Book III. Chap. VII.

University and Church, 139 _et seq._

Utrecht, 42

Vacarius, 137

Vaison, Council of, 86

Valor Ecclesiasticus, 137

Vienne School, 18, 24

Villeins, 50, 117

Virtue, 234

Walchelin of Derby, 192

Waltham Abbey School, 42, 61, 85, 105

Warham, Archbishop, 179

Warin, 61

Warwick Gild, 154

Warwick School, 43, 71, 72, 85, 86, 95, 102, 154

Water, Abbot, 57

Waynflete, William, 111, 126, 237

Wearmouth, 11 _et seq._

Weavers' Gild, 147, 154

Wells School, 115

Wendover, Roger, 62

Westminster Abbey, 40

Westminster, Council of, 87

Westminster School, 174, 177, 181

Whitby Abbey, 12

Whitington, 230

Wilfrid, 12, 15, 16

William II., King, 56

William of Champeaux, 134, 135

William of Condres, 218

William of Malmesbury, 56, 62

William of Occam, 134, 187

Winchcombe, 105

Winchester Nunnery, 176

Winchester School, 91, 168, 174, 188, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 210, 228, 230

Windham, 237

Wisbech, 152, 153, 234

Wolsey, Cardinal, 122

Woodwork in curriculum, 7

Woolrichston Manor, 51

Wotton-under-Edge School, 110, 168, 207

Worcester College, Oxford, 181

Worcester Gild, 153, 154

Worcester School, 174

Wragley School, 163, 165

Writing, 9, 11, 20, 74 _et seq._, 211, 231

Wulfstan, 36

Wycliffe, 239, 240

Wye College, 211

Wykeham, William of, 111, 126, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 200, 210, 235

Wymborne School, 161

Yarmouth, 237

York, 12, 26, 27 _et seq._, 79, 86, 91, 151, 152, 172, 174

PRINTED AT THE BURLINGTON PRESS, FOXTON, NEAR CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _English Grammar Schools_, p. 10.

[2] _Constit. Hist._, p. 563.

[3] Montalembert: _Monks of the West_, I., 178.

[4] Green: _Short History_, Ch. I., sec. 3.

[5] Montalembert, _op. cit._ I., 23.

[6] Cf. Draper: _Intellectual Development of Europe_.

[7] Cf. _Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire_.

[8] _Regula S. Pachomii_, cap. 139, 140.

[9] _Regulae Fusius Tractatae_, XV. Interrog. (Pat. Lat., v. 31, col. 952).

[10] _Regulae Brevius Tractatae_, Interrog. CCXCII.

[11] _Regulae Brevius Tractatae_, XXXVIII.

[12] _Italy and Her Invaders_, IV., 391.

[13] Chapter XLVIII.

[14] _Etudes Monastiques_, p. 18.

[15] _H. E._, V., 24.

[16] Haddon and Stubbs: _Councils and Documents relating to Britain and Ireland_, Vol. III, pp. 364-5.

[17] _H. E._, III., 27.

[18] _H. E._, III., 27.

[19] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., 52.

[20] "Eum innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportasse."

[21] Alcuin. _Ep._, 13.

[22] _H. E._, V., 15.

[23] _Monks of the West_, IV., 464.

[24] _H. E._, V., 24.

[25] _H. E._, IV., 18.

[26] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 53.

[27] Cf. Traill: _Social England_, I., p. 177. Bede: _H. E._, II., 20: III., 11.

[28] _H. E._, IV., 13.

[29] Smith and Wace: _Dictionary of Christian Biography_.

[30] _H. E._, IV., 13.

[31] Bede: _Hist. Abb._, V., cf. _H. E._, III., 4.

[32] _Hist. Abb._, V.

[33] _Hist. Abb._, V.

[34] _H. E._, IV., 13.

[35] Cf. "homo XIII. annorum sese potest servum facere" Theod. _Penit._ XIX., sec. 29.

[36] _H. E._, V., 5.

[37] _H. E._, IV., 13.

[38] _H. E._, III., 27.

[39] _H. E._, III., 5.

[40] _H. E._, III., 28.

[41] Aelfric, _Homilies_, vol. I., p. 261.

[42] _H. E._, V., 3.

[43] Hunt: _Hist. of the Eng. Ch._, p. 239.

[44] Cf. Medley, _Constitutional History_, p. 557.

[45] _Op. cit._, p. 13.

[46] Dill: _Last Century of the Western Empire_, p. 67.

[47] _Erasmus_, p. 73.

[48] Hodgson: _Primitive Christian Education_, p. 103.

[49] Jerome: _Lives of Illustrious Men_, Ch. VIII.

[50] Eusebius: _H. E._, VI., pp. 3, 26.

[51] Jerome: _Lives of Illustrious Men_, Ch. XXVIII.

[52] _Sermo_ CCCLV., sec. 2, 6, 7.

[53] _Vita S. Augustini_, c. 11.

[54] Theiner: _Histoire des Institutions d'Education Ecclesiastique_, v. 1, pp. 103-117.

[55] Bede, _H. E._, III., 18.

[56] Cf. Fischer de Chevrier: _Histoire de l'Instruction Populaire en France_, Ch. IV.; Mullinger: _University of Cambridge_, p. 11; Ampere: _Histoire Litteraire de la France avant le Douzieme Siecle_, II., 278; Joly: _Traite Historique des Ecoles Episcopales et Ecclesiastiques_, pp. 144-599.

[57] _I.e._ the clergy of the Bishop of Hexham.

[58] _H. E._, V., 6.

[59] _H. E._, IV., 2.

[60] Mignet: _Memoire sur la conversion de l'Allemagne par les Moines_, p. 25.

[61] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., 451.

[62] _H. E._, V., 18.

[63] _Aldhelmi Opera_, ed. Giles, p. 96.

[64] _De Pontiff. Ebor._, lines 1431-1447, trans. by Munroe.

[65] _Schs. of Charles the Great_, p. 61.

[66] For capitulary of 787 and 789, see Pertz: _Leges_, I., pp. 52, 65; for that of 802, Pertz, I., 107; for translation see _Schools of Charles the Great_, pp. 97-99.

[67] Mullinger: _op. cit._, p. 50.

[68] _Alcuini Opera Omnia_; Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Vols. C., CI.

[69] _Alcuini Epistolae_, Migne, _Pat. Lat._, 1851, Vol. C., p. 222.

[70] Heinemann: _Statutes of 852_, XI. _Acts of the Province of Rheims_, I., p. 211. Azarias: _Essays Educational_, p. 180.

[71] Mansi: _Concilia_, vol. IX., p. 790.

[72] Migne: _Pat. Lat._, vol. CV., p. 196.

[73] _Alcuini Epistolae_, ed. Migne, _Pat. Lat._, vol. C., p. 214.

