapili ca. If he shall choose. Ug dao sia magapili. If we shall choose. Ug dao magapili quitá. If you shall choose. Ug dao camó magapili. If they shall choose. Ug dao sila ang magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will have chosen. Cun dao nagpili acó ogaling. If thou shalt &. Cun icao ogaling nagpili na. If he shall &. Cun sia ogaling nagpili na. If we shall &. Cun camé ogaling nagpili na. If you shall &. Cun camó na ogaling nagpili. If they shall & have chosen. Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.

Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them.

Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect, the active sentences have however a very important place at the conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tácite, the sentence is active. The same must be said when the sentence is about an indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical, and when points out a part of a whole, Ex:

You shall hear mass now. Icao musingba caron. Who does observe God's Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios, commandments, will obtain the macadangat sa paghimaya nga dayon everlasting life. sa Langit. Which of you will accompany me? ¿Quinsa ba caniñó ang muuban canaco? Will you sew the shirt? Magatahi ca ba sa sinina? I will not sew it, but my sister. Dili acó magatahi, cun dili ang igso-on co nga babaye. Who will read this letter? ¿Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining sulat? Look for a child from the school. Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa escuelahan. If I know how to read or not what Cun mahibaló acó magbasa cun dili does it concern you? ba ¿onsay labut mo niana?

Exercise X.

Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?--I am not able to go the Church, because I am sick--Will you can endure it?--Do not pretend to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but little--Do you wish to work?--I wish to work and they let me not--Where is your wife?--I do not know--When did you see her?--I saw her at seven o'clock in the morning--Whom are you speaking to? I am speaking to my sister--Do you speak to her every day?--What does this man spend his time in?--He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in drinking and playing--Who are the men that have just arrived?--They are Russians--Is your father arrived at last?--Every body says that he is arrived but I have not seen him yet--Has the Physician hurt your son?--He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.

ELEVENTH LESSON

OF THE PASSIVES.

The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Gui before the root for present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of the particles of future tense before the root, and On after.

The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after.

The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root.

Conjugation of the Passives

Passive of I. (EE)

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

I leave him or he has been left by me. Guibilin co sia.

FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE.

He will be left, or let him be left by me. Ibilin co sia.

INFINITIVE.

When he left him. Sa pagbilin cania.

Passive of ON.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is, or it has been written by them. Guisulat nila.

FUTURE.

Will be written by them. Susulaton or pagasulaton nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be written by them. Susulaton nila.

INFINITIVE.

To be written by them. Sa pagsulat nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Write that. Sulaton mo caná.

Passive of AN.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is or has been opened by me. Guilucaban co.

FUTURE.

Will be opened by me. Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be opened by you. Lucaban mo.

IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE.

Be that opened. Lucabi or Lucabi caná.

Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences, which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible by Examples.

Sell the plantation of Ibaligya mo ang calubihan. cocoa-trees. We have sold it now. Guibaligya na namo. Count the cows. Isipon mo ang mga vaca. We have counted them, and four are Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug out of sight yet. upat ca bo-oc. Order to have them searched at Papangitaa lamang sa madali. one. Water the plants, because it is Boboan mo ang mga tanóm, cay very warm. mainit ca-ayo. Cover the child, because it very Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao cold. ca-ayo. Did you go very far? ¿Halayo ba ang imong guilactan? I am gone as far as my brother's. Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa acong igso-on.

Exercise XI.

Are you pleased with your servant?--I am much pleased with him, for he is lit for any thing--Has your brother returned at last from Spain?--He has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horse--Has he told his groom to bring it to me?--He has told him to bring it to you--¿What do you think of that horse?--I think that it is a fine and good one, and beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see it--In what did you spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards to the ball--When did that man go down in to the well?--He went down into it this morning--Has he come up again yet?--He came up an hour ago--Where is your brother?--He is in his room--Will you tell him to come down (nga manaug sia)?--I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.

TWELFTH LESSON

SOME RULES UPON THE PASSIVES AND THEIR SENTENCES.

Passive of I. (ee)

This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action removing from itself the patient person.

The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the root for the present and past tenses, and I (ee) for the future and imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sa the favour or harm.

Passive of ON.

It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root; the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.

Passive of AN.

It is employed when the agent person exercises its action upon a place or quasi-place, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by putting An after the root. Examples:

Pull off that herb. Ibton mo canang balili. Wherever they may place me I will Bisan asa acó ibutang nila, follow my own mind. macatuman acó sa acong pagbu-ut. I imitate him. Guipanig-ingnan co sia. Speak to him. Pamolongan mo sia. I gave him the book. Guihatag co na cania ang libro. Please accept that. Daoato caná. Please to explain it to me. Sagdi acó.

Exercise XII.

On what lived our ancestors?--They lived on fish and game, for they went a hunting and a fishing every day--You have learned your lesson: why has not your sister learned hers?--She has taken a walk with my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it to-morrow--When will you correct my exercises?--I will correct them when you bring me those of your sister--Do you think you have made faults in them?--I do not know--If you have made faults, you have not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well to make no faults in the exercises--It is all the same; if you do not correct them to day--I shall not learn them before to-morrow--You must not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in order to make none--Who is there?--It is I--Who are those men?--I do not know--Of what country are they?--They are Americans--Why do you sit near the fire?--My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason why I sit near the fire--Are your sister's hands cold?--No; but her feet are cold--What is the matter with your cousin?--fem.--Her leg hurts her--What is the matter with this woman?--Her tongue hurts her.

THIRTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES

NAGA.

l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As:

To write. Pagsulat. I write. Acó nagasulat. You wrote. Icao nagsulat. They will, or shall write. Sila magasulat. Write. (pl.) Magsulat camó.

2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after, the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed by putting Paga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the imperative. Examples:

PRESENT AND PAST.

I write or wrote. Guisulat co.

FUTURE.

I will or shall write. Sulaton or pagasulaton co.

IMPERATIVE.

Write. Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.

3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate.

4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies to use them or to put on them. thus:

He wears shoes. Sia nagasapin. Put on your hat. Magcalo ca.

5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as:

Play you on the guitar? ¿Nagasesta ca ba? She harps. Sia naga-arpa. Play on the piano. Magpiano ca.

6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third must be used, Ex: