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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. TENTH " ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME V

CALHOUN to CHATELAINE

New York Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME V. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. Bo.* AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L. Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste Contemporain_.

Canon Law: _General_; Cardinal.

A. C. S. ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE. See the biographical article, SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES.

Chapman George (_in part_).

A. E. H. A. E. HOUGHTON. Formerly Correspondent of The _Standard_ in Spain. Author of _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain_.

Camacho; Canovas del Castillo; Castelar y Ripoll.

A. E. S. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S. Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge. University Reader in Zoology. Formerly University Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Author of _Zoology of the Invertebrata_. Editor of the Pitt Press _Natural Science Manuals_, &c.

Chaetognatha; Chaetosomatida.

A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer in Church History at the University of Manchester.

Carranza.

A. H. J. G. ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, D.LITT. (Oxon.), (d. 1905). Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_; _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life, History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History_, 133-70 B.C.

Censor: _Ancient_.

A. H. S. REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., LL.D. See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.

Caria.

A. J. G. REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D. Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Catechism; Calvin (_in part_).

A. L. ANDREW LANG. See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.

Casket Letters.

A. Lo. AUGUSTE LONGNON. Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des hautes etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute. Author of _Livre des vassaux du Comte de Champagne et de Brie_; _Geographie de la Gaule au VI siecle_; _Atlas historique de la France depuis Cesar jusqu'a nos jours_; &c.

Champagne.

A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE. See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

Cassini.

A. M. Cl. AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE). Late Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History_, 133-70 B.C.

Centumviri.

A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Canary; Capercally.

A. P. C. ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN. F.R.S. Professor of Geology, University of Toronto.

Canada: _Geography_.

A. P. H. ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P. Author of _South African Studies_; _The Commonweal_; &c. Served in Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical practice in South Africa till 1096. Member of Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P. for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910.

Cape Colony: S _History_ (_in part_).

A. SI. ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P. Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperante and Legislation_.

Cancer.

A. S. C. ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B. Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Took part in organization of the Textile Manufacturers' Section, St Louis Exhibition, 1904. Author of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_; _Ornament in European Silks_;&c.

Carpet.

A. V. De P. A. VAN DE PUT. Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Author of _Hispano-Moresque Ware of the XV. Century_; _The Aragonese Double-Crown and the Borja or Borgia Device_.

Ceramics: S _Hispano-Moresque._

A. Wa. ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A. Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly literary adviser to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of _Alfred Lord Tennyson_; _Legends of the Wheel_; _Robert Browning_ in "Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_.

Calverley, C. S.

A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

Charlemagne.

A. Z. ALICE ZIMMERN. Author of _Methods of Education in the United States_; _The Renaissance of Girls' Education in England_; _Women's Suffrage in Many Lands_; &c.

Carpenter, Mary.

B. Bl. BERTRAM BLOUNT, F.C.S., F.I.C. Consulting Chemist to the Crown Agents for the Colonies. Hon. President, Cement Section of International Association for Testing Materials, Buda-Pesth. Author of _Practical Electro-Chemistry_.

Cement.

B. Ra. BERNARD RACKHAM, M.A. Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

Ceramics: S _German, Dutch and Scandinavian._

C.F.A. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_.

Castle (_in part_).

C. F. C. C. F. CROSS., B.SC. (Lond.), F.C.S., F.I.C. Analytical and Consulting Chemist.

Cellulose.

C. J. J. CHARLES JASPER JOLY, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (1864-1906). Royal Astronomer of Ireland and Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, 1897-1906. Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy.

Camera Lucida; Camera Obscura (_in Part_).

C. L. H. CALDWELL LIPSETT. Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore, India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India; &c._

Ceylon (_in part_).

C. Pf. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D-ES-L. Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_.

Capitulary; Carolingians; Charibert; Charles Martel.

C. R. B. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Cam, Diogo; Carpini (_in part_); Chang Chun.

C. S. L. CHARLES STEWART LOCH, D.C.L. (Oxford), LL.D. (ST ANDREWS). Secretary to the Council of the London Charity Organization Society since 1875. Member of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws. Dunkin Trust Lecturer, Manchester College, Oxford, 1896 and 1902. Vice-President, Royal Statistical Society, 1894-1895-1897-1901. Author of _Charity Organization_; _Old Age Pensions and Pauperism_; _Methods of Social Advance_; &c.

Charity and Charities.

D. E. J. REV. D. E. JENKINS. Calvinistic Methodist Minister, Denbigh. Author of _Life of Lewis Charles Edwards of Bala_.

Calvinistic Methodists; Charles, Thomas.

D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_: comprising _The Classical Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other classical works.

Cantata.

D. G. H. DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907; Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

Cappadocia (_in part_).

D. H. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

Carvajal, Luisa de; Chateau-Renault.