[74] _Social England_, I., p. 141.

[75] Asserius, _de Rebus Gestis Alfredi_, ed. W. H. Stevenson, 1904.

[76] Stubbs: _Memorials of St. Dunstan_, p. 290; _Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis_, p. 25.

[77] _Aelfrici Grammatica Latino-Saxonica_, p. 2.

[78] Stubbs, _op. cit._, pp. 10, 74, 256.

[79] _Op. cit._, p. 257.

[80] _Op. cit._, p. 4.

[81] _Op. cit._, p. 14.

[82] _Op. cit._, p. LXXXV.

[83] Wulfstan: _Vita St. Aethelwoldi_, Migne: _Patrologia Cursus Complexus_, CXXXVII., p. 87.

[84] Stubbs, _Memorials_, p. 214.

[85] _Op. cit._, p. 28, 46.

[86] Aelfric, _op. cit._, p. 1.

[87] Stubbs, _op. cit._, p. 101; _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, I., p. 129.

[88] _Chron. Abbat. Ram._, p. 42.

[89] _Vita Sancti Abbonis_, Migne, _Pat. Cur. Com._, CXXXIX., p. 390.

[90] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, p. XXVII.

[91] Stubbs, _op. cit._, XVIII, XIX.

[92] Stubbs, _op. cit._, pp. 28, 46.

[93] _Op. cit._, p. 261.

[94] Wulfstan, pp. 91, 95.

[95] See below, p. 38.

[96] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, pp. 112, 113.

[97] C. 940-1006.

[98] _Ed. Ch._, p. 39.

[99] _Ed. Ch._, p. 43.

[100] P. 30.

[101] _Ancient Laws_, p. 396.

[102] _Hist. Ch. York_, I., p. 404.

[103] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, p. 21.

[104] _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 373.

[105] _Op. cit._, p. 143.

[106] D. d. I., f. 68, Ellis, I., 332.

[107] I., f. 1546, Ellis, I., 304.

[108] I., f. 149, Ellis, I., 267. See also _Times' Educational Supplement_, 10th Oct., 1918.

[109] Hermanus: _De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi_, sec. 16 in Mem. of St. Edmund's Abbey (R. S.) p. 46.

[110] "Publicas instituens scholas."

[111] _Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey_, p. 126.

[112] 1060. See _Tractatus de inventione Sante Crucis_, ed. W. Stubbs, 1861.

[113] _Ibid._, p. 15. These customs were probably due to the influence of the reforms instituted by Chrodegang of Metz. We may assume that the Godwin family supported the secular clergy in opposition to the regular clergy who followed Edward the Confessor from Normandy.

[114] _Ibid._, p. 35.

[115] _Ibid._, p. 35.

[116] Adams: _Civilisation in the Middle Ages_, p. 197.

[117] Traill: _Social England_, I., p. 257.

[118] Traill, _op. cit._, I., p. 243.

[119] Advocated by Kemble in his _Saxons in England_.

[120] _Econ. Hist._, I., p. 20.

[121] Thorold Rogers: _Agriculture and Prices in England_, vol. II., pp. 613, 615, 616.

[122] Ashley, I., p. 42.

[123] _Ibid._, p. 34.

[124] Meredith: _Econ. Hist._, p. 49.

[125] Cf. Leach: _English Schools at the Reformation_. Holman: _English National Education_.

[126] _Winchester College_, p. 92.

[127] See Book III., Ch. I.

[128] See p. 37.

[129] _De Gestis Regum Anglorum_, II., 304.

[130] Boehmer: _Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie_, p. 113, n. 1.

[131] _Ibid._, p. 107.

[132] See Bateson: _Medieval England_, Ch. IV.

[133] Boehmer: _Op. cit._, pp. 3-24.

[134] Cf. Pignet: _Histoire de l'Ordre de Cluny_, III., p. 41. Maitland: _The Dark Ages_, pp. 375, 389, 390.

[135] Cf. D'Achery, _Spicilegium_, IV., 4-226.

[136] Cf. _Constitutiones Lanfranci_.

[137] Cf. _Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani_, I., p. 52.

[138] Wm. of Malmesbury, _De Gestis Pontificum_, p. 249.

[139] Martini et Durand: _Thesaurus Anecdotorum_, I., 511; quoted Graham, _Trans. Hist. Soc._, XVII.

[140] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., p. 57.

[141] _Ibid._, pp. 76, 184, 192.

[142] _De Gestis Pontificum_, p. 431.

[143] _Ibid._, p. 194.

[144] _Ibid._, p. 32.

[145] _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, II., 44, 289. See also _Hist. Intro. Rolls Series_, ed. Stubbs, p. 43; Rashdall, _Universities_, II., p. 476; J. Willis Clark, _The Care of Books_, p. 74; _De Gestis Regum_, I., pp. xx-xxii.

[146] The case for the non-existence of schools in connection with monasteries is effectively set out by Mr. G. G. Coulton in his _Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages_.

[147] See Lanfranc, _Opera_, ed. Giles, I., 296. Cf. _L'Abbaye du Bec et ses Ecoles_ par M. L'Abbe Porree.

[148] Migne, _Patrologia Cursus Completus_, CLXXXIX., 1051.

[149] Coulton, _op. cit._, p. 3.

[150] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., 73.

[151] _Ibid._, I., 196.

[152] _Mem. St. Edmund's Abbey_, I., 77, 78, 145.

[153] _Ibid._, p. 296.

[154] _Ibid._, p. 249.

[155] Cf. _Mem. St. Edmund's_, III., 182.

[156] See pp. 85, 86, 105, infra.

[157] _Foundation of Waltham Abbey_, pp. 15, 35.

[158] _Monasticon_, VI., pt. I., p. 79.

[159] _Ibid._, VI., pt. II., p. 615.

[160] _Ibid._, VI., pt. I., pp. 304, 305.

[161] Abbot of S. Albans, 1183-1195.

[162] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., p. 194.

[163] 1195-1214.

[164] _Ibid._, p. 217.

[165] _Mem. S. Edmund's Abbey_, XLIII.

[166] _H. E._, III., 18.

[167] _Early English Church History_, p. 125.

[168] Foster Watson: _Old Grammar Schools_, p. 2.

[169] _Op. cit._, p. 2.

[170] _Op. cit._, pp. 58, 59.

[171] In the _Cyclopaedia of Education_ Mr. Leach points out that there are three passages in Livy alone (XXX., 17; XXXV., 23; XLI., 6) in which "libera" is used in the sense of free from payment.

[172] _Report of Schools' Inquiry Commission_, pp. 122, 123.

[173] Art. "Free Schools," _Cyclopaedia of Education_.

[174] Cf. "cockpennies." See p. 113, infra.

