Part 2

The vicenal or proportional numbers, so called for explaining the proportion between two unities, one of which is contained in the other, are formed in Bisaya by putting the particle naca or maca before the cardinal numbers. Naca for past tense, and maca for the future: Thus:

Once. Naca or macausa. Twice. Naca or macaduha.

Three times. Naca or macatolo. Four times. Naca or macaupat. One hundred times. Naca or maca usa ca gatus. How many times have you read the Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa letter? sulat? Many times. Sa nacadaghan. How many times have you weeped? Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac? Five times. Sa nacalima. How many times have you visited Sa nacapila ba icao nagduao sa church? Singbahan? Seven times Sa nacapito. Are there some fish in the Duna bay isda sa Longsod? village? There are a good plenty of fish. Duna man ug daghan isda. How old are you? Pila ca tuig ang edad mo? I am twenty seven years old. Caluhaan ug pito ca tuig ang acong edad. You are a young man yet. Bata pa icao. How much is your daily wage? Tagpila ang imong sohol sa usa ca adlao? Two dimes. Duha ca sevillana (peseta) What have you at home? Onsa ba ang ana-a sa iño? We have rice and fish. Ania sa amo bugás ug isda. Where is your shirt? Hain ba ang sinina mo?

Exercise III.

Where is my book!--Under the chair--Where is my hat?--It is on the table--Is it on the table?--No; it is upon the bed--Did you read the book?--I did not--How many books have you written?--I have written one--How many times have you read the letter?--Many times--How many times have you weeped?--Five times--How much is your daily wage?--Two dimes--How old are you?--I am twenty seven years old--How old is she?--She is not yet twenty years old--Have you burnt yourself?--Each man has his taste--Have you a mind to sleep?--No: I have a mind to speak--Do you fear this man?--I don't fear him--At what o'clock do you go to bed?--I go to bed at sunset, and I get up at sunrise.

FOURTH LESSON

OF THE PRONOUNS.

The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are:

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I. Acó We. Quitá, Camé Thou, you. Icao, ca. You. Camó. He, she. Sia. They. Sila.

Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. I. Acó. We. Camé, quitá. (1) G. Of me. Acó, co, naco, ta. Of us. Amo, namo, ato, ta. D. To me. Canaco. To us. Canamo, canato.

(1) Quitá is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is speaking, and camé when he does.

2d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. Thou or you. Icao, ca. You. Camó. G. Of thee or you. Imo, nimo. Of you. Iñó, niñó D. To thee, you. Canimo. To you. Caniñó.

3d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. He, she. Sia. They. Sila. G. Of him, her. Iya, nia. Of them. Ila, nila. D. To him, her. Cania. To them. Canila.

The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.

You will carry. Icao magadala. You will weep. Icao magahilac. Don't lie. Dili ca magbacac. To make known to you. Aron ca mahibalo. We the Christians. Quitá (when all Christians.) ang mga cristianos. Lord, forgive us sinners. Guino-o pasayloa camé nga mga macasasala.

Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs, and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:

My shoes. Ang acong mga sapin. Your money. Ang salapi mo. Our country. Ang atong yuta. His vessel. Ang sacayan nia. Your net. Ang imong sahid. You are my beloved. Hinigugma co icao.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Declension.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. This. Quini. These. Quining mga. G. Of this. Niini. Of these. Niining mga. D. To this. Niini. To these. Niining mga.

The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for pointing out clearly the distinction between them.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. That. Cana; (far from the Those. Canang mga (far....) speaker) cadto. Cadtong mga. G. Of that. Niana; (far....) Of those. Nianang mga niadto. (far....) Niadtong mga.

This near. Cari. Of this near. Niari Those near. Caring mga. Of those near. Niaring mga. Now. Caron. Of now. Niaron.

Remark

Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana, to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun, but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past, as: In those days.--Niadtong mga tiempo.

The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:

This morning. Caron buntag. Noon. Odto. Afternoon. Hapon. This night. Caron gabi-i This woman. Quining babaye. These women. Quining mga babaye. Have you this pen or that? Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun cadto ba? I have neither this nor that, but Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan I have this other. ani-a canaco cari. He arrived yesterday about this Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron. time.

Possessive pronouns.

Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when by a consonant, Ex:

My hat. Ang acong calo. Your shirt. Ang sinina mo. Your shoes. Ang iñong mga sapin. Your religion. Ang religion niñó. Our house. Ang atong balay. His parishioners. Ang mga sacup nia.

Relative pronouns.--Interrogative.

