Part 63

Birth canal, 287, 296 comparative anatomy, 287 et seq obstructions to, 306

Blackhead, 206

Bladder, gall, 224, 238, 239 urinary, 286

Blood, diseases of, 83

Blood formation in birds, 98

Blood vessels, 66

Bone marrow, 83, 109, 111

Bones, diseases of, 343 effects of trauma, 343 tumors of, 368

Botryomycosis, 564, 602

Botulism, 604

Brain, 385 tuberculosis of, 378 tumors of, 384 weight of, 385 references to, 387

Breast, 312

Bronchi, 141

Bronchiectasis, 144

Cage palsy, 349

Calculi, biliary, 238 renal, 282

Carcinoma, 476 basal cell, 475

Cataract, 403

Cecum, 211

Cestodes, 637

Cholangitis, 239, 256

Cholecystitis, 239

Choledochitis, 239

Cholelithiasis, 238

Chondroma, 472

Cloaca, 211

Coccidiosis, 606

Cirrhosis of liver, 232

Comparative anatomy of uterus, 287 of pelvis, 297–303

Conjunctivitis, 402

Constipation, 209

Constitutional diseases, 410

Convulsions, 373

Cornea, 403

Coronary arteries, 49

Cowper’s gland, 313

Cretinism, 320, 331

Cysticercus tenuicollis, 647

Cystitis, 286

Cytoleichus penrosei, 647

Deficiency diseases, 438–443

Degenerations of kidney, 269 of liver, 228

Diabetes, 412

Diet, carnivorous, 452 herbivorous, 452 grain, 455 seed, 454 soft, 453 omnivorous, 402 relation to disease, 415 alimentary tract, 417

Dilatation of heart, 54

Diphtheria, 600

Dislocations, 345

Distemper, 599

Diverticula of intestine, 219

Diverticulitis, 219

Dysentery, amœbic in monkeys, 644

Dystocia, 292

Ear, 409

Echinococcus, 647

Emphysema, 161

Encephalomyelitis, 380

Endocarditis, 52

Endometritis, 305

Endothelioma, 165, 474

Enteritis, 177 in Aves, 202, 205 Mammalia, 185

Enterohepatitis, 605

Epithelioma, 475

Esophagus, 169

Exophthalmic goitre, 320, 323, 329

Eye, 402 tuberculosis of, 402

Fallopian tubes, 305

Fat infiltrations of kidney, 268 liver, 226 metabolism, 445

Fibroma, 472

Filaria, fasciata, 651 gracilis in monkeys, 651 in blood, 652 fascia, 651 muscles, 651 wildcats, 651 periproventricular, 648 peritoneum, 651

Food, 415 definition, 415 in relation to alimentary tract, 417

Food, disease, 422 poisoning, 457

Fowl cholera, 598 plague, 598 typhoid, 598

Fractures, 344

Gall stones, 238

Gas-bacillus infection, 602

Gastritis, 204

Gastroenterocolitis in Ungulata, 194 in Marsupialia, 198

Gangrene of lung, 155

Giraffe, hookworm in, 644

Gout, 53, 410

Heart, dilatation of, 54 hypertrophy of, 54 diseases of, 48 effects of, 55 effect of strain, 55–59 weight of, 63 relative vulnerability of, 61

Hemorrhagic septicemia, 598

Hemoglobinuric fever, 603

Hemorrhoids, 218

Hepaticola hepatica, 641

Hepatitis, 228

Hernia, 216

Heterakis in avian ceca, 606

Hookworms, 643, 654 in giraffe, 644

Hypernephroma, 339, 341, 342, 475

Hypertrophic periosteitis, 346

Hyperthyroidism, 320

Hypertrophy of heart, 54 in Aves, 60

Hypothyroidism, 320

Ileus, 213, 261

Infantilism, 433

Infiltrations of kidney, 268 liver, 226

Inorganic salts in diet, 427

Intestinal obstruction, 212 tract, 177 inflammation of, 181 mechanical obstruction of, 212, 617 relation to food, 422