[175] _Linc. Chapter Act_, Bk. A.2.30: _Ed. Ch._ p. 386.

[176] _V. C. H., Notts_, II., 216, _Ed. Ch._ 235, _Epis. Reg. York, Romanus_, X., 75.

[177] _Stat. of the Realm_, ed. 1819, IV., pt. II., sec. 8.

[178] _Chancery Warrants_, Series I., file 1439, _Ed. Ch._, 412.

[179] Izacke's MS.: _Memorials of the City of Exeter_, fo. 178 _seq._; reprinted Parry: _Founding of Exeter School_, pp. 104-112.

[180] _Op. cit._, p. 66.

[181] _Ed. Ch._, p. 273.

[182] _H. E._, IV., 18.

[183] _H. E._, IV., 12.

[184] _Yorkshire Schools_, vol. II., p. 116.

[185] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 61.

[186] _Ibid._, p. 62.

[187] _Ibid._, 87.

[188] _Ibid._, p. 85. Cf. with the appointments recorded in pp. 62 and 87.

[189] _Ibid._, p. 87.

[190] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.

[191] _Ibid._, p. 31.

[192] _Ibid._, p. 34.

[193] C. 700.

[194] Hunt: _English Church_, p. 202.

[195] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 89.

[196] For additional particulars, see article on "Writing" in the _Cyclopaedia of Education_.

[197] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 283. Mansi, _Concilia_, XXII., ch. 228.

[198] Dec. V. it. 5: _Ed. Ch._, pp. 142-145.

[199] "Quum primum adolescens admodum studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias." _Metal._, Bk. II., ch. 10.

[200] Cf. _Reg. Pontissera_, f. 55; _Ed. Ch._, p. 232.

[201] 1308-9.

[202] Cutts: _Parish Priests_, p. 46.

[203] "Erat enim apud nos sub patruo suo amabili et amicabili educatus, et decenter eruditus." _Hist. Ch. of York_, II., 124.

[204] For additional references to the Chancellor's School of Theology at St. Paul's, see reprint in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. 1, p. 219 of deeds in St. Paul's Mun. Box. 21, No. 621 and 865; Gregory's _Chronicle_ (Camden Soc. N. S. XVII., 1876, ed. J. Gairdner) p. 230: and Register of Bishop Fitz-James, f. 127 b., printed in Sparrow Simpson's _Registrum Statutorum_, p. 413.

[205] _Ep. Reg. Linc., Rot. Hug. de Wells_, III., 101.

[206] _Hist. Ch. of York_, II., p. 162.

[207] Reprinted in _Archaeol._, vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[208] Deed reprinted in _Archaeol._, vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[209] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 6; Sparrow Simpson, _Registrum Statutorum_, p. 413.

[210] _Hist. Ch. of York_, III., 320; _Corpus Juris Canonis_, ed. H. L. Richter, Dec. V. tit. 5; _Ed. Ch._, p. 143.

[211] Mansi: _Concilia_, I., 415.

[212] _Ep. Reg. Lincoln._, III., 101.

[213] Dec. V., tit. 5, ch. 2. _Ed. Ch._, p. 119.

[214] 1159-1181.

[215] _Ed. Ch._, p. 119.

[216] _Ed. Ch._, p. 123; see also Rashdall, II., p. 283; Mansi, XXII., c. 228.

[217] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.

[218] _Ed. Ch._, p. 145.

[219] _Ed. Ch._, p. 123, from Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. I.

[220] _H. E._, III., 18; IV., 1; _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., p. 390.

[221] _Mem. St. Ed. Abbey_, I., 46-7.

[222] _Tractatus de inventione Crucis_, p. 15.

[223] _History of Warwick Sch._

[224] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, II., 1.

[225] P. R. O. Anc. Deeds, 1073, _Ed. Ch._, p. 69.

[226] _V. C. H., Hants_, II., 251.

[227] _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., 281.

[228] _Gesta Abbatum Mon. St. Alb._, I., 72.

[229] _V. C. H., Suffolk_, II., 303.

[230] _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.

[231] _Ibid._

[232] _V. C. H., Berks_, II., 245.

[233] _V. C. H., Gloucester_, II., 355.

[234] _V. C. H., Derby_, II., 209.

[235] _V. C. H., Beds_, II., 152.

[236] _V. C. H., Northampton_, II., 234.

[237] _Ed. Ch._, p. 152.

[238] _Mem. Southwell Minster_, XLI.

[239] _Ibid._, p. 205.

[240] _V. C. H., Notts_, II., 216.

[241] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 449.

[242] _Archaeol._, v. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[243] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 6.

[244] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 423.

[245] _Mem. of Beverley Min._, p. 292.

[246] _Hist. War. Sch._, p. 66.

[247] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.

[248] A.D. 529.

[249] A.D. 797.

[250] A.D., C. 960.

[251] _Decret. Greg._ IX., Lib. III., tit. 1: Rashdall, _Univ._ II., p. 601.

[252] Wilkins, _Concilia_, I., p. 270, _Ed. Ch._, p. 139. Cf. this with Theodulf's Capitularies of 797. See p. 30 supra, and Mullinger, Schs. of Charles the Great, p. 130.

[253] _Univ._ II., p. 602.

[254] _Op. cit._, ed. Thomas, p. 79.

[255] A.D. 1212-1294.

[256] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, p. 398.

[257] _Mem. St. Edmund's Abbey_, I., p. 248.

[258] _Polycraticus_, II., 28, ed. Giles, p. 155.

[259] _Oxford Hist. Soc. Collectanea_, II., 156.

[260] _Op. cit._, p. 49.

[261] _Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde_, p. 3.

[262] _V. C. H., Derbyshire_, II., 213, from Cott. Mss. Titus, C. IX., f. 58.

[263] _Beverley Chapter Act Bk._ (Surtees Soc.) Vol. I., p. 293.

[264] Reprinted in _Archaeol._ vol. 62., pt. I., p. 198.

[265] _York Chapter Act Bk._ I., f. 25 b.

[266] Sparrow Simpson: _Registrum Statutorum_, pt. V., ch. 8; Brit. Mus., _Harl. MSS._, 1080.

[267] See Reynold's _Wells_, pp. CLXXX-V.

[268] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.

[269] _Registrum Antiquissimum Linc._, Chap. Mun. A 2, 26, fol. 10. b. _V. C. H., Lincs._ I., 424. Similar appointments are recorded in 1427 and 1432. _Reg. Antiq. Lincs._, fol. 67 b.

[270] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 110.

[271] _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., 281.

[272] _Dugd. Mon._ III., 405.

[273] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, II., 1.

[274] _Hist. Warwick Sch._, p. 5, from Chartul. S. Mary's, Warwick, G. R. Eccl. Misc. Bks. 22.

[275] _Cal. Pat._, 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10; _Ed. Ch._, p. 77.

