CHAPTER XXI.

EARTH OSCILLATIONS.

Evidences of oscillation—Examples of oscillation—Temple of Jupiter Serapis—Observations of Darwin—Causes of oscillation.

_Evidences of oscillation._—By earth oscillations are meant those slow and quiet changes in the relative level of the sea and land which geologists speak of as elevations or subsidences. These movements are especially characteristic of volcanic and earthquake-shaken countries.

As evidences of elevations we appeal to phenomena like raised beaches, sea-worn caves, raised coral reefs, and the remains of other dead organisms like barnacles, and the borings of lithodomous shells in and on the rocks of many coasts high above the level of the highest tides. As a proof that subsidence has taken place, there is the evidence afforded by submerged forests, the prolongation of certain valleys beneath the bed of the ocean, the formation of coral islands, the peculiar distribution of the plants and animals which we find in many countries, and the submergence of works of human construction. Inasmuch as these phenomena are discussed so fully in many treatises on physical geology, the references to them here will be made as brief as possible. Elevations and depressions which have taken place at the time of large earthquakes in a paroxysmal manner have already been mentioned. The movements referred to in this chapter, although generally taking place with extreme slowness, in certain instances, by an increase in their rapidity, have approached in character to earth pulsations. In most instances it would appear that the upward movement of the ground, which may be likened to a process of tumefaction, goes on so gently that it only becomes appreciable after the lapse of many generations.

_Examples of movements._—Lyell estimated that the average rate of rise in Scandinavia has been about two and a half feet per century. At the North Cape the rise may have been as much as five or six feet per century. Observations made at the temple of Jupiter Serapis, between October 1822 and July 1838, showed that the ground was sinking at the rate of about one inch in four years. Since the Roman period, when this temple was built, the ground has sunk twenty feet below the waves. Now the floor of the temple is on the level of the sea. Lyell remarks that if we reflect on the dates of the principal oscillations at this place there appears to be connection between the movements of upheaval and a local development of volcanic heat, whilst periods of depression are concurrent with periods of volcanic quiescence.[154]

As examples of movements even more rapid than those at the Temple of Jupiter Serapis we refer to an account of the earthquakes in Vallais (November 1755), when the ground about a mountain at a small distance from Brigue sank about a thumb’s-breadth every twenty-four hours. This took place between December 9 and February 26.[155]

Another remarkable example of earth movement is given in the account of the earthquake at Scarborough, on December 29, 1737, when the head of the spa water well was forced up in the air about ten yards high. At this time the sands on the shore are said to have risen so slowly that people came out to watch them.[156]

Two other examples of rapid earth movement are taken from Professor Rossi’s ‘Meteorologia Endogena.’ Professor D. Seghetti, writing to Professor Rossi, says that a few lustres ago (one lustre = twenty years) Mount S. Giovanni hid the towns Jenne and Subiaco from each other. From Subiaco the church at Jenne is now visible, which a few years ago was invisible. The people at Jenne also can see more than formerly. The supposition is that the side of Mount S. Giovanni is lowered. This fact corresponds to a fact stated by Professor Carina, who says that forty or fifty years ago from Granaiola you could not see either the church of S. Maria Assunta di Citrone or the church of S. Pietro di Corsena. Now you can see both.[157]

For a remarkable example illustrating the connection between seismic activity and elevation we are indebted to the patient labours of Darwin, who carefully investigated the evidences of elevation which are visible upon the western coasts of South America. These evidences, consisting of marks of erosion, caves, ancient beaches, sand dunes, terraces of gravel, &c., were traced between latitudes 45° 35′ to 12° 5′, a distance north and south of 2,075 geographical miles, and there is but little doubt that they extend much farther. As deduced from observations upon upraised shells alone, a summary of Mr. Darwin’s observations are contained in the following table:—

Feet At Chiloe the recent elevation has been 350 „ Concepcion „ „ 625 to 1,000 „ Valparaiso „ „ 1,300 „ Coquimbo „ „ 252 „ Lima „ „ 85

Shells, similar to those clinging to uplifted rocks, which are evidences of these elevations, still exist in the neighbouring seas, and in the same proportionate numbers as they are found in the upraised beds. In addition to this, Mr. Darwin shows us that at Lima, during the Indo-human period, the elevation has been at least eighty-five feet. At Valparaiso, during the last 220 years, the rise was about nineteen feet, and in the seventeen years subsequent to 1817 the rise has been ten or eleven feet, a portion only of which can be attributed to earthquakes. In 1834 the rise there was apparently still in progress.

At Chiloe there has been a gradual elevation of about four feet in four years. These, together with numerous other examples, testify to the gradual but, as compared with other parts of the globe, exceedingly rapid rise of the ground upon the western shores of South America.[158] The most important point to be noticed is that this district of rapid elevation is one of the most earthquake-shaken regions of the world. And further, judging from Darwin’s remarks, in those portions of it where the movements have been the most extensive, and at the same time probably the most rapid, the seismic disturbances appear to have been the most noticeable.

Similar remarks may be applied to Japan, it being in those districts where evidences of recent elevation are abundant that earthquakes are numerous. Thus, in the bay of Yedo, where we have borings of lithodomi in the tufaceous cliffs ten feet above high-water mark, which, inasmuch as the rock in which they are found is soft and easily weathered, indicate an exceedingly rapid elevation, earthquakes are of common occurrence.

From the evidences of elevation which we have upon the South American coast, Japan, and in other countries, it appears that these movements are intermittent, there being periods of rest, when sea cliffs are denuded, and perhaps even periods of subsidence. There is also evidence to show that, although these movements have been gradual from time to time, they have been aided by starts occasioned by earthquakes.

As to whether earthquakes are more numerous during periods of elevation, or of subsidence, or during the intermediate periods of rest, we have no evidence.

Sudden displacements which occasionally accompany earthquakes might, it was said, sometimes be regarded as the _cause_ of an earthquake, and sometimes as the _effect_.

The slow elevations here referred to may be looked upon as being one of the more important factors in the production of earthquakes. By various causes the rocky coast is bent until, having reached the limit of its elasticity, it snaps, and, in flying back like a broken spring, causes the jars and tremors of an earthquake.

If this is the case, then the number of earthquakes felt in a district which is being elevated may possibly be a function of the rate of elevation.

APPENDIX.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS, PAPERS, PERIODICALS, WHICH ARE REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING PAGES.