The relative--interrogative pronouns, are:

Who? ¿Quinsa? What? ¿Onsa? Which? ¿Hain?

Who is that man? Quinsa ba canang taoo? Who is there? Quinsa ba dihá? Which of you? Quinsa ba caniño? What is that? Onsa ba cana? Where is the money? Hain ba ang salapi?

Remark

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the interrogative and dubitative sentences.

The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:

I saw him bathing himself. Naquita co sia nga naligo. Dreadful shall be the punishment Daco man ang castigo nga you shall have into hell ipahamtang canimo sa infierno. The man whom I saw yesterday has Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon fallen from the cocoa-tree. naholog sa lubí.

Exercise IV.

Where are you going?--I am going into the church--Have you this pen or that?--I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.

When did he arrive?--He arrived yesterday about this time--Where is she? She is at home--Do you speak Bisaya?--Not yet--I have bought the horse of which you spoke to me.

When did you buy it?--Yesterday--Where do you intend to take me to?--What is the date to day?--To day is the twenty first--I speak to those to whom you have spoken.

Where did you speak to them?--I spoke to them at the street.

FIFTH LESSON.

OF THE ADJECTIVE.

Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the root the particle Ma as:

Wiser. Maalam. Good. Maayo. Pretty. Maanindut. Ugly. Mangil-ad.

2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han are formed the followings:

Sick-ill Masaquit-on. Envious. Masinahon. Pale. Maluspad-on. Sad. Mamingao-on.

3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex.

Talker. Tabian. Pock marked. Butihon. Fat. Tambocon. Rich. Adunahan.

4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance: by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency in the action: thus:

Short. Hamobo. Often feeder. Hingaon. Far. Halayo. Often drinker. Hinginom.

5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root, and placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as:

Worthy. Talahoron. Worshipful. Silingbahon.

6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before the root, and an after, as:

Merciful. Mangilooyan. Wise. Mangialaman.

7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of the root are formed adjectives, as:

Poisonous. Macahihilo. Dreadful. Macalilisang.

8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality, thus:

Respectful. Matinahoron. Obedient. Masinugtanon.

9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by means of pa, before the root, as:

Humble. Mapaubsanon. Haughty. Palabilabihon.

Ex:

The wise men understand the Ang mga maquinaadmanon nacatuquib sa high explanations. mga hata-as nga mga casayodan. I saw an awful snake. Naquita co ug usá ca halas nga macalilisang. The merciful man helps to his Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa neighbour. isig-catao nia.

Exercise V.

I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met also with the men to whom you have spoken. The wise men understand the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbour--What have you to do?--I have to speak to the men--When have you to speak to them?--This evening--At what o'clock?--At half past eight--Have you my shirt or my sister's?--I have both--Have you the golden ribbons of my mother?--I have not them--Who has them?--My sister has them--Do you wish to go out?--I wish not to go out--Why?--Because I am sick.

SIXTH LESSON

DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES.

l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt.

The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the first letter of the root, Ex:

Small horse. Diutay nga cabayo. Small eyes. Mata mata. Small house. Balay balay. Slight fault. Sayop nga diutay.

2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before, the particle malo, as:

Somewhat valiant. Malomaisug. Somewhat fat. Matolotambuc.

3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as:

Somewhat sweet. Matam-istam-is. Somewhat bitter. Mapait-pait.

4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt or disregard, as:

Worthless woman. Babayeha. Nag. Cabayoa.

5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense, serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as:

What kind of medicine is that? ¿Onsa nga tambala cana? What kind of tree is that? ¿Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?

Degrees of Comparison

The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority, as we have seen, Diutay pa.

Ex.

Large. Dacó. Larger. Labi pa nga dacó. Largest. Ang labing dacó. Small. Diutay. Smaller. Labi pa nga diutay. Smallest. Ang labing diutay. Well, Good. Maayo. Better. Labi pang maayo. Best. Ang labing maayo. Bad. Dautan. Worse. Labi pang dautan. Worst. Ang labi nga dautan. More. Labi pa. Less. Diutay pa. More, than. Labi pa; daghan pa, sa. Less, than. Diriot pa; culang pa, sa. Very much. Caayo or uyamut. As much, as. Magsama sa cadaghan, ug. Not as much. Dili ingon.

Ex:

Have you as many friends as I? ¿Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco? I have less money than he. Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya. This book is small, that is Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi smaller, and that is the pang diutay, ug cari mao ang lab ng smallest of all. diutay sa ngatanan. This hat is large, but that is Quining calo dacó man, apan cadto larger. labi pang dacó.