[276] _P. R. O._, Cart. antiq. H., No. 18; _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.

[277] _Charter Roll_, II., Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27; _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.

[278] _Chancery Warrents_, Series 1, file 1439; _Ed. Ch._, p. 413. Dealing with this grant of a monopoly of school keeping to Eton College, Mr. Leach remarks "The remarkable invasion of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, to which alone the grants and still more the enforcement of the monopoly of endowed schools belonged," etc. _Schs. Med. Eng._, p. 259. Mr. Leach is in error here. The grant of the monopoly of school keeping was a civil matter.

[279] _Pat._, 24, Hen. VI., pt. II., m. 28.

[280] _Rot. Parl._, V., 137.

[281] _Ibid._

[282] _Privy Council Register_, vol. VI.; Parry, _Founding of Exeter School_, pp. 101-112.

[283] Supra, p. 96.

[284] _V. C. H., Gloucester_, II., 315, from Rot. Chart., p. 7.

[285] _Registrum Brev._, 35.

[286] Quoted by de Montmorency: _State Intervention_, p. 16.

[287] _Ed. Ch._, p. 91 from St. Paul's Mun. Press A., Box 60, No. 48.

[288] Surtees Society, vol. 98. See I., pp. 42, 48, 102, 113, etc.

[289] _Op. cit._, p. 102.

[290] _Epis. Joh. Saresberiensis_, ed. Giles, No. 19.

[291] The text of the "Gloucester School Case" is to be found in the Year Book of the eleventh year of Henry IV., p. 47. It is reprinted as an appendix to de Montmorency, _State Intervention_, pp. 241-242. Mr. de Montmorency would seem to be in error in his interpretation of the decision.

[292] Supra, p. 96.

[293] It is interesting to note here that the maintenance of a monopoly was insisted upon by civic authorities no less than by ecclesiastical persons.

[294] _Chapter Act Book, Lincoln_, 1406-7. _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 426.

[295] _Hist. Warwick School_, p. 66.

[296] _Linc. Chapter Act Bk._, A. 2. f. 2; _Ed. Ch._, p. 237.

[297] _Reg. John Whethamstede_, II., 305.

[298] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, III., 290.

[299] See _Rites of Durham_, (Surtees Society) p. 81.

[300] _Abingdon Obedientaries Accounts_, 1375-6; Camden Soc.

[301] _Roger Prior's Reg._, V., 261 b.

[302] Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. B. M. Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95.b., Trans., _V. C. H. Suffolk._ II., 307. For other instances of appointments of schoolmasters by abbots, see _Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani_, (R. S.) I., p. 72. _V. C. H. Lincs._, II., 450.

[303] _B. M. Landsdowne MS._, 375: _Ed. Ch._, 299. _Westminster Abbey Obedientaries Accounts_, reprinted _Ed. Ch._, pp. 306-315.

[304] Cf. _Statutes of the Church of York_, p. 6.

[305] _Yorkshire Schools_, I., p. 18 from Acta Capituli, G., c. ii. 70.

[306] _Beverley Chapter Act Bk._, I., pp. 157, 382; _Mem. Southwell Minster_, p. 29. The function of the dean and chapter was not simply formal. _Mem. Southwell Minster_, p. 125.

[307] The appointment of a master of song at a monastery was made by the prior. Cf. Roger Prior's _Reg._ V., 261 b.

[308] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.

[309] _Lambeth MSS. Reg. Peckham_, f. 38 a., _Ed. Ch._, p. 233.

[310] _Lambeth MSS. Reg. Winchelsea_, f. 300. b., _Ed. Ch._, p. 239. Scholastic patronage in monastic cathedral dioceses was subject to episcopal review. _Worc. Epis. Reg. Silvester_, fol. 202.

[311] _Newcourt, Report_ II., 86, 87, 88.

[312] _Linc. Chapter Act Bk._, pp. 2, 24.

[313] See p. 61.

[314] See Chap. IV.

[315] The chancellor of a diocese exercised a considerable amount of scholastic patronage.

[316] _Memorials of Southwell Minster_, XII.-XLII., 52.

[317] _Registrum Brevium_, fol. 35. The power of patronage to a school could apparently be delegated. Thus the Bishop of Lincoln granted a licence to the rector of Willeford "to chose a lettered and fit man in the parish to teach the boys and others going to him the said science." See _Linc. Epis. Reg. Gynwell_, fol. 135 b. This unusual action was due to the scarcity of schoolmasters after the Black Death.

[318] 1382.

[319] _Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakfeld_, p. 72. _Ed. Ch._ pp. 331-341.

[320] See also _Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries_, III., 241.

[321] _Op. cit._, A. 2, 24, f. 14.

[322] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, I., 90.

[323] _Ibid._, p. 97.

[324] _Ibid._, p. 23.

[325] _Ibid._, p. 27.

[326] _Ibid._, p. 29.

[327] _Ibid._, p. 67.

[328] Re-founded 1531-2.

[329] In town muniments of Newark; reprinted by T. F. A. Burnaby, Town Clerk, 1855.

[330] But cf. _Great Roll of the Pipe_ (Rec. Com.) pp. 9-10, which suggests customary arrangements.

[331] Decretal V, tit. 5, cap. I.

[332] Wilkins: _Concilia_ I., p. 506.

[333] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.

[334] Cf. appointment of Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter.

[335] Who died c. 1191.

[336] See _Notes and Queries_, 8th series, vol. VII., pp. 338, 473-474; _Cyclopaedia of Educ._, vol. II., p. 42.

[337] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, II., p. 759.

[338] _Ibid._, p. 649.

[339] See _Trans. Bristol and Glas. Archaeol._, Soc. VI.

[340] _E. S. R._, II., 82.

[341] _Ipswich Court Bk. Brit. M. Addit._, MS. 30158, fol. 34.

[342] _Ibid._

[343] Founded 1520.

[344] _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. and Chester_, VIII., 51.

[345] _V. C. H., Durham_, I., 371.

[346] _Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde_, p. 3.

[347] _S. M. E._, p. 161.

[348] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., pt. II., p. 765.

[349] Cooper: _Annals of Cambridge_, I., p. 56.

[350] _Reg. Joh. Whethamstede_, II., 305.

[351] _Cant. Cath. Mun._, X., 4, S. B. 4: _Ed. Ch._, pp. 252-267. The Statutes of Ipswich School (1476-7) state that "The grammar schoolmaster shall henceforth have jurisdiction and governance of all scholars within the liberty and precint of this town, except only petties." _Ipswich Court Bk._, B. M., MS. Add. 30158, fol. 34.

[352] P. 39.

[353] _Vita S. Thomas_, pp. 189, 190, ed. Giles, quoted Furnivall. _Forewords_, p. 6.