• • • • •

_For a more complete bibliography of earthquakes refer to Mallet’s catalogue of works given in his report to the British Association in 1858._

• • • • •

A True and Particular Relation of the Dreadful Earthquake which happened at Lima, &c. (1746). 1768. Abbot, Gen. H. L. On the Velocity of Transmission of Earth Waves. _Am. Jour. Sci._ XV., March 1878. — Shock of the Explosion at Hallet’s Point, Nov. 14, 1876. _Battalion Press._ Alexander, Prof. T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. American Journal of Science. Annali del reale osservatorio meteorologico Vesuviano. Annual Register, The. Anonymous, A Chronological and Historical Account of the most Memorable Earthquakes in the World, &c. 1750. — A Vindication of the Bishop of London’s Letter occasioned by the Late Earthquake. 1750. — Phenomena of the Great Earthquake of Nov. 1, 1755. — Serious Thoughts occasioned by the Late Earthquake at Lisbon. 1755. Asiatic Society of Japan, Transactions of. Ayrton, Prof. W. E. _See_ Perry, J.

Bárceno, M. Estudio del Terremoto (May 17, 1879) Mexico. 1879. Beke, Dr. C. T. Mount Sinai a Volcano. Bissett, Rev. J. A Sermon (on account of the Earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1, 1755). 1757. Bittner, A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Erdbebens von Belluno vom 29. Juni 1873. — Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. d. Wissensch., lxix. II. Abth., 1874. Bollettino del Vulcanismo Italiano. Boué, Dr. A. Ueber das Erdbeben welches Mittel-Albanien im October d. J. so schrecklich getroffen hat. _Die K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften_, Nov. 1851. — Parallele der Erdbeben, des Nordlichtes und des Erdmagnetismus. — Ueber die Nothwendigkeit die Erdbeben und vulkanischen Erscheinungen genauer als bis jetzt beobachten zu lassen. _Die K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften_, 1851 and 1857. Bouguer, M. Of the Volcanoes and Earthquakes in Peru. British Association, Reports of. Brunton, R. H. Constructive Art in Japan. _Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan_, II. and III., Pt. 2. Bryce, J. Report to British Association, 1841. Buffour, M. The Natural History of Earthquakes and Volcanoes.

C. H. A Physical Discussion of Earthquakes, &c. 1693. Canterbury, Thomas, Lord Archbishop of, The Theory and History of Earthquakes. Casariego, E. A. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Cawley, G. Some Remarks on Construction in Brick and Wood, &c. _Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan_, VI. Plate ii. Chaplin, Prof. W. S. An Examination of the Earthquakes recorded at the Meteorological Observatory, Tokio. _Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan_, VI. Part ii. Comptes Rendus. Credner, H. Das Dippoldiswalder Erdbeben vom Oktober 1877. — Zeitschr. f. d. Naturwiss. f. Sachsen u. Thüringen. — Das Vogtländisch-erzgebirgische Erdbeben, 23. Nov. 1875. — Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Naturwissenschaften, xlviii., Oktober.

Dan, T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Darwin, Charles. Researches on Geology and Natural History. — Geological observations. Darwin, G. H. Reports on Lunar Disturbance of Gravity to British Association, 1881. 1882. Diffenbach, F. Plutonismus und Vulkanismus in der Periode von 1868–1872, und ihre Beziehungen zu den Erdbeben im Rheingebiet. Doelter, C. von. Ueber die Eruptivgebilde von Fleims, nebst einigen Bemerkungen über den Bau älterer Vulcane. — lxxiv. Band d. Sitzungsb. d. K. Akad. d. Wissensch., I. Abth., Dec. Heft, Jahrg. 1876. Doolittle, Rev. T. Earthquakes Explained and Practically Improved, &c. 1693. Doyle, P. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.

Emerson, Prof., B.A. Review of Von Seebachs’ Earthquake of March 6, 1872. _Am. Jour. Sci._, Series III. Ewing, Prof. J. A. Earthquake Measurement. A memoir published by the Tokio University. 1883. — See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.

Falb, R. Gedanken und Studien über den Vulkanismus, &c. 1875. — Grundzüge zu einer Theorie der Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche. — Das Erdbeben von Belluno. ‘Sirius,’ Bd. VI., Heft ii. Flamstead, J. A Letter concerning Earthquakes. 1693. Forel, F. A. Les Tremblements de Terre (Suisse). _Arch. des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles_, VI. p. 461. — Tremblement de Terre du 30 Décembre 1879. Fuchs, Karl. Vulkane und Erdbeben. — _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde._

Garcia, J. C. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Geinitz, Dr. E. Das Erdbeben von Iquique am 9. Mai 1877, &c. _Die K. Leop.-Carol.-Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher_, Band xl., Nr. 9. Gentleman’s Magazine, The. Geographical Society, Proceedings of. Geological Society, Proceedings of. Girard, Dr. H. Ueber Erdbeben und Vulkane. 1845. Gray, T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. — On Instruments for Measuring and Recording Earthquake Motions. Phil. Mag. Sept. 1881. — On Recent Earthquake Investigation. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1881. Guiscardi, Prof. G. Notizie del Vesuvio. 1857. — Il terremoto di Casamicciola del 4 Marzo. 1881.

Hales, S., D.D., F.R.S. Some Considerations on the Causes of Earthquakes. 1750. Hamilton, Sir W. Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, &c. 1774. Hattori, I. Destructive Earthquakes in Japan. _Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan_, V. Plate i. Heim, Prof. A. Les Tremblements de Terre et leur Etude Scientifique. 1880. — Prof. A. Die Schweizerischen Erdbeben in 1881–1882. Hoeffer, Prof. H. Die Erdbeben Kärntens und deren Stosslinien. _Die Kais. Akademie d. Wissenschaften_, Band xlii. Höfer, Prof. H. Das Erdbeben von Belluno, am 29. Juni 1873. _Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. d. Wissensch._, I. Abth., Band lxxiv. Hoff, K. E. A. von. Geschichte der durch Ueberlieferung nachgewiesenen natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche. 1822. Hooke, R., M.D., F.R.S. Discourses concerning Earthquakes. Hopkins, William. Report to the British Association on the Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes. 1847. Horton, Rev. Mr. An Account of the Earthquake which happened at Leghorn in Italy (Jan. 1742). 1750. Humboldt, Alexander von. Cosmos. — Travels.

Jeitteles, L. A. Bericht über das Erdbeben am 15. Januar 1858. — Sitzungsberichte der mathem.-naturw. Classe d. K. Akad. d. Wissensch., xxxv. S. 511. Judd, J. W., Prof. Volcanoes, What they Are and What they Teach.

Knipping, E. Verzeichniss von Erdbeben wahrgenommen in Tokio, &c. _Mitt. d. Deutsch. Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens_, Heft 14. — See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.

Lasaulx, A. von. Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath am 22. October 1873. Lemery, M. A Physico-Chemical Explanation of Subterranean Fires, Earthquakes, &c. Lescasse, M. J. Etude sur les Constructions Japonaises, &c. _Mémoires de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils_. Lister, M., M.D., F.R.S. Of the Nature of Earthquakes. Little, Rev. J. Conjectures on the Physical Causes of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 1820.

Mallet, R. The Neapolitan Earthquake, Vol. II. _Reports to the British Association_, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1854, 1858, 1861. — Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of Cachar. _Proc. Geolog. Soc._, 1872. — Dynamics of Earthquakes. _Trans. Royal Irish Acad._ 1846. Milne, David. Reports to British Association, 1841, 1843, 1844. Milne, John. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. — On Seismic Experiments (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Trans. Royal Soc._ 1882. — On Seismic Experiments (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Proc. Royal Soc._ No. 217, 1881. — Earthquake Observations and Experiments in Japan (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Phil. Mag._, Nov. 1881. — On the Elasticity and Strength Constants of certain Rocks (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Jour. Geolog. Soc._, 1882. — A Visit to the Volcano of Oshima. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2, Vol. IV., pp. 193–197, 255. — On the Form of Volcanoes. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2, Vol. V., and Dec. 2, Vol. VI. — Note upon the Cooling of the Earth, &c. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2., Vol. VII., p. 99. — Investigation of the Earthquake Phenomena of Japan. _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1881 and 1882. — A Large Crater. _Popular Science Review._ — The Volcanoes of Japan (a series of Articles). _Japan Gazette._ — Earthquake Literature of Japan (a series of Articles). _Japan Gazette._ — The Earthquake of Dec. 23, 1880. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1881. — Earthquake Motion. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1882. — Seismology in Japan. _Nature_, Oct. 1882. — Earth Movements. _The Times_, Oct. 12, 1882. Mitchell, Rev. J. Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations upon the Phenomena of Earthquakes. 1760. Mohr, Dr. F. Geschichte der Erde. 1875.

Naturkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. 1875–1880. Naumann, Dr. E. Ueber Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche in Japan. _Mitt. d. Deutsch. Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens._ Heft 15. Noggerath, Dr. J. Die Erdbeben vom 29. Juli 1846 im Rheingebiet, &c. — Die Erdbeben im Vispthale (1855). — Die Erdbeben im Rheingebiet in den Jahren 1868, 1869, 1870. — Jahrgänge d. Verbandlungen d. Natur. Vereins für 1870. _Rheinland u. Westphalen_, xxvii.

Oldham, Dr. Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of Cachas. _Proc. Geolog. Soc._ 1872. — Thermal Springs of India. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of India_, XIX. Plate 2. — A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of India_, XIX. Plate 3. — The Cachas Earthquake. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of India_, XIX. Plate 1.

Palmer, Col. H. S. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Palmieri, Prof. L., e Scacchi, A. Della Regione Volcanica del Monte Vulture, e del Tremuoto ivi avvenuto nel dì 14 Agosto 1851, 1852. — Annali del reale Osservatorio Meteorologico Vesuviano. — Il Vesuvio, il Terremoto d’ Isernia e l’eruzione sottomarina di Santorino. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e Mat. di Napoli_, iv. 1866. — Sul recente Terremoto di Corleone. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e Mat._, v. 1876. — Il Terremoto di Scio del dì 4 Aprile. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e Mat. di Napoli_, v. 1881. — Sul Terremoto di Casamicciola del 4 Marzo 1881. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e. Mat. di Napoli_. 1881. Paul, Prof. H. M. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Perrey, Prof. A. Earthquake Catalogue and Memoirs. (For list see Mallet’s Report to British Association. 1858.) — See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Perry, J., and W. E. Ayrton. On a Neglected Principle that may be Employed in Earthquake Measurement. — See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Philosophical Magazine. Pickering, Rev. R. An Address to those who have either retired or intend to leave Town under the Imaginary Apprehension of the Approaching Shock of another Earthquake. 1750.

Ray, J., F.R.S. A Summary of the Causes of the Alterations which have happened to the Face of the Earth. Rockstroh, E. Informe de la Comision Científica del Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, nombrada por el Sr. Ministro de Instruccion Pública para el Estudio de los Fenómenos Volcánicos en el Lago de Ilopango. 1880. Rockwood, Prof. C. G. Notes on Earthquakes. Annually in the _Am. Jour. Sci._ — Japanese Seismology. _Am. Jour. Sci._, XXII. Dec. 1881. Romaine, W. A Discourse occasioned by the Late Earthquake. 1755. Rossi, Prof. M. S. di. Intorno all’ odierna fase dei Terremoti in Italia, e segnatamente sul Terremoto in Casamicciola del 4 Marzo 1881. _Società Geografica Italiana._ 1881. — La Meteorologia Endogena, 2 vols. Royal Society, Transactions of.

Scacchi, A. _See_ Palmieri. Schmidt, Dr. J. F. Untersuchungen über das Erdbeben am 15. Januar 1858. — Studien über Erdbeben. 1879. — Die Eruption des Vesuv (1855). 1856. Scrope, G. P. Volcanoes. Seebach. Das mittle Deutsche Erdbeben (1872). _Mitt. der K.K. geograph. Gesellsch._, II. Jahrg., 2. Heft, 1873. Serpieri, Prof. A. C. S. Nuove Osservazioni sul Terremoto avvenuto in Italia il 12 Marzo 1873. _Istituto Lombardo._ 1873. — Il Terremoto di Rimini della notte 17–18 Marzo 1875. — Documenti nuove e Riflessioni sul Terremoto della notte 17–18 Marzo 1875. _Meteorologia Italiana_, iv. 1875. — Determinazione delle fasi e delle leggi del grande Terremoto avvenuto in Italia nella notte 17–18 Marzo 1875. _Istituto Lombardo._ 1875. — Dell’ influenza del Lume Solare sui Terremoti. _Istituto Lombardo._ 1882. Sherlock, T., D.D. (Lord Bishop of London). A Letter on the occasion of the late Earthquakes. 1750. Shower, Rev. J., D.D. Practical Reflections on the Earthquakes that have happened in Europe and America, &c. 1750. Stübel, A. (see Reiss, W.) Stukeley, Rev. W., M.D., F.R.S. The Philosophy of Earthquakes, Natural and Religious, &c. Plates 1, 2, and 3. 1756. Sturmius, J. C. A Methodical Account of Earthquakes. Suess, E. Die Erdbeben Niederösterreiches. _Die Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften_, Bd. xxxiii. — Die Erdbeben des südlichen Italiens. _Die Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften_, Bd. xxxiv.