D. Ll. T. DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS. Barrister at law, Lincoln's Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at Pontypridd and Rhondda.

Cardiff.

D. Mn. REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Author of _Constructive Congregational Ideals_; &c.

Campbell, John McLeod; Chalmers, Thomas (_in part_).

E. Ar. EDWARD ARMSTRONG, M.A. Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow, Bursar and Lecturer in Modern History, Queen's College, Oxford. Warden of Bradfield College. Lecturer to the University in Foreign History, 1902-1904. Author of _The Emperor Charles V._; _Elisabeth Farnese_; _Lorenzo de Medici_; _The French Wars of Religion_; &c.

Charles V., Emperor.

E. A. J. E. ALFRED JONES. Author of _Old English Gold Plate; Old Church Plate of the Isle of Man_; _Old Silver Sacramental Vessels of Foreign Protestant Churches in England_; _Illustrated Catalogue of Leopold de Rothschild's Collection of Old Plate_; _A Private Catalogue of The Royal Plate at Windsor Castle_; &c.

Cellini, Benvenuto (_in part_).

E. B.* ERNEST CHARLES FRANCOIS BABELON. Professor at the College de France. Keeper of the department of Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliotheque Nationale. Member of the Academie des Inscriptions de Belles Lettres, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Descriptions Historiques des Monnaies de la Republique Romaine_; _Traites des Monnaies Grecques et Romaines_; _Catalogue des Camees de la Bibliotheque Nationale_.

Carthage: _Ancient._

E. C. EDWARD CAIRD, D.C.L., D.LITT. See the biographical article, CAIRD, EDWARD.

Cartesianism.

E. C. B. RT. REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. (Dublin). Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.

Camaldulians; Canon: _Church Dignitary_; Capuchins; Carmelites; Carthusians; Celestines.

E. C. Q. EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern Languages and Monro Lecturer in Celtic at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Celt: _Languages and Literature_.

E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND

Canzone; Carew, Thomas; Cavendish, George; Chansons de Geste; Chant Royal.

E. Gr. ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER. See the biographical article, GARDNER, PERCY.

Calydon; Ceos; Cephalonia.

E. H. B. SIR EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895). M.P. for Bury-St-Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of a _History of Ancient Geography_, &c.

Cappadocia (_in part_).

E. H. G. E. H. GODFREY. Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Canada: S _Agriculture_.

E. H. M. ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A. University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Pembroke College.

Carpi: _Ancient Tribes_.

E. L. W. SIR EDWARD LEADER WILLIAMS (d. 1910). Vice-President, Institute of Civil Engineers. Consulting Engineer, Manchester Ship Canal. Chief Engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal during its construction. Author of papers printed in _Proceedings of Institute of Civil Engineers_.

Canal.

Ed. M. EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Chicago). Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_; _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme_.

Cambyses.

E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC. Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Carbuncle.

E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London, Manchester, &c. Commendador Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Author of _Letters of a Portuguese Nun_; _Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea_; &c.

Camoens; Castello Branco; Castilho.

E. Tn. REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of the Jesuits in England_; &c.

Campeggio; Campion, Edmund; Cano, Melchior; Cassander, George; Castellesi.

E. V. REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of England_.

Catacomb (_in part_).

F. C. C. FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH. (Giessen). Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_ (1909); &c.

Cathars.

F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D. (Aberdeen), F.S.A. Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford University. Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Formerly Senior Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906. Author of Monographs on Roman History, &c.

Celtiberia; Cassiterides.

F. Ll. G. FRANCIS LLEWELYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D. (Leipzig), F.S.A. Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Canopus.

F. H. M. COL. FREDERIC NATUSCH MAUDE, C.B. Lecturer in Military History at Manchester University. Author of _War and the World Policy_; _The Leipzig Campaign_; _The Jena Campaign_.

Cavalry.

F. Px. FRANK PUAUX. President of the Societe de l'Histoire du Protestantisme francais. Author of _Les precurseurs francais de la Tolerance_; _Histoire de l'etablissement des protestants francais en Suede_; _L'Eglise reformee de France_; &c.

Camisards; Cavalier, Jean.

F. R. C. FRANK R. CANA. Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.

Cameroon; Cape Colony.

F. W. R.* FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Carbonado; Cassiterite; Cat's Eye; Celestine; Chalcedony.

G. A. B. GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., D.SC., PH.D. (Giessen). Assistant in the Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Vice-President of the Zoological Society.

Carp; Cat-Fish.

G. G. Co. GEORGE GORDON COULTON, M.A. Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his England_; _From St Francis to Dante_; &c.

Celibacy.

G. H. C. G. H. CARPENTER, B.SC. Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Author of _Insects: their Structure and Life_.

Chafer.

G. M. W. GEORGE MCKINNON WRONG, M.A., F.R.S. (Canada). Professor of History at Toronto University. Author of _A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs_; _The British Nation: a History_; &c.