[354] Cornish, _Chivalry_, p. 24.

[355] Cornish, _op. cit._, pp. 15, 16.

[356] _Liber Niger_, p. 45; quoted _Forewords_, p. 11.

[357] Lacroix; _Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages_, pp. 137, 138.

[358] _Op. cit._, p. 27.

[359] Roper's _Life of More_, ed. Singer, p. 3.

[360] Cavendish: _Life of Wolsey_, ed. Singer, vol. I., p. 38.

[361] _Household Book_, p. 254.

[362] _Liber Niger_, p. 51.

[363] _Household Bk._, Earl of Northumberland, pp. 41, 47, 97, 254.

[364] _Forewords_, p. 13.

[365] Froude, _Hist._ V., pp. 39, 40.

[366] _Coventry Leet Book_, I., 101.

[367] Mrs. Green, _Town Life in the Fifteenth Century_, II., 18.

[368] Chantry Certif., E. S. R., II., 144.

[369] Mrs. Green, _op. cit._, II., 16.

[370] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, I., 117.

[371] _Schools of Medieval England_, p. 246.

[372] Sharpe, _Wills_, II., 484.

[373] _Freemen of York_, vol. I., pp. 1, 77, 98--Sur. Soc., No. 96, 1897.

[374] Meredith: _Econ. Hist._, p. 81.

[375] _Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers_ (R. S.), p. 401.

[376] 36, Ed., III., c. 8.

[377] _Muniments of King's College, Cambridge_: _Ed. Ch._, p. 402.

[378] _Op. cit._, II., 157.

[379] _Rot. Parl._, II., p. 246.

[380] _Ibid._, V., p. 274.

[381] Abram: _Social Life in England_, Ch. 1.

[382] Green: _Life in an Old English Town_, p. 278.

[383] Abram: _Social England_, p. 13.

[384] _Rot. Parl._, III., 501.

[385] _Ibid._, III., 601-2, V., 113.

[386] Abram, _op. cit._, p. 30.

[387] Abram, _op. cit._, p. 96.

[388] _Manners and Meals_, p. 189.

[389] The subject of the origin and development of the English universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr. Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are concerned.

[390] Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic.

[391] Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy.

[392] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 36.

[393] _Ibid._, p. 39.

[394] _Ibid._, p. 42.

[395] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 60.

[396] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 10.

[397] _Ibid._, p. 72.

[398] _Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea_, II., p. 153.

[399] _Ibid._, p. 105.

[400] _Ibid._, p. 156.

[401] _Ibid._, p. 159.

[402] _Rob. de Monte, Chron._ ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466.

[403] _Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant._, ed. Stubbs, Vol. II., p. 384.

[404] _Giraldus Cambrensis_: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73.

[405] Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236.

[406] _Materials for the Life of Becket_, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146.

[407] Rashdall, _Univ._, vol. II., p. 342.

[408] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 2.

[409] See Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 419-421.

[410] _Munimenta Academica_: I., 39, 40.

[411] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 424.

[412] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 228, 229.

[413] _Chron: Roger of Wendover_ (R. S.), II., p. 51.

[414] See also _Munimenta Academica_, pp. 1-4.

[415] _Cal. Close Rolls_, 15 Hen. III., p. 586; _Ed. Ch._, p. 149.

[416] Cooper: _Annals of Cambridge_, I., 56.

[417] Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550.

[418] Toulmin Smith: _English Guilds_, p. XIV.

[419] Dates from the eleventh century.

[420] _English Guilds_, p. lxxxi.

[421] _Ibid._, p. lxxxiii.

[422] _Two Thousand Years of Gild Life_, p. 106.

[423] Hartshorn: _Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe_, 1100-1700, p. 12.

[424] Ashley: _Econ. Hist._, I., p. 70.

[425] Gasquet: _Precis des Institutions de l'Ancienne France_, II., 233-243.

[426] Gross, _Gild Merchant_, p. 32. n. 1.

[427] _Ibid._, pp. 37 _seq._

[428] Ashley, _Econ. Hist. I._, p. 72.

[429] _Ibid._, p. 79.

[430] _Ibid._, p. 80.

[431] _Ibid._, p. 81.

[432] _Bristol Little Red Book_, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the Corporation of Bristol.

[433] Toulmin Smith, _op. cit._, p. 280.

[434] T. Smith, _op. cit._, p. 198.

[435] Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark in _Essex Rev._ XV., p. 146.

[436] _Gild Certif._, 57.

[437] Other instances are Prittlewell, _Cal. of Pat._ 1476-85, p. 34; Thaxted, _ibid._, p. 227; Finchingley, _Chantry Certif._, XIX., 13; XX., 19; XXX., 17. The connection of a grammar school at Ipswich with the Corpus Christi Gild is shown by the _Ipswich Court Bk._, Brit. Mus. Ad. MS., 30158 fol. 34; at Winchester with the Corpus Christi Gild, Brit. Mus. Ad. MS. 24435 fol. 153 b.; at Louth with St. Mary's Gild, Church-wardens' Accounts of the Parish Church, 1533 in R. W. Goulding's Court Rolls of the Manor of Louth. The gild of the Blessed Mary founded a school at Wellingborough in 1392 (Pat. 16, R. II., pt. ii., m. 29, 30). See also p. 161 infra.; gilds and chantries are so closely connected that it is difficult to draw a definite line of demarcation in some cases.

[438] _E. S. R._, II., 283, 284.

[439] _E. S. R._, II., pp. 20-22.

[440] Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, p. 221.

[441] _Ibid._, pp. 203-205; _E. S. R._, 267-268.

[442] _Hist. of Warwick Sch._, p. 95.

[443] _Coventry Leet Book_, I., 101.

[444] Redstone, _Trans. Royal Hist. Soc._, N. S., XVI., p. 166.

[445] _Hist. MS._, Com. X., App. IV., 425; _Ed. Ch._, 439.

[446] Carlisle: _Endowed Gr. Schs._, I., 335.

[447] _E. S. R._, II., 180-184.

[448] P. C. C., 34 Luffenham, p. 269.

[449] Copy of will in _Duchy of Lancaster Misc. Bks._, 25 fol. 19.

[450] _E. S. R._, II., 144.

[451] _E. S. R._, II., 144.

[452] _E.g._ Douze Gild, Feste du Pin.

[453] Toulmin Smith: _English Gilds_, p. 115.

[454] _Ibid._, p. 155.

[455] _Ibid._, p. 160.

[456] _Ibid._, p. 226. For other instances see pp. 179, 194, 287, and Hartshorn, _op. cit._, p. 15.

[457] Cf. Page, _Yorkshire Chantries_, Surtees Society.

[458] See also _Liber Vitae_ of Durham, Surtees Society.

[459] _E. S. R._, I., 53.

[460] See _V. C. H., Durham_, I., p. 371.

