PART II

SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY

XIV.--THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.

[Laboratory exercise and recitation], 65.--Basis and significance of classification, 65.--Importance of development in determining classification, 67.--Scientific names, 68.--An example of classification, 68.--Species, 69.--Genus, 70.--Family, 72.--Order, 72.--Class and branch, 73.

XV.--BRANCH PROTOZOA: THE ONE-CELLED ANIMALS.

EXAMPLE: THE BELL ANIMALCULE (VORTICELLA SP.) [Laboratory exercise], 75.

OTHER PROTOZOA.

Form of body, 78.--Marine Protozoa, 80.

XVI.--BRANCH PORIFERA: THE SPONGES.

EXAMPLE: THE FRESH-WATER SPONGE (SPONGILLA SP.) [Laboratory exercise], 84.

EXAMPLE: A CALCAREOUS OCEAN-SPONGE (GRANTIA SP.) [Laboratory exercise], 85.

EXAMPLE: A COMMERCIAL SPONGE [Laboratory exercise], 86.

OTHER SPONGES.

Form and size, 87.--Skeleton, 88.--Structure of body, 88.--Feeding habits, 88.--Development and life-history, 89.--The sponges of commerce, 90.--Classification, 91.

XVII.--BRANCH CŒLENTERATA: THE POLYPS, SEA-ANEMONES, CORALS, AND JELLYFISHES.

POLYPS, SEA-ANEMONES, CORALS, AND JELLYFISHES.

General form and organization of body, 93.--Structure, 94.--Skeleton, 95.--Development and life-history, 95.--Classification, 96.--The polyps, colonial jellyfishes, etc. (Hydrozoa), 97.--The large jellyfishes, etc. (Scyphozoa), 101.--The sea-anemones and corals (Actinozoa), 102.--The Ctenophora, 107.

XVIII.--BRANCH ECHINODERMATA: THE STARFISHES, SEA-URCHINS, SEA CUCUMBERS, ETC.

EXAMPLE: STARFISH (ASTERIAS SP.) [Laboratory exercise].--External structure, 108.--Internal structure, 110.--Life-history and habits, 113.

EXAMPLE: SEA-URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTRUS SP.) [Laboratory exercise].--External structure, 113.

OTHER STARFISHES, SEA-URCHINS, SEA CUCUMBERS, ETC.

Shape and organization of body, 116.--Structure and organs, 117.--Development and life-history, 119.--Classification, 120.--Starfishes (Asteroidea), 121.--Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), 122.--Sea-urchins (Echinoidea), 123.--Sea-cucumbers (Holothuroidea), 124.--Feather-stars (Crinoidea), 125.

XIX.--BRANCH VERMES: THE WORMS.

EXAMPLE: THE EARTHWORM (LUMBRICUS SP.) [Laboratory exercise].--External structure, 127.--Internal structure, 129.--Life-history and habits, 133.

OTHER WORMS.

Classification, 135.--Earthworms and leeches (Oligochætæ), 136.--Flat worms (Platyhelminthes). 137.--Round worms (Nemathelminthes), 140.--Wheel-animalcules (Rotifera), 142.

XX.--BRANCH ARTHROPODA: THE CRUSTACEANS, CENTIPEDS, INSECTS, AND SPIDERS.

CLASS CRUSTACEA: CRAYFISHES, CRABS, LOBSTERS, ETC.

EXAMPLE: THE CRAYFISH (CAMBARUS SP.). Structure, 146.--Life-history and habits, 146.

OTHER CRUSTACEANS.

Body form and structure, 147.--Water-fleas (_Cyclops_), 148.--Wood-lice (_Isopoda_), 150.--Lobsters, shrimps, and crabs (Decapoda), 151.--Barnacles, 155.

XXI.--BRANCH ARTHROPODA (CONTINUED).

CLASS INSECTA: THE INSECTS.

EXAMPLE: THE RED-LEGGED LOCUST (MELANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM). [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 157.--Life-history and habits, 161.

EXAMPLE: THE WATER-SCAVENGER BEETLE (HYDROPHILUS SP.) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 163.--Internal structure, 166.--Life-history and habits, 169.

EXAMPLE: THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (ANOSIA PLEXIPPUS) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 171.--Life-history and habits, 175.

EXAMPLE: LARVA OF MONARCH BUTTERFLY [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 177.

OTHER INSECTS.

Body form and structure, 181.--Development and life-history, 188.--Classification, 191.--Locusts, cockroaches, crickets, etc. (Orthoptera), 192.--The dragon-flies and May-flies (Odonata and Ephemerida), 194.--The sucking-bugs (Hemiptera), 197.--The flies (Diptera), 201.--The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), 205.--The beetles (Coleoptera), 206.--The ichneumon flies, ants, wasps, and bees (Hymenoptera), 212.