Volger, Dr. G. H. Untersuchungen über das Phänomen der Erdbeben. 1857.

Wagener, Dr. G. Bemerkungen über Erdbebenmesser und Vorschläge zu einem neuen Instrumente dieser Art. _Mitt. d. Deutsch. Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens_, Heft 15. — See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_. Winchilsea, The Earl of. A True and Exact Relation of the late Prodigious Earthquake and Eruption of Mount Etna. 1669. Woodward, J., M.D., F.R.S. Earthquake caused by some Accidental Obstruction of a Continual Subterranean Heat.

SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN.

The following are a list of the papers published by this Society:—

VOL. I.

Milne, J. Seismic Science in Japan. 35 pages. Ewing, J. A. New Form of Pendulum Seismograph. 6 pages, 3 plates. Gray, T. Seismometer and Torsion Pendulum Seismograph. 8 pages, 2 plates. Mendenhall, T. C. Acceleration of Gravity at Tokio (abstract). 2 pages. Wagener, G., and E. Knipping. New Seismometer and Observations with same. 18 pages, 1 plate. Milne, J. Earthquake in Japan of Feb. 22, 1880. 116 pages, 5 plates, 8 woodcuts.

VOL. II.

Milne, J. Recent Earthquakes of Yeddo, Effects on Buildings, &c. 38 pages, 2 plates, and many tables. Mendenhall, T. C. Gravity on Summit of Fujiyama (abstract). 2 pages. Paul, H. M. Earth Vibrations from Railroad Trains (abstract). 4 pages. Ewing, J. A. Astatic Horizontal Lever Seismograph (abstract). 5 pages, 1 plate. Milne, J. Peruvian Earthquake of May, 9, 1877. 47 pages, 2 plates, tables. Constitution, Rules, Officers and Members of the Society, Dec., 1881.

VOL. III.

Gray, T. Steady Points for Earthquake Measurements. 11 pages, 3 plates. Milne, J. Experiments in Observational Seismology. 53 pages, 1 plate, tables. — The Great Earthquakes of Japan. 38 pages, 1 plate, many tables. Perry, J. Theory of a Rocking Column. 4 pages. Knipping, E. Earthquake of July 25, 1880, with Dr. Wagener’s Seismometer. 4 pages. Ewing, J. A. Earthquake Observation at three or more Stations, &c. 4 pages. — Records of three recent Earthquakes. 6 pages, 3 plates. — Earthquake of March 8, 1881. 8 pages, 1 plate. Milne, J. Horizontal and Vertical Motion in Earthquake of March 8, 1881. 8 pages, 3 plates. Gray, T. Seismograph for Registering Vertical Motion. 3 pages, 1 plate. Ewing, J. A. Seismometer for Vertical Motion. 3 pages, 1 plate. Gray, T. Seismograph for Large Motions. 2 pages. — Compensating a Pendulum to make it Astatic. 3 pages. Palmer, H. S. Note on Earth Vibrations. 3 pages. Kuwabara, M. The Hot Springs of Atami. 2 pages.

VOL. IV.

Milne, J. Distribution of Seismic Activity in Japan. 30 pages, 1 plate. Wada, T. Notes on Fujiyama. 7 pages. Casariego, E. Abella y. Earthquakes of Nueva Vizcaya in 1881. 23 pages, 2 maps. Milne, J. Utilisation of Earth’s Internal Heat. 12 pages. Ewing, J. A. Earthquake of March 11, 1882. 5 pages. Doyle, P. Note on an Indian Earthquake. 6 pages. Milne, J. Systematic Observation of Earthquakes. 31 pages, 5 plates.

VOL. V.

Naumann, Dr. E. Notes on Secular Changes of Magnetic Declination in Japan, p. 1–18. Casariego, Don E. Abella y. Monografía Geológica del Volcan de Albay ó El Máyon. p. 19–43. Garcia, Don J. Centeno y. Abstract of a Memoir on the Earthquakes on the Island of Luzon in 1880. p. 43–89. Ewing, Prof. J. A. Seismological Notes. — A Duplex Pendulum Seismometer. — The Suspension of a Horizontal Pendulum. — A Speed Governor for Seismograph Clocks, p. 89–95. Dan, T., S.B. Notes on the Earthquake at Atami, in the Province of Idzu, on September 29, 1882. p. 95–105.

VOL. VI.

Alexander, Prof. T. The Development of the Record given by a Bracket Machine. Milne, J. Earth Pulsations. Ewing, J. A. Note on a Duplex Pendulum with a Single Bob. Gergens, F. Note on an Iron Casting, Supposed to have been Disturbed whilst Cooling by an Earthquake. West, C. D. On a Parallel Motion Seismograph. Ewing, J. A. Certain Methods of Astatic Suspension. Alexander, T. Ball and Cup Seismometer. Knipping, Messrs. Paul and. Report on a System for Earthquake Observation. Catalogues of Earthquakes.

INDEX.

Abbadie, M. d’, on earth tremors, 309 Abbot, General H. L., on the transmission of vibrations, 62 Abella, M., on the earthquake in the Philippines in 1881, 77 Activity, on seismic, 6 Aristotle, on the classification of earthquakes, 41 Artificial earthquakes, experiments on, 57 — — intensity of, 61 Aurora, on the occurrence of, with earthquakes, 264 Ayrton and Perry, on the effect of soft foundations, 130 — — on the period of vibration of buildings, 115 — — on the principle of, 31

Barometer, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 266 Bertelli, on aurora and earthquakes, 265 — on earth tremors, 316, 320 — on the normal tromometer of, 317 Bittner, A., on the buildings of Belluno, 100 Bridges, on earthquake, 140 Brunton, R. H., on buildings in earthquake countries, 123 Buckle, on the history of civilisation, 1 Builders, interest of the study of earthquakes to, 3 Buildings, on cracks in, 98, 108 — the effect of earthquakes on, 96 — on the irregular destruction of, 96 — — effect on the end house in a row, 112 — — church of St. Augustin at Manilla, 113 — — relation of destruction of, to earthquake motion, 103 — — protection of, 143 — — pitch of the roof of, 110 — — position of openings in the walls of, 111 — — swing of, 115 — — period of vibration of, 115 — — principle of relative periods in, 116 — — types of, for earthquake countries, 121 — — effect of underlying rocks on, 130 — general conclusions regarding, 144

Cacciatore, definition of the, 18 Caldcleugh, A., on earthquake frequency, 245 — on barometric height and earthquakes, 266 Carruthers, J., on earthquakes and tides, 291 Centrum, definition of, 9 — on the depth of, 213 — on the maximum depth of, 218 Centrum, determination of position of, _see_ origins Chaplin, W. S., on the bracket seismometer of, 27 — on earthquakes and the position of the moon, 252 Coast line, on the movement of, 160 Cocks, R., on earthquakes and tides, 290 Coseismic lines, definition of, 10 Curves, on microseismic, 321

Darwin, Charles, on the movement of coast lines, 160 — George H., on earth tides, 285 — on tidal loads, 291 — on earth pulsation, 330 — on the effect of fluctuations of barometric pressure, 336 — experiments at Cambridge, 310 Delauney, M. J., on the influence of the planets on earthquakes, 261 Diagonic, definition of, 11 Diastrophic, definition of, 11 Direction of motion, from instrumental records, 198 Distribution, on earthquake, 226 — examples of, 231 Disturbance, on the propagation of, 50 Douglas, J., on South American houses, 126

Earth particle, on the velocity and acceleration of, 79 Earthquake motion, nature of, as deduced from the feelings, 67 — direction of, derived from instrumental records, 69 — duration of, 71 — period of vibration in, 74 — examples of extent of, 75–77 — absolute intensity of force in, 83 — radiation of, 85 — velocity of propagation of, 87 Earthquake at Lisbon, velocity of propagation of, 88 Earthquakes, general examples of effects of, 142 — geological changes produced by, 161 — hunting, 187 — distribution of, 226 — maps, 189 — secondary, 248 — table of, for nineteenth century, 259 — on the course of, 277–281 — and tides, 290 — prediction of, 297–304 Elastic waves, nature of, 44 Emergence, angle of, 9 Energy, dissipation of, in earthquakes, 52 — seismic, in relation to geological time, 234 — — table of, 240 Epicentrum, definition of, 9 Euthutropic, definition of, 11 Ewing, J. A., pendulum seismograph of, 25 — astatic pendulum of, 26 — bracket seismograph of, 26

Falb, R., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 286 Fissures, on the material discharged from, 148 — on the explanation of, 151 Focal cavity, definition of, 9 — on the form of, 221 Forbes, D., on an earthquake in Mendoza, 151 Frequency of earthquakes, 243 Frere, Sir H. Bartle, on geological changes produced by earthquakes, 161 Fuchs, on sea waves, 176 — on the movement of the seismic centre, 233 — on earthquakes and volcanic outbursts, 271 — on hot springs, 157 Fumaroles, the effect of earthquakes on, 156

Geinitz, Dr., on sea waves, 182 Geologists, on the interest of seismology to, 2 Gray, T., astatic pendulum of, 26 — bracket seismometer of, 27 — conical pendulum of, 29 — dead heat pendulum of, 22 — on the rotation of bodies, 196 — rolling spheres and cylinders of, 29 — torsion pendulum seismometer of, 25 — vertical motion seismometers of, 32, 33 — and Milne, seismograph of, 38

Hattori, I., on the large earthquakes of Japan, 244 Haughton, Prof., list of active volcanoes of, 227 — method of finding earthquake origins of, 209 Hills, on the want of support on the face of, 136 Höfer, on an earthquake at Belluno, 225 Hoffmann, F., on the barometer and earthquakes, 267 Hooke, on earthquake motion, 42 Hopkins, on the thickness of the earth’s crust, 284 Humboldt, on meteors and earthquakes, 261 — on the barometer and earthquakes, 267 — on volcanoes and earthquakes, 279

Imagination, effect of earthquakes on the, 2 Instruments, direction of motion derived from, 198 Intensity, on earthquake, 51, 71 — seismic curve of, for Kioto, 242 Isoseismic circles, definition of, 10 — areas, definition of, 10

Kluge, on sea waves, 175 — on earthquake frequency, 246 — on simultaneous earthquakes, 248 — on earthquakes and sun spots, 263 — on earth pulsations, 339 Kreil, pendulum seismometer of, 25

Lakes, on disturbances in, 154 Land, effect of earthquakes on, 146–162 — on the reason of movements of, 162 — on cracks and fissures formed in, 146 Level, on the use of for earth pulsations, 328 Literature, on seismic, 6 — on Japanese earthquake, 7

Mallet, R., on area of disturbance as a test of seismic energy, 78 — on clock stopping, 36 — list of works on earthquakes of, 5 — curve of seismic energy of, 238 — definition of earthquake of, 43 — on earthquake frequency, 243 — on the influence of the heavenly bodies on earthquakes, 253 — on maximum depth of origin, 218 — on pendulum seismometers, 20 — projection seismometer of, 17 — on the Neapolitan earthquake, 69, 77, 83, 97, 103, 132, 142, 218, 280 — on sea waves, 170 — on the swing of mountains, 135 — on propagation from a fissure, 217 Mallet on the temperature of focal cavity, 84 Malvasia, M. le Conte, on earth tremors, 316 Martin, D. S., on the New England earthquake of 1874, 142 Meizoseismic area, definition of, 10 Melzi, on curves of microseismic motion, 322 Meteors, on earthquakes and, 260 Microseismic movements, on cause of, 324 Milne, D., on the Lisbon earthquake, 87 — on earthquake synchronism, 247 Mitchell, on earthquake motion, 42 Moon, effect of, on earthquakes, 251, 285 Mountains, on the swing of, 135

Naumann, E., on meteors and earthquakes, 261 — on sun spots and earthquakes, 263

Ocean, on disturbances in, 163–186 Origin, definition of, 9 — on the determination of, 187 — position of, deduced from direction of motion, 192 — — from destruction of buildings, 194 — — from rotation of bodies, 195 — — from time of occurrence, 199 — — examples of methods of calculating, 200–212 Oscillations, on earth, 344 Overturning moment, on the area of greatest, 53

Palmer, Col. H. S., on earth tremors, 307 Palmieri, on clock stopping, 36, 62 Paul, H. M., on earth tremors, 308 Perrey, A., on the influence of the moon on earthquakes, 251 Perrey on the periodicity of earthquakes, 8 Perry, J., on position of openings in walls, 111 Physicists, on the interest of earthquakes to, 2 Planets, influence of, on earthquakes, 260 Plantamour, M., on earth pulsations, 328 Pleistoseists, definition of, 10 Poly, M. A., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263 — on earthquakes and revolving storms, 294 Prost, M. le Baron, on earth tremors, 316 Pulsation, on earth, 4, 326–343

Records, on receivers of, 33 Rivers, on disturbances in, 154 Rockwood, Prof., on American earthquakes, 6 Ronaldson, T., on San Francisco houses, 129 Rossi, M. S. di, on an eruption of gas in the Tiber, 153 — aurora and earthquakes, 264 — earth tremors, 317, 320 — earth oscillations, 346 — earth pulsations, 327 — microseismograph of, 318 — microphonic observations of, 319, 323 — normal tromometer of, 317

Schmidt, on the influence of barometric pressure on earthquakes, 267 Sea waves, on nature of, 165 — on cause of, 171 — seldom produced by earthquakes which originate inland, 175 — on velocity of propagation of, 177 — examples of, 179 Seasons, frequency of earthquakes at different, 254 Seebach, on the determination of origins, 211 — on the focal cavity, 224 Seismic vertical, definition of, 9 Seismic and volcanic phenomena, relation of, 270 — — conclusions regarding, 275, 295 Seismology, definition of, 9 Seismometers, on various forms of, 17–40 Seismoscopes, on various forms of, 13–20 Serpieri, P. A., on distribution of seismic movement, 231 Shadows, on earthquake, 137 Spring, on frequency of earthquakes during, 156 Stukeley, on earthquake motion, 42 — earthquakes and aurora, 265 Succussatore, definition of, 10 Sun, on the effect of, on earthquakes, 253, 285

Temperature, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 268, 294 Terremoto, definition of, 10 Thomson, Sir W., on the rigidity of the earth, 285 Time, on recording apparatus for, 35 Travagini, F., on earthquake motion, 42 Trembelores, definition of, 10 Tremors, on earth, 3, 306–325

Understanding, effects of earthquakes on, 2

Verbeck, on the ball and plate seismometer of, 31 Vibration, on the nature of earthquake, 12 Vorticose motion, on, 70 — definition of, 10

Wagener, on the pendulum seismometer of, 25 — vertical motion seismometer of, 33 — list of earthquakes, 76 Wave paths, definition of, 9 Waves, on the nature of earthquake, 55 — on the interference of, 138 Wells, on the effect of earthquakes on, 156 Wenthrop, on the New Zealand earthquake of 1855, 79 West, on the parallel motion seismometer of, 28 Winslow, on pulsations of the ocean, 334 Wolf, R., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263 Woodward, on earthquake motion, 42

Young, Dr. T., on earthquake motion, 43

Zantedeschi, M. F., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 285 Zöllner, on the bracket seismometer of, 27 — on earth tremors, 309

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | FOOTNOTES: | | | | [1] _Mémoires de l’Académie Imp. de Dijon_, vols. xiv. and xv., | | 2nd Series, 1855–56. | | | | [2] _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 65. | | | | [3] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1753. | | | | [4] 1 Kings xix. 11, 12. | | | | [5] ‘Notes on the Great Earthquake of Japan.’ J. Milne, _Trans. | | Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. | | | | [6] See Mallet’s List of Works on Earthquakes, _Report of the | | British Association_, 1858, p. 107. | | | | [7] _Quarterly Review_, vol. lxiii. p. 61. | | | | [8] _De Mundo_, c. iv. | | | | [9] See _Phil. Trans. R. S._, Part III. 1882. | | | | [10] _Report of the British Association_, 1851. | | | | [11] ‘On the Velocity of Transmission of Earth Waves,’ by General | | H. L, Abbot, _American, Journal of Science and Arts_, vol. xv. | | March 1878; ‘Shock of the Explosion at Hallet’s Point,’ by | | Bvt. Brig.-Gen. Henry L. Abbot, read before the Essayons Club | | of the Corps of Engineers, Nov. 1876. | | | | [12] _West. Rev._, July 1849. | | | | [13] _Phil. Trans._, L., 1755. | | | | [14] The solution is taken from Mallet’s _Account of the | | Neapolitan Earthquake_, vol. i. p. 155. | | | | [15] _Neapolitan Earthquake_, ii. p. 300. | | | | [16] See _Edinburgh Phil. Trans._, vol. xxxi. | | | | [17] See _Report of British Association_, 1858, p. 10. | | | | [18] _Meteorologia Endogena_, i. p. 306. | | | | [19] See remarks on the Earthquake ‘Push,’ p. 162. | | | | [20] See _Researches in Geology and Natural History_, p. 374. | | | | [21] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, _Atlantic Monthly_, | | March, 1883. | | | | [22] Mallet, _Dynamics of Earthquakes_. | | | | [23] Stud Mill at Haywards. | | | | [24] See ‘Constructive Art in Japan,’ by R. H. Brunton, C.E., | | F.R.G.S., F.G.S., _Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan_, | | December 22, 1873, and January 13, 1875. | | | | [25] _Journal of the American Geographical Society_, vol. x. | | | | [26] _Phil. Trans._, li. 1760. | | | | [27] _Ibid._, xviii. | | | | [28] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, _Atlantic Monthly_, | | March 1883. | | | | [29] T. Ronaldson, _A Treatise on Earthquake Dangers &c._ | | | | [30] _Principles of Geology_, Lyell, vol. ii. p. 106. | | | | [31] _The Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857_, R. Mallet, vol. ii. p. | | 359. | | | | [32] _Am. J. Sci._ x. 191. | | | | [33] _Reports of British Association_, 1858, p. 106. | | | | [34] See chapter ‘Causes of Earthquakes’ for details of this myth. | | | | [35] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. x. p. 191. | | | | [36] _The Earth_, p. 599. | | | | [37] Lyell, _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. chap. xxix. | | | | [38] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xx. p. 212. | | | | [39] _Trans. Seis. Soc._ vol. v. p. 67–68. | | | | [40] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. iv. | | | | [41] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xviii. | | | | [42] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ _Proc. Geolog. Soc._ | | 1872. | | | | [43] _Phil. Trans._ vols. li. and xviii.; _Gent. Mag._ vol. xx. | | 212. | | | | [44] _Trans. Royal Geog. Soc._ vol. vi. | | | | [45] _Phil. Trans._ vols. xxxvi. and xxxix. | | | | [46] _Am. Jour. of Sci._ 1865, vol. xl. p. 365. | | | | [47] _Proc. Geolog. Soc. Ap._ 1875, p. 270. | | | | [48] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxi. p. 569. | | | | [49] _Jahrb. f. Min._ 1840, p. 173. | | | | [50] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ _Trans. Geolog. Soc. | | Ap._ 1872. | | | | [51] O. Volger, _Unters üb. d. Phän. d. Erdb._ vol. iii. p. 414. | | | | [52] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. p. 166. | | | | [53] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxvi. p. 91. | | | | [54] _Compte Rendu_, 1873, p. 66. | | | | [55] _An Historical Account of Earthquakes_, p. 46. | | | | [56] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 436. | | | | [57] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xlv. p. 129. | | | | [58] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 547. | | | | [59] _Ibid._ vols. xlii. and xxxix. | | | | [60] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix, part i. | | | | [61] _Compte Rendu_, 1873, part ii. p. 66. | | | | [62] _Die Vulcan. Ers. d. Erde_, C. W. C. Fuchs. | | | | [63] _Comte Rendu_, 1875, p. 693. | | | | [64] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xix. p. 190. | | | | [65] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 115. | | | | [66] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxi. 1751. | | | | [67] _Jour. Royal Geo. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 319. | | | | [68] Darwin, _Geolog. Observations_, p. 232. | | | | [69] _Ibid._ p. 245. | | | | [70] Lyell, _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. pp. 107–8. | | | | [71] _Gent. Mag._ 1733, vol. iii. p. 217. | | | | [72] ‘Earthquakes of Cutch,’ _Jour. Royal Geo. Soc._ vol. xl. | | | | [73] M. Daussy, ‘Sur l’existence probable d’un volcan sousmarin | | situé ar environ 0° 20′ de lat. S., et 22° 0′ de long, ouest,’ | | _Comptes Rendus_, vol. vi. p. 512. | | | | [74] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xlv. p. 133. | | | | [75] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xiv. p. 209. | | | | [76] D. C. F. Winslow, ‘Tides at Tahiti,’ _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1865, | | p. 45; also Mallet’s _Catalogue of Earthquakes_. | | | | [77] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. i. p. 469. | | | | [78] Darwin, _Researches in Geology, &c._, p. 378. | | | | [79] Kluge, _Jahrb. f. Min._ 1861, p. 977. | | | | [80] Darwin, _Voyage of a Naturalist_, p. 309. | | | | [81] Prof. A. D. Bache, _United States Coast Survey Report_, | | 1855, p. 342. | | | | [82] _United States Coast Surrey Report_, or _Am. Jour. Sci._ vi. | | p. 77. | | | | [83] _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, 1877, Heft xii. S. 454, | | and _Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop. Carol. Deutschen Acad. d | | Naturforscher_, Band xl. No. 9. | | | | [84] J. Milne: ‘Peruvian Earthquake of May 9, 1877.’ See _Trans. | | Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. ii. | | | | [85] _Report of British Association_, 1847, p. 84. | | | | [86] _Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath, &c._, p. 134. | | | | [87] _Phil. Trans._ vol. li. | | | | [88] See _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1872. | | | | [89] David Milne says that ‘out of 110 shocks recorded in | | England, thirty-one originated in Wales, thirty-one along the | | south coast of England, fourteen on the borders of Yorkshire | | and Derbyshire, and five or six in Cumberland.’ | | | | [90] E. Suess, _Die Erdbeben Niederösterreiches_. | | | | [91] H. Hoeffer, _Die Erdbeben Kärntens_. | | | | [92] _Six Lectures on Physical Geography_, by Rev. S. Haughton, | | F.R.S., chap. i. | | | | [93] Ramsay, ‘Geological History of Mountain Chains,’ _Mining | | Journal_. | | | | [94] A notable example of a rapid diminution in the number of | | earthquakes felt at a place is that of Comrie in Scotland. In | | 1839–40, no less than sixty shocks were felt in eleven months. | | In 1842–43, about thirty shocks were felt, and in the | | following year thirty-seven. Since this time the number of | | shocks has decreased until they are almost of as rare | | occurrence at Comrie as in other portions of the British | | Isles. | | | | [95] _Phil. Trans._ vol. i. 1836. | | | | [96] _Am. Jour. of Sci._ vol. xxxvii. p. 1. | | | | [97] Milne, ‘British Earthquakes,’ _Edin. Phil. Jour._ vol. xxxi. | | | | [98] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. pt. i. | | | | [99] _Compte Rendus_, 1875, p. 690. | | | | [100] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xi. p. 233. | | | | [101] _Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan_, vol. vi. | | pt. i. p. 353. | | | | [102] Kluge, _Ueber die Ursachen_, &c., p. 74. | | | | [103] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xix. p. 162. | | | | [104] _Mitt. d. Deutsch._ Ges., Aug. 1878. | | | | [105] _Report to British Association_, 1850, p. 74. | | | | [106] Fuchs, _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde_, p. 424. | | | | [107] _Bern. Naturf. Gesellschaft_, 1852. | | | | [108] _Comptes Rendus_, 1874, Jan. to June, p. 51. | | | | [109] Boué, _Parallele der Erdbeben, Nordlichter und | | Erdmagnetismus, in Sitz. der K. A. d. Wissensch_. 1856, vol. | | iv. p. 395. | | | | [110] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. p. 107, &c. | | | | [111] _Phil. Trans._ vol. lxviii. p. 221. | | | | [112] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxvii. p. 508. | | | | [113] _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde_, p. 419. | | | | [114] Petermann’s _Geogr. Mitth._ 1858, sec. 246. | | | | [115] _Notes on volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands_, W. T. | | Brigham, Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1868. | | | | [116] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxiii., 1753. | | | | [117] _Jour. Royal Geog. Soc._ vol. vi. | | | | [118] _Ibid._ vol. vi. | | | | [119] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlii. | | | | [120] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. x. p. 191. | | | | [121] ‘Earthquakes of San Salvador, December 21–30, 1879.’ _Am. | | Jour. Sci._ vol. xix. p. 415. | | | | [122] _Gent. Mag._ 1757, p. 323. | | | | [123] _Phil. Trans._ vol. li., 1760. | | | | [124] Mallet, _Report to Brit. Ass._, 1858, p. 67. | | | | [125] Von Lasaulx, _Earthquakes of Herzogenrath_. | | | | [126] Lyell, _Principles_, vol. ii. p. 51. | | | | [127] Lyell, _Principles_, vol. i. p. 402. | | | | [128] Fuchs, p. 464. | | | | [129] _Comptes Rendus_, August 1854. | | | | [130] _Nature_, April 26, 1883. | | | | [131] _Phil. Soc._, Wellington, New Zealand, 1875. | | | | [132] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xlii. | | | | [133] M. S. di Rossi, _Earthquakes of Casamicciola_. | | | | [134] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xviii. 1683–5. | | | | [135] _Ibid._ vol. xlix. | | | | [136] H. D. Warner, ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ _Atlantic | | Monthly_, March 1833. | | | | [137] Palmer, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 148. | | | | [138] Palmer, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 148. | | | | [139] Paul, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. ii. p. 41. | | | | [140] G. H. and H. Darwin, _Reports of British Association_, 1881. | | | | [141] _Reports of British Association_, 1881. | | | | [142] _Comptes Rendus_, 1875, January to June, p. 685. | | | | [143] _Tel. Jour._, November 15, 1881. | | | | [144] _Minutes and proceedings of the Institute of Civil | | Engineers_, vol. lx. p. 412, and vol. lxiv. p. 343. | | | | [145] _See_ ‘Earth Tremors,’ p. 309, experiments of M. d’Abbadie, | | &c. | | | | [146] _Meteorologia Endogena._ | | | | [147] _Ibid._ | | | | [148] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 544. | | | | [149] _Annual Register_, vol. iv. 1761, p. 92. | | | | [150] _Phil. Mag._, May 1876, p. 447. | | | | [151] _Boston Soc. Nat. Hist._, 1868. | | | | [152] ‘Notes on Tides at Tahiti,’ &c., _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1866, | | vol. xlii. p. 45. | | | | [153] _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iv. Milne, _Systematic | | Observation of Earthquakes_. | | | | [154] _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. 177. | | | | [155] _Gent. Mag._, vol. xxvii. p. 448. | | | | [156] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xli. p. 805. | | | | [157] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. pp. 186, 187. | | | | [158] Darwin, _Geological Observations_, p. 275 _et seq._ | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