[461] _E. S. R._, II., 60.

[462] _Ibid._, p. 65.

[463] _Stat. of the Realm_, IV., pt. I., p. 24.

[464] _Eng. Schs. at Ref._, p. 91.

[465] _E. S. R._, II., 56.

[466] _Chant. Certif._ XXI., No. 24, Trans. Bristol and Glouc. Archael. Soc. VI.

[467] _Chantry Certif._, No. 36. This chantry was founded by Letters Patent. (Pat. 27, Henry VI., pt. I, m. 27). Further Letters Patent were granted in 1451. (P. C. C. Luffenham, p. 278). The chantry patent does not say anything about the school. See also _E. S. R._, II., 146.

[468] Bk. III., Ch. 1.

[469] _Paston Letters_, V., 21.

[470] _Work and Wages_, p. 165.

[471] _Paston Letters_, IV., 237-44; Abram: _Social Life in England_, p. 189.

[472] _E. S. R._, II., p. 89.

[473] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp. 60, 61.

[474] _E. S. R._, II., p. 286.

[475] _E. S. R._, p. 228.

[476] _S. M. E._, p. 177.

[477] _E. S. R._, II., p. 123.

[478] _E. S. R._, II., p. 297.

[479] _E. S. R._, II., p. 201.

[480] _E. S. R._, II., p. 160.

[481] _E. S. R._, II., p. 302.

[482] _E. S. R._, II., p. 89.

[483] _E. S. R._, II., p. 100.

[484] _E. S. R._, II., p. 297.

[485] _E. S. R._, II., p. 39.

[486] Cf. Leach, _E. S. R._, I., p. 91.

[487] _E. S. R._, I., pp. 91, 92.

[488] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.

[489] _E. S. R._, II., p. 317.

[490] _E. S. R._, II., p. 34.

[491] _E. S. R._, II., p. 78.

[492] _E. S. R._, II., p. 317.

[493] _E. S. R._, II., p. 47.

[494] _E. S. R._, II., p. 15.

[495] _E. S. R._, II., p. 152.

[496] _E. S. R._, II., p. 258.

[497] _E. S. R._, II., p. 320.

[498] Wilkins, _Concilia_, III., p. 722; _Ed. Ch._, pp. 444-6.

[499] Wilkins, _Concilia_, IV., p. 3.

[500] _Statutes of the Realm_, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.

[501] Cf. Coulton: _Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages_. Leach: "_Monasteries and Education_" in _Cyclopaedia of Education_.

[502] _Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani_, I., p. 72.

[503] _V. C. H., Hants._, II., p. 251.

[504] _V. C. H., Suffolk_, II., p. 303.

[505] _P. R. O._, antiq. H., No. 8.

[506] Charter Roll, 2 Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27.

[507] _V. C. H., Berks._, II., p. 245.

[508] _Rot. Chart._, p. 7.

[509] _V. C. H., Derbyshire_, II., p. 209.

[510] _V. C. H., Bedfordshire_, II., p. 152.

[511] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., p. 450.

[512] _Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds_, Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95 b. The list of schools in connection with monasteries does not profess to be exhaustive.

[513] _V. C. H., Sussex_, p. 413.

[514] Exch. K. R. Misc. Bks. (P. R. O.), fol. 21, 168, 178, 180. _V. C. H., Wars_, II., p. 319.

[515] See _Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries_, III., p. 241.

[516] _Chant. Certif._, 42, No. 172.

[517] Sparrow Simpson, _Registrum Statutorum_, pt. VIII., ch. 6.

[518] _Ed. Ch._, p. xxxii.

[519] Reg. Whethamstede, (R. S.), II., 315, trans. Gibbs: _Hist. Rec. of St. Albans_.

[520] B. M. Landsdowne, MS., 375, see _V. C. H., Herts._, II., p. 315.

[521] Surtees Society publication, p. 91.

[522] _Op. cit._, V., pp. 302-3.

[523] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, III., p. 290.

[524] _Lit. Cantuar_ (R. S. 85), II., p. 464.

[525] _B. M. Add. Chart._, 19641, _V. C. H., Berks._, p. 243.

[526] _Journal of Educ._, Jan. 1905. _Ed. Ch._, p. 306.

[527] _S. M. E._, p. 220.

[528] _Ibid._, p. 221.

[529] _Ibid._, p. 221.

[530] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, I., p. 31.

[531] Sharpe: _Hist. and Antiq. Coventry_, p. 154 n.

[532] Valor. Eccl. (R. C.), III., p. 51. Among the remaining almonry schools were those of Sherborne Abbey, Thornton, Ixworth, Norwich, Ely, Evesham, Furness, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe, and Winchester.

[533] _S. M. E._, p. 218.

[534] Mon. Schs. in Mid. Ages. _Contemp. Rev._, June 1913. Appendix. As to the number of children in the almonry schools, we may note that there were only three boys at St. Swithun's in 1381-2, five in 1400-1, eight in 1469-70, and none at all in 1484-5. Compotus Rolls ... of St. Swithun's, 204 n. See also Abram: _English Life and Manners_, p. 207. Leach considers that the total number of boys educated in the almonry schools was 1,000. _S. M. E._, p. 230.

[535] _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, ed. Gairdner, Vol. XII., p. 405. Coulton, Monastic Schools, _Contemp. Rev._, June 1913.

[536] _Dugd. Mon._, II., p. 363.

[537] _Ibid._, II., p. 457.

[538] _Ibid._, IV., p. 69.

[539] Coulton, _Mon. Sch._, p. 7.

[540] _V. C. H., Beds._, I., p. 356.

[541] _Social Life_, p. 216. See also _Early Chanc. Proceed._, 44/227.

[542] _Downside Rev._, Vol. X., p. 31, _seq._

[543] _The Old English Bible and other Essays_, p. 227.

[544] Surtees Society, 107, ed. Canon Fowler, p. 91.

[545] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, I., 53.

[546] _Ibid._

[547] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Register): _Ed. Ch._, p. 290.

[548] _Ibid._

[549] Roger Prior's _Reg._, V., 261 b.

[550] "Non habeant ludimagistrum."

[551] _Visitations of Dioc. of Norwich_ (Camd. Soc.) 1888, ed. Jessop, pp. 137, 221.

[552] Brit. Mus. MSS., Arundel, f. 69, _Ed. Ch._, p. 445.

[553] _Ibid._

[554] _Worcester College_, by C. H. Daniel and W. R. Barker, p. 3.

[555] _Chron. Petroburgense_ (Camd. Soc., 1849), p. 31, _Ed. Ch._, p. 197.

[556] Worc. Epis. Reg. Giffard, fol. 206, _Ed. Ch._, p. 199.

[557] Worc. Ep. Reg. Giffard, f. 429, _Ed. Ch._, 198.