Is your hat as large as mine? ¿Ang imong calo dacó ba ingon sa aco? It is not so large as your. Diutay pa sa imo? Do your children write as much Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac as we? tagingon ba sa pagsulat namo? Do you read as often as I? ¿Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon canaco? As early as you. Masayo ingon canimo. God is the best Father. Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga Amahan.

Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than, into sa.

Ex.

I have less rice than coffee. Diriut pa ang acong bugás sa capé. Your father is less wise tan Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman mine. sa aco. Your ring is not so nice as my Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga mother's. maanindut sa can nanay.

2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both terms of comparison in nominative case, as:

Ex:

Have you as many friends as ¿Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala I? mo ug ang aco?

3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case, both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex.

Honor is more precious that Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an riches. sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan

4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa, and than, by sa or dili.

Ex:

I have more silver than Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan gold. co, or (dili ang bulaoan co). I have less shoes than hats. Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang acong mga calo.

Exercise VI

I have as much money as you--Have you as many friends as I?--We have less money than they--This book is small, that is smaller, and that is the smallest of all--This hat is large, but that is larger--Is your hat as large as mine? It is larger than yours--Do your children write as much as we?--They write more than you--My father has more silver than gold--Your ring is not so nice as my mother's--Your father is less wise than mine--I have less rice than coffee--Do you read as often as I?--Do you listen to what your brother tell you?--Yes, I listen to it--God is the best Father.

SEVENTH LESSON

UNITIVE PARTICLES.

Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular energy. These particles are the followings:

Nga.

l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.

When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as:

Pretty house. Maanindut nga balay. Good horse. Maayong cabayo.

2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the adverbs, ex:

Come back early. Bumalic cang masayó. I doubt very much I may forgive Malisud cahá nga pasaylo-an co sia him. (V. Pag 8), 3.a Remark.

Ug.

It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal numbers: Ex:

Buy rice. Pumalit ca ug bugás. The work weakens me Naluya acó ug pagbuhat. All my neighbour's children Ang mga anac sa acong silingan died of plague. nahurut ug camatay sa salot. Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.

Ca.

This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex.

Ten thousand. Napolo ca libo. My three horses were removed out Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo of sight. naco.

Ing.

Serves for joining the sentences and the objective cases, when it is spoken in indeterminate sense.

There is not now who may seek. Uala na ing macapatigayon. Have I a knife? ¿Duna ba acó ing usá ca cuchillo?

Exercise VII.

You speak as much as I--They have not so many toys as books--Have you as many books as I?--I have fewer than you--Has our friend as many birds as chickens?--He has more of the former than of the latter--Are we right in speaking?--You are not wrong in speaking, but you are wrong in cutting my trees--Have you time to work?--1 have time, but not mind to work--Have you still a mind to buy any thing?--Yes, I have a mind to buy one more horse--Have you as much good as bad paper?--I have as much of the one as of the other--Have our neighbours as much honey as sugar?--They have more honey than sugar--Have your sons as many slippers as shirts?--They have more of the latter than of the former--I have a favour to beg of you.

EIGHTH LESSON

THE VERB.

The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after, as we shall explain.

In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive, neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.

Of the substantive verb TO BE--MAO, MAN.

The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs, conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both nominative and genitive cases.

Conjugation of the verb TO BE--Mao, Man.

Indicative mood--Present Tense.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I am. Acó mao, man. We are. Camé, quitá mao, man. Thou art. Icao mao, man. You are. Camó mao, man. He is. Sia mao, man. They are. Sila mao, man.

Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of the verb TO BE, ex;

Did you go to Spain? Nacaadto ca ba sa España? I did not. Uala man acó umadto.

PAST TENSE.

I was good when I was younger. Maayo man acó sa bata pa acó. I was rich the last year. Salapian man acó sa tuig nga miagui.

FUTURE

I shall or will be serious. Buutan man acó.

IMPERATIVE.

Be serious. Magbuutan ca.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

It is necessary you be saint. Quinahanglan nga masantos ca.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were humble, I should be Cun mapaubsanon acó unta, masantos saint. unta.

INDEFINITE FUTURE.

I would be saint, if I Santos man acó unta cun macatuman fulfilled God's law. unta acó sa mga sugo sa Dios.

Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the particle Mao--To be, is used but in the present tense of indicative mood.

2.a The particle Man--To be, does not point out by itself the tense, but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence.

3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa.

4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case.

5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the subject it refers to.

6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these kind of sentences.

A few examples may elucidate these remarks: