Elementary Zoology, Second Edition

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Locusts or grasshoppers are common and familiar insects all over the country. The genus _Melanoplus_ includes numerous species, one or more of which are to be f...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The English sparrow may be found now in cities and villages all over the United States. It has become a veritable pest, and the killing of the few needed for th...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The species of sunfish named, or some closely related species, can be obtained in any brook or stream in the United States. _Gibbosus_ lives in all streams nort...

Much good work in observing the behavior and life-history of some kinds of animals can be done by keeping them alive in the schoolroom under conditions simulating those to which...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--It is best to catch specimens alive in a good trap. A live trap well baited and placed in some old granary should furnish plenty for class use. White mice can o...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Garter snakes may be found almost anywhere during the spring and summer months. If possible each student should have a specimen, but in case it is difficult to...

=Structure= (fig. 103).--TECHNICAL NOTE.--The fresh-water or river mussel lives commonly in the streams and lakes or ponds in the United States. It frequents muddy or sandy bott...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The larger aspects or phenomena of the distribution of animals over the earth on land and in sea cannot be studied personally in the field by the student, but m...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The species of _Asterias_ are widely distributed on both coasts of the United States and may be procured on almost any rocky shore at low tide. Teachers in inla...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Obtain live earthworms of large size, killing some in 30% alcohol and hardening and preserving them in 80% alcohol, and bringing others alive to the laboratory....

=Social life and gregariousness.=--TECHNICAL NOTE.--Students should refer to examples of gregariousness from their own observations of animals. The roosting together of crows an...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The teacher should have, if possible, several pieces of coral and a few specimens of Cœlenterates in alcohol or formalin, which will show the external character...

The great branch Arthropoda includes a host of familiar animals. It contains more species than any other branch of the animal kingdom. To it belong the crayfishes, shrimps, crab...

The class Batrachia includes the animals familiarly known as cœcilians, sirens, mud-puppies, salamanders, toads, and frogs. Although differing plainly from fishes in appearance...

=Basis and significance of classification.=--It is the common knowledge of all of us that animals are classified: that is, that the different kinds are arranged in the mind of t...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Although this description is written for the toad it will fit for the dissection of the frog. It will be found, after casting aside a few ungrounded prejudices,...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--For an appreciation of the reality of protective resemblances observations must be made in the field. Examples are easily found. Locusts, katydids, green caterp...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Fresh-water sponges may perhaps not be readily found in the neighborhood of the school, but they occur over most of the United States, and careful searching wil...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--The crayfish, or crawfish, is found in most of the fresh-water ponds and streams of the United States. (It is not found east of the Hoosatonic River, Mass. In t...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Multiplication, or increase by geometric ratio, among animals can be illustrated by noting the many eggs laid by a single female moth or beetle or fly or mosqui...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--Specimens of _Vorticella_ may usually be found in the same water with _Amœba_ and _Paramœcium_. The individuals live together in colonies, a single colony appea...

=Multiplication.=--We know that any living animal has parents; that is, has been produced by other animals which may still be living or be now dead or, as with _Amœba_, may have...

=Differences between crayfish and toad.=--In the dissection of the crayfish one of the most important things in the study of zoology has been learned. It is plain that the crayf...

=Amœba.=--TECHNICAL NOTE.--_Amœbæ_ are found in stagnant pools of water on the dead leaves, sticks and slime at the bottom. To obtain them, collect slime and water from various...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--_Hydra_ lives in fresh water, attached to stones, sticks, or decayed leaves. It can be found in most open fresh-water ponds not too stagnant, often attached to...

=The single-celled body.=--The study of _Amœba_ and _Paramœcium_ has made us acquainted with an animal body very different from that of the toad or the crayfish. These extraordi...

=Our familiar knowledge of animals and their life.=--We are familiarly acquainted with dogs and cats; less familiarly probably with toads and crayfishes, and we have little more...

[Laboratory exercise and recitation], 65.--Basis and significance of classification, 65.--Importance of development in determining classification, 67.--Scientific names, 68.--An...

=Cell differentiation and body organization in Hydra.=--From the examination of _Hydra_ we have learned that there are true many-celled animals which are much less complex in st...

The branch Chordata includes all the backboned animals or vertebrates, comprising the fishes, salamanders, frogs and toads, lizards, crocodiles, turtles and snakes, birds, and a...

=Organs and functions.=--The body of the toad is composed of various parts, such as the lungs, the heart, the muscles, the eyes, the stomach, and others. The life of the toad co...

the more conspicuous and interesting features of animal ecology. It has in it the suggestion for much interesting field-work. The work of this part should be taken up in connect...

=The blood.=--TECHNICAL NOTE.--The blood of a frog can be studied as it flows through the small vessels in the membranes between the toes while the animal is alive. Place a frog...

=The many-celled animal body.=--In the study of certain of the tissues and organs of the toad we have learned that the body of this animal is composed of many cells, thousands a...

TECHNICAL NOTE.--As the work of this chapter, or some similar work in getting acquainted with the postembryonic development of a many-celled animal, should be done early in the...

animal kingdom; it deals with[2] systematic zoology. In each branch one or more examples are chosen to serve as types. The most important structural features of these examples a...

Difference between crayfish and toad, 26.--Resemblances between crayfish and toad, 27.--Modification of functions and structure to fit the animal to the special conditions of it...

Geographical distribution, 435.--Laws of distribution, 437.--Modes of migration and distribution, 437.--Barriers to distribution, 438.--Faunæ and zoogeographic areas, 440.--Habi...

[6] Each of these higher groups has a proper name composed of a single word. In the case of no group except the species is a name-word ever duplicated. Each genus, family, order...