[558] _Some Durham College Rolls_ (Oxon. Hist. Soc., 1896); _Collectanea_, III., 7.

[559] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 498.

[560] _Ibid._, p. 499.

[561] _Ibid._, pp. 478-480.

[562] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._ (R. S.), I., 34.

[563] _Op. cit._, p. 26.

[564] _V. C. H., Glouc._, II., p. 341.

[565] _Worcester Coll._, p. 27.

[566] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Reg.), _Ed. Ch._, p. 293.

[567] Brit. Mus. MS. Harl., 1498. _Ed. Ch._, p. 440.

[568] _Ibid._

[569] Rashdall: _Univ._ II., p. 480.

[570] _Ibid._

[571] Jessop: _Coming of the Friars_, p. 21.

[572] _Ibid._, p. 22.

[573] See Denifle: _Constitutiones des Predeger_--Ordene vom Jahre, 1228--in Archiv. fur Litt. und Kirchenges des Mittelalters, 1885, p. 194.

[574] Rashdall: _Univ._, vol. I., p. 348.

[575] _Cyclopaedia of Educ._, Art. Franciscans.

[576] _Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc._, VIII., N. S. May, 1894.

[577] Little: _Op. cit._, p. 49.

[578] _Acta Selecta Capitulorum Generalium Ord. Praed._, ed. Martene and Durand, IV., pp. 1899-1900.

[579] Douais: _Essai sur l'Organisation des Etudes dans l'Ordre des Freres Precheurs en Provence et Toulouse_, p. 53. Little points out that "philosophy is generally equivalent to arts, and is sometimes applied to natural philosophy. So one may take 'naturalium et artium' as interpretative of 'philosophie,'" _op. cit._, p. 50.

[580] _Constitutiones antique ordinis Predicatorum_, ed. Denifle, I., p. 202.

[581] _Ibid._, I., p. 201.

[582] Little: _op. cit._, p. 50.

[583] Denifle: _op. cit._, p. 222.

[584] Douais: _op. cit._, p. 3.

[585] Little: _op. cit._, p. 53.

[586] Douais: _Op. cit._, p. 58.

[587] Little: _op. cit._, p. 53.

[588] _Op. cit._, p. 54.

[589] Martene: _op. cit._, IV., p. 1900.

[590] _Op. cit._, p. 56.

[591] Denifle: _op. cit._, pp. 190-1.

[592] _Stat. of the Realm_, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.

[593] Bk. I., Ch. 1.

[594] Foundation deed, Winchester College in Hist. _Winchester Coll._, p. 66.

[595] _Ibid._

[596] _Ibid._

[597] Lyte: _Hist. Univ. Oxford_, p. 97.

[598] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 656.

[599] _Munimenta Academica_, II., p. 684.

[600] _Norwich Corporation Records. Session Book of 12th Hen. VIII._ Norfolk Archaeol., IV., p. 342.

[601] _Univ._, II., p. 657.

[602] Quoted in Moberly's _Life of William of Wykeham_, p. 108.

[603] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 4.

[604] Cott. MSS. Titus, c. IX., f. 58; _Ed. Ch._, p. 110.

[605] _Grandisson's Register_, II., p. 666.

[606] _Durham Cathedral Muniments, Liber Elemosinarii_, fol. 12 r.; _Ed. Ch._, p. 124.

[607] _Sarum Church and Diocese_ (R. S.), p. 334.

[608] _Stat. Coll. Oxon._, I.; _Ed. Ch._, p. 171.

[609] Strictly speaking, Winchester and Eton were examples of the collegiate churches we are describing in the next chapter. In their turn, the collegiate churches of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were chantries on a large scale.

[610] _Rot. Parl._, V., 45.

[611] _Ibid._

[612] Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439: _Ed. Ch._, p. 413.

[613] _Ibid._

[614] _Univ._ II., p. 500.

[615] _Winchester College_, pp. 88, 89.

[616] _Winchester School_, p. 92.

[617] _Ibid._

[618] Whiston: _Cathedral Trusts_, p. 12.

[619] _S. M. E._, p. 119.

[620] _Univ._, II., p. 656.

[621] _Forewords_, XXXI.-XXXVI.

[622] _S. M. E._, p. 206.

[623] _Ibid._, p. 207.

[624] Lebeuf: _Histoire de la Ville et tout le Diocese de Paris_, II., pp. 129, 130.

[625] Walsingham: _Ypodigma Neustriae_ (R. S.), p. 141.

[626] Sarum Ch. and Dioc. (R. S.), p. 334.

[627] Or 1263, _Univ._, II., p. 481.

[628] _Stat. Coll. Oxford_, I.; _Ed. Ch._, p. 171.

[629] _Univ._, II., p. 482.

[630] _Univ._, II., p. 485.

[631] Wilkins, _Concilia_, I., pp. 3, 55 _seq._

[632] Statutes, cap. 40; _Ed. Ch._, p. 185.

[633] Pat. Roll, 9 Edw., I., m. 28; _Ed. Ch._, p. 224.

[634] Charter Roll, 13 Edw., I., m. 28; _Ed. Ch._, p. 226.

[635] _Ibid._

[636] Ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel.

[637] Wharton: _Anglia Sacra_, I., p. 740.

[638] _Mon._, VI., p. 1473.

[639] Brit. Mus. _Cott. MSS. Faustina_, A., VI. f. 104, reprinted in _Early Yorkshire Schools_, Vol. II., pp. 84-86; _Registrum Parvum_, f. 11, reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, pp. 86-88.

[640] _Mon._, VI., p. 1344.

[641] _E. S. R._, II., p. 40.

[642] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.

[643] _Mon._, VI., p. 1346.

[644] _E. S. R._, II., p. 54.

[645] _Mon._, VI., p. 1459.

[646] _S. M. E._, p. 210.

[647] _Reg. Ep. Worcester_, H. Wakefield, p. 72, _Ed. Ch._, pp. 330-334.

[648] _Ibid._

[649] _Ibid._

[650] _Ibid._

[651] Pat. 16, Ric. II., p. 1, m. 24.

[652] Reg. principale D. Archiep. Cantuar, fol. 124 a, reprinted _Mon._, VI., p. 1391.

[653] _Mon._, VI., p. 1393.

[654] Duchy of Lanc. Cert. of Colleges, No. 4, Chant. Certif. XX., 43.

[655] Reprinted _Mon._, VI., pp. 1394-1395.

[656] _S. M. E._, p. 209.

[657] _Mon._, VI., p. 1375.

[658] _Pat._ 5, Hen. VI., p. m. 19.

[659] _S. M. E._, p. 211.

[660] _Mon._, VI., p. 1401.

[661] _Pat._ 12, Hen. IV., _pars unica_, m. 20.