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54. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. By HUTCHESON MACAULAY POSNETT, M. A., LL. D., F. L. S., Barrister-at-Law; Professor of Classics and English Literature, University College, Auckland, New Zealand, author of “The Historical Method,” etc. $1.75.

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New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

VOLCANOES:

_WHAT THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY TEACH_.

=By J. W. JUDD=, Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines (London). • • • • • With Ninety-six Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. • • • • •

“The volume before us is one of the pleasantest science manuals we have read for some time.”—_Athenæum._

“Mr. Judd’s summary is so full and so concise, that it is almost impossible to give a fair idea in a short review.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._

“Professor Judd discusses the nature of volcanic action, the internal structure of volcanic mountains, the distribution of volcanoes upon the surface of the globe, their activity in different periods of the earth’s existence, the use of volcanoes in the economy of nature, the various theories that have been made to explain volcanic action. He has abbreviated in this volume a vast amount of information, which has a fascinating interest for many minds by reason of its relation to the past history and future destiny of this little bubble of earth upon which we sail through the infinite spaces of ether.”—_New York Home Journal._

“The book gives an exhaustive statement of the phenomena of volcanoes, and of the facts in the formation of mountain-chains, and relates a mass of interesting observations and facts, the results of patient and extensive personal investigation and study, mostly in different places in Southern Europe, but not neglecting the world’s larger volcanoes in other regions.”—_Hartford Times._

“A fascinating example of patient observation, sound judgment, and acute reasoning. Under Professor Judd’s skillful treatment the volcano is forced not only to tell its own history, but also to solve a number of earth problems seemingly disconnected with it; and the story is told in strong, nervous language, and with an earnestness and subdued enthusiasm that are delightfully stimulating.”—_Boston Gazette._

“Professor Judd first points out the errors in the old definition of a volcano. The volcanic hole is very often not on the summit, but on the side, sometimes at the base of the mountain or hill, and it sends forth steam rather than smoke, and the supposed raging flames are nothing more than the glowing light of a mass of molten material reflected from those vapor-clouds. So our old ignorance vanishes, and in this admirable work the internal structure of volcanic mountains, the nature and products of volcanic action, and the distribution of the materials rejected from volcanic vents, the succession of operations taking place at volcanic centers, are all very ably and clearly discussed.”—_Philadelphia Times._

“A succinct and excellent treatise on a very interesting subject.”—_Philadelphia North American._

• • • • • _For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price._ • • • • • New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS.

=By J. B. STALLO=. • • • • • 12mo, cloth $1.75. • • • • •

“Judge Stallo’s work is an inquiry into the validity of those mechanical conceptions of the universe which are now held as fundamental in physical science. He takes up the leading modern doctrines which are based upon this mechanical conception, such as the atomic constitution of matter, the kinetic theory of gases, the conservation of energy, the nebular hypothesis, and other views, to find how much stands upon solid empirical ground, and how much rests upon metaphysical speculation. Since the appearance of Dr. Draper’s ‘Religion and Science,’ no book has been published in the country calculated to make so deep an impression on thoughtful and educated readers as this volume.... The range and minuteness of the author’s learning, the acuteness of his reasoning, and the singular precision and clearness of his style, are qualities which very seldom have been jointly exhibited in a scientific treatise.”—_New York Sun._

“Judge J. B. Stallo, of Cincinnati, is a German by birth, and came to this country at about the age of seventeen. He was early familiar with science, and he lectured for some years in an Eastern college; but at length he adopted the profession of law. He is also remembered by many as an author, having a number of years ago written a metaphysical treatise of marked ability for one of his youthful years. His present book must be read deliberately, must be studied to be appreciated; but the students of science, as well as those of metaphysics, are certain to be deeply interested in its logical developments. It is a timely and telling contribution to the philosophy of science, imperatively called for by the present exigencies in the progress of knowledge. It is to be commended equally for the solid value of its contents and the scholarly finish of its execution.”—_The Popular Science Monthly._

“The book is of vital interest to a much larger class than specialists—to all, in fact, who value clear thinking or are interested in the accuracy more than the progress of scientific thought. It deals with the results and theories of physical science, and in no sense with the processes of the laboratory. It is written with a clearness that is uncommon in philosophic works and with a desire to find truth, conscious of the fact that a prime prerequisite of finding it is to clear the way of accumulated and fast-settling untruths. It is a scientific rebuke, as severe as it is lucid, of the scientists who leave their apparatus and go star-gazing: here is the pit into which they have fallen.”—_New York World._

“The volume is an important contribution to scientific discussion, and is marked by closeness of reasoning, and clearness and cogency of statement.”—_Boston Journal._

• • • • • _For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price._ • • • • • New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond St.

• • • • •

Transcriber’s Notes: - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - Text enclosed by equals is in bold (=bold=). - Blank pages have been removed. - Silently corrected typographical errors. - Spelling and hyphenation variations made consistent. - Front publication list moved to the back. - Tables pages 77, 89: removed unneeded right braces. - Tables pages 240, 257: changed to use cell borders instead of right braces. - Table page 259: Northern Hemisphere average 15·0 corrected to 150.