CLASS MYRIAPODA: THE CENTIPEDS AND MILLIPEDS.

CLASS ARACHNIDA: THE SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, MITES, AND TICS.

XXII.--BRANCH MOLLUSCA: THE MOLLUSCS.

EXAMPLE: THE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL. (UNIO SP.) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 239.--Life-history and habits, 243.

OTHER MOLLUSCS.

Body form and structure, 245.--Development, 246.--Classification, 246.--Clams, scallops, and oysters (Pelecypoda), 246.--Snails, slugs, nudibranchs, and "sea-shells" (Gastropoda), 252.--Squids, cuttlefishes, and octopi (Cephalopoda), 255.

XXIII.--BRANCH CHORDATA: THE ASCIDIANS, VERTEBRATES, ETC.

Structure of the vertebrates, 259.--Classification of the Chordata, 260.--The ascidians, 261.

XXIV.--BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).

CLASS PISCES: THE FISHES.

EXAMPLE: THE GOLDEN SUNFISH (EUPOMOTIS GIBBOSUS) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 263.--Internal structure, 265.--Life-history and habits, 270.

OTHER FISHES.

Body form and structure, 271.--Development and life-history, 276.--Classification, 277.--The lancelets (Leptocardii), 277.--The lampreys and hag-fishes (Cyclostomata), 278.--The true fishes (Pisces), 279.--The sharks, skates, etc. (Elasmobranchii), 279.--The bony fishes (Teleostomi), 281.--Habits and adaptations, 285.--Food-fishes and fish-hatcheries, 288.

XXV.--BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).

CLASS BATRACHIA: THE BATRACHIANS.

Body form and organization, 292.--Structure, 293.--Life-history and habits, 295.--Classification, 297.--Mud-puppies, salamanders, etc. (Urodela), 297.--Frogs and toads (Anura), 299.--Cœcilians (Gymnophiona), 302.

XXVI.--BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).

CLASS REPTILIA: THE SNAKES, LIZARDS, TURTLES, CROCODILES, ETC.

EXAMPLE: THE GARTER SNAKE (THAMNOPHIS SP.) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 303.--Life-history and habits, 308.

OTHER REPTILES.

Body form and organization, 310.--Structure, 311.--Life-history and habits, 312.--Classification, 313.--Tortoises and turtles (Chelonia), 314.--Snakes and lizards (Squamata), 317.--Crocodiles and alligators (Crocodilia), 325.

XXVII.--BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).

CLASS AVES: THE BIRDS.

EXAMPLE: THE ENGLISH SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 327.--Internal structure [Laboratory exercise], 329.--Life history and habits, 335.

OTHER BIRDS.

Body form and structure, 336.--Development and life-history, 339.--Classification, 340.--The ostriches, cassowaries, etc. (Ratitæ), 341.--The loons, grebes, auks, etc. (Pygopodes), 343.--The gulls, terns, petrels, and albatrosses (Longipennes), 345.--The cormorants, pelicans, etc. (Steganopodes), 346.--The ducks, geese, and swans (Anseres), 347.--The ibises, herons, and bitterns (Herodiones), 347.--The cranes, rails, and coots (Paludicolæ), 348.--The snipes, sand-pipers, plovers, etc. (Limicolæ), 349.--The grouse, quail, pheasants, turkeys, etc. (Gallinæ), 358.--The doves and pigeons (Columbæ), 351.--The eagles, hawks, owls, and vultures (Raptores), 351.--The parrots (Psittaci), 353.--The cookoos and kingfishers (Coccyges), 354.--The woodpeckers (Pici), 354.--The whippoorwills, chimney-swifts, and humming-birds (Macrochires), 356.--The perchers (Passeres), 357.--Determining and studying the birds of a locality, 359.--Bills and feet, 362.--Flight and songs, 364.--Nestling and care of the young, 366.--Local distribution and migration, 367.--Feeding habits, economics, and protection of birds, 370.

XXVIII.--BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).

CLASS MAMMALIA: THE MAMMALS.

EXAMPLE: THE MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 373.--Life-history and habits, 379.

OTHER MAMMALS.

Body form and structure, 381.--Development and life-history, 387.--Habits, instincts, and reason, 387.--Classification, 388.--The opossums (Marsupialia), 389.--The rodents or gnawers (Glires), 390.--The shrews and moles (Insectivora), 391.--The bats (Chiroptera), 391.--The dolphins, porpoises, and whales (Cete), 393.--The hoofed mammals (Ungulata), 394.--The carnivores (Feræ), 396.--The man-like mammals (Primates), 398.