[662] _Pat._, 3, Hen. V., pt. I, m. 6, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1404-1411.

[663] _Ibid._, p. 1407.

[664] _Mon._, VI., p. 1415.

[665] MS. in bibl. Cotton, fol. 8, reprinted in _Mon._, VI., pp. 1417-1423.

[666] See also _Chant. Certif._, 45, No. 47.

[667] _Mon._, VI., p. 1411.

[668] Cf. _E. S. R._, II., pp. 153, 154, 155, 280; P. R. O., Aug. Off. Misc. Bks. 147.

[669] _Pat._ 10, Hen. V., m. 3, reprinted _Mon._, VI., pp. 1425-6.

[670] Cp. _S. M. E._, p. 254.

[671] _Mon._, VI., p. 716.

[672] Carlisle, _Endowed Gr. Schools_, II., p. 301.

[673] _Mon._, VI., p. 1430.

[674] _S. M. E._, p. 255.

[675] _S. M. E._, p. 256.

[676] Probably about 1470.

[677] _Rot. Parl._, V., p. 256; reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp. 89-91.

[678] _E. S. R._, II., p. 298.

[679] _Mon._, VI., pp. 1441-1443; _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp. 101-141.

[680] Reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 109-130, from MS. at Sydney Sussex Coll., Camb.

[681] _Ib._, pp. 113, 114.

[682] _Ib._, p. 115.

[683] _Ib._, p. 116.

[684] _Ib._, p. 110.

[685] _Ibid._, p. 116.

[686] p. 210.

[687] _Mon._, VI., p. 766.

[688] _S. M. E._, p. 261.

[689] Pat., II., Ed. IV., p. 2., m. 15, _Mon._, VI., p. 725.

[690] Cf. _S. M. E._, p. 272.

[691] Canon Law of 1179 and 1215 did not initiate the custom.

[692] See Bk. I., Ch. II.

[693] Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.

[694] Geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.

[695] On the general subject, see Abelson, _The Seven Liberal Arts_, Parker, "The Seven Liberal Arts," _Eng. Hist. Rev._, V., pp. 417-461, July 1890; Rashdall, _Univ._, I., pp. 33-37; West, _Alcuin_ pp. 4-27.

[696] _E. S. R._, II., p. 56.

[697] _E. S. R._, II., p. 117.

[698] Bk. II., ch. II.

[699] _Polycraticus_, II., 28.

[700] Bk. II., ch. X.

[701] "Quum primum adolescens admodum, studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias."

[702] _Metal._, I., 24.

[703] _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_, p. 121.

[704] Johannis Saresberiensis, _Opera_, ed. Giles, Vol. V., pp. 79, 80.

[705] _Metal._, II., 10; trans. by Poole.

[706] _Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Albani._, I., 72.

[707] _Ed. Ch._, p. 116.

[708] _Life of Thomas a Beckett_ (R. S.), III., p. 3.

[709] _Ibid._, p. 14.

[710] For description see Drane: _Christian Schools and Scholars_, pp. 230-2; Foster Watson, _Grammar Schools_, pp. 32-37.

[711] _Mem. of Southwell Minster_, p. 205.

[712] Taylor: _Medieval Mind_, vol. II., p. 516.

[713] Bacon: _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, p. lix.

[714] _Ibid._, p. 59.

[715] _Ibid._, p. 398.

[716] _Opus Major_, par. 1.

[717] See Brewer's ed., p. 322, _seq._

[718] Cf. Taylor, _op. cit._, vol. II., p. 527.

[719] _Opus Tertium_, Ch. XXIX., trans. by Taylor.

[720] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, p. lix.

[721] _Op. cit._, p. lxii.

[722] _Op. cit._, p. lxxv.

[723] _Op. cit._, p. lxxv.

[724] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, pp. 58, 59.

[725] Anstey: _Munimenta Academica_, I., p. 34.

[726] Chaucer: _Canterbury Tales_, ed. Skeat, p. 299.

[727] _Ibid._, p. 421.

[728] _Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford_, vol. I.; _Ed. Ch._, pp. 349-373.

[729] Brit. Mus. Add., MS. 30158, f. 34.

[730] _I.e._ the "Apeseyes."

[731] Cf. article in _Cyclopaedia of Education_.

[732] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, I., p. 314.

[733] _P. C. C._, 8 Maynwaryng.

[734] See Carlisle, _op. cit._, II., pp. 594-598.

[735] A copy of this time table is reprinted in Leach: _Educational Charters_, pp. 448-451; see also _Archaelogia_, XXXIV., p. 37, _seq._ Foster Watson gives a full account of the projected statutes for Cardinal College, Ipswich (1528) in _Old Grammar Schools_, pp. 16-18.

[736] For an account of the manuals of Stanbridge, see Foster Watson: _English Grammar Schools_, pp. 385-386.

[737] _Ibid._, pp. 238-45.

[738] Among the records of the chantry schools, six are mentioned as teaching writing; see _E. S. R._, II., pp. 66, 98, 251, 305, 307, 312.

[739] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 109.

[740] _E. S. R._, II., p. 21.

[741] _E. S. R._, II., p. 85.

[742] Cutts: _Scenes and Characters in the Middle Ages_, p. 200.

[743] Cutts: _op. cit._, p. 205.

[744] Johnson: _Canons_, II., p. 421.

[745] _Household Book of Henry Algernon, fifth Earl of Northumberland_, Antiq. Repertory, IV., p. 242.

[746] _Dialogue of Heresies_, III., c. 12.

[747] Dunning: _Political Ideas_, p. 263.

[748] _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_, p. 305.

[749] _Letters of Grosseteste_ (R. S.), p. 63.

[750] _Ibid._, p. 68.

[751] _Ibid._, p. 151.

[752] 2 Hen. IV., c. 15. _Stat. of the Realm_, II., 127.

[753] _Rot. Parl._, III., 584.

[754] Johnson: _Laws and Canons_, II., p. 465. Wilkins: _Concilia_, III., p. 317.

[755] 2 Hen. V., c. 7.

[756] See p. 129.

[757] _Rot. Parl._, 12, R. II., c. 5.

[758] _Rot. Parl._, 15, Ric. II., 39; quoted de Montmorency, _State Intervention_, p. 27.

[759] _Op. cit._, pp. 30-32.

[760] See p. 200.

[761] _Statutes of the Realm_, 7, Henry IV., c. 17.

[762] _Pat._, 24, Henry VI., pt. ii., m. 28.

[763] _Rot. Parl._, V., 137.

[764] Bk. II., ch. VI.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).

Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original text.

The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

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In the list on page 39 (beginning "10. And we enjoin that no priest receive another's scholar . . .), the numbers are presented as in the original text.

In the original text, footnote 451 appears on page 155 with no corresponding marker. The marker in this text has been added by the transcriber.