Canada: _History to Federation_.

G. R. P. GEORGE ROBERT PARKIN, LL.D., C.M.G. See the biographical article, PARKIN, G. R.

Canada: _History from Federation._

G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Carmathians.

H. A. M. S. HENRY A. M. SMITH.

Calhoun, John C.

H. B. Wa. HENRY BEAUCHAMP WALTERS, M.A., F.S.A. Assistant to Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. Author of _The Art of the Greeks_; _History of Ancient Pottery_; _Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the British Museum_, vol. ii.; _Catalogue of Bronzes, Greek, Roman and Etruscan_; &c.

Ceramics: _Greek, Etruscan and Roman_.

H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A. Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; co-editor of the 10th edition.

Campbell Bannerman, Sir H.; Canon: _Music_; Chamberlain, J.

H. De. HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J. Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications: _Analecta Bollandiana_ and _Acta Sanctorum_.

Canonization.

H. F. G. HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, F.R.S., PH.D. Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_.

Chameleon.

H. L. C. HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, F.R.S., LL.D. (McGill Univ.). Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Formerly Professor of Physics in McGill College, Montreal, and in University College, London.

Calibration; Calorimetry.

H. M. V. HERBERT M. VAUGHAN, F.S.A. Keble College, Oxford. Author of _The Last of the Royal Stuarts_; _The Medici Popes_; _The Last Stuart Queen_.

Charles Edward.

H. P. B. H. P. BIGGAR. Author of _The Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland_.

Cartier, Jacques.

H. R. H. HENRY R. H. HALL, M.A. Assistant in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum.

Ceramics: _Egypt and Western Asia_.

H. Sy. HENRY SYMONS. Assistant in the British Museum. Formerly Lecturer in Greek and Roman History at Bedford College, London.

Chambord, Comte de.

H. T. A. REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS. Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author of _The Commentary on Acts_ in the _Westminster New Testament_; _Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the _Century Bible_.

Catechumen.

H. W. R.* REV. HENRY WHEELER ROBINSON, M.A. Professor of Church History in Rawdon College, Leeds. Senior Kennicott Scholar, Oxford, 1901. Author of _Hebrew Psychology in Relation to Pauline Anthropology_ (in Mansfield College Essays); &c.

Canticles (_in part_).

H. W. S. H. WICKHAM STEED. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Vienna. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Rome, 1897-1902.

Cavallotti.

H. Y. COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I. See the biographical article, YULE, SIR H.

Carpini (_in part_).

J. A. B. SIR JERVOISE ATHELSTANE BAINES, C.S.J. President, Royal Statistical Society, 1909-1910. Census Commissioner under the Government of India, 1889-1893. Employed at India Office as Secretary to Royal Commission on Opium, 1894-1895. Author of _Official Reports on Provincial Administration on Indian Census Operations_; &c.

Census.

J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.

Callovian; Cambrian System; Caradoc Series; Carboniferous System; Chalk.

J. A. M'N. J.A. M'NAUGHT. Member of the Jury for Carriage Building, Paris Exposition, 1900.

Carriage

J. Bt. J. BARTLETT. Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities, &c., at King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects. Member of Institute of Junior Engineers.

Carpentry

J. C. M. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, F.R.S. See biographical article: MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.

Capillary Action (_in part_).

J. D. Pr. JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York. Took part in the Expedition to Southern Babylonia, 1888-1889. Author of _A Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel_.

Chaldea.

J. P. D. SIR J. FREDERICK DICKSON, K.C.M.G. Reorganized the North-West Province of Ceylon. Editor and translator of the _Upasampada-Kammavaca_ and the _Patimokha_.

Ceylon (_in part_).

J. F.-K. JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.Hist.S. Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman MacColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_; &c.

Campoamar y Campooserio; Castillo Solorzano; Celestina, La; Cervantes.

J. H. F. JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

Calpurnius, Titus.

J. H. R. JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_.

Castle (_in part_); Castle Guard.

J. Hl. R. JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; chapters in the _Cambridge Modern History_.

Cambaceres.

J. M'D. JAMES MACDONALD, M.A., LL.D. Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1895-1897. Rhind Lecturer on Archaeology, 1897. Author of _Tituli Hunteriani: an Account of the Roman Stones in the Hunterian Museum_.

Chalmers, George.

J. P.-B. JAMES GEORGE JOSEPH PENDEREL-BRODHURST. Editor of the _Guardian_ (London).

Chair.

J. P. E. JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHEMAR ESMEIN. Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours elementaire d'histoire du droit francais_; &c.

Chatelet.

J. R. C. JOSEPH ROGERSON COTTER, M.A. Assistant to the Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin. Editor of 2nd edition of Preston's _Theory of Heat_.

Calorescence.