Intestines, diverticula, 219 tumors of, 220

Iridocyclitis, 402

Kangaroo disease, 570 bacteriology, 576, 586 course of attack, 573 pathology, 575 prevention, 572 treatment, 591

Kidney, 263 abscess, 268, 278 calculi, 282 degenerations of, 269 hemorrhages, 271 hypertrophy of, 267 infiltrations of, 268 tumors, 284 weight of, 265

Labor from a comparative standpoint, 290 obstructions to, 306

Laryngitis, 139

Larynx, 138

Leontiasis ossium, 359, 472

Leucemia, 104 in birds, 108 lymphatic, 105 myeloid, 109

Leucocytes, 84–86

Limberneck of ducks, 604

Lipoma, 472

Liver, 222 abscess, 231 acute atrophy, 228 amyloid, 227 cirrhosis, 232 degenerations, 228 fatty changes, 226 infiltration, 226 inflammation, 228 chronic, 232 necrosis in, 230 tumors, 240

Lungs, 146 abscess, 155 congestion, 148 gangrene, 155 infarct, 160 tumors of, 162

Lymphadenitis, 117

Lymphatic leucemia, 105 tissue, 114 hyperplasia of, 115 in pharyngeal wall, 115, 138

Lymph nodes, 114 tuberculosis of, 121 tumors of, 122

Lymphomatosis, 118

Malnutrition, 424

Mammary gland, 312

Marmosets, parasites of, 645

Marrow of bone, 83, 109, 111

Meningitis, 376

Metabolism, carbohydrate, 443 fat, 445 inorganic, 427 protein, 447

Miliary tubercle, avian, 512 bovine, 510 human, 511 monkey, 511

Miscarriage, 305

Molluscum contagiosum, 601

Mönckeberg sclerosis, 74, 76

Monkey’s temperature, 520–528

Moon blindness, 405

Muscles, 370

Mycosis, 137, 558 of esophagus, 168 histology of, 561 hygiene, 563 incidence, 562 of lung, 562 method of action, 560 pharynx, 168, 564 types of, 560

Myelitis, 350, 381

Myeloma, 111

Myocarditis, 52

Myocardium, 49, 50, 65

Myxœdema, 320, 331

Necrosis, liver, 230 spleen, 130

Nematodes, 636

Neoplasms, 462 incidence of, 463, 468 embryonic origin, 471 in captivity, 469 in the wild, 462, 476 metastasis, 471 visceral origin, 477

Nephritis, 271 ascending, 276 effects of, 280 histology of, 279 toxic, 275

Nervous system, 372

Nocardia macropodidarum, 585

Nocardiosis, 570

Obesity, 446

Ophthalmia, periodic, 405

Osteitis, 346

Osteitis deformans, 359, 431

Osteoma, 368

Osteomalacia, 349

Ovary, cysts, 307

Pachymeningitis, externa, 331, 377

Paget’s disease, 359, 431

Pancreas, 244 degenerations, 250 tumors, 259

Pancreatitis, 250

Parasites, see animal parasites, 614

Parovarian cyst, 307

Pasteurelloses, 597

Pearl disease, 491, 501, 505

Pellagra, 441

Pelvis, comparative anatomy, 297–303

Penis, 313

Pericarditis, 53

Pericardium, position of effusion in, 54

Periosteitis, hypertrophic, 346

Periproventricular worms, 648

Perisplenitis, 131

Peritoneum, 260 tumors, 262

Peritonitis, 260

Pharyngitis, 168

Pharynx, 168

Phimosis, 313

Physaloptera turgida, 649 in opossums, 649

Plants, poisonous, 459

Pleura, 163

Pleuritis, 164

Pneumonia, 149 broncho, 152 fibrinous, 151, 153 in Aves, 153 origins of, 154 lobar, 151

Pneumonokoniosis, 159

Pneumonyssus foxi, 647

Poisonous plants, 459

Poliomyelitis, 380

Prostate gland, 313 enlargements of, 314 tuberculosis of, 315 tumors of, 314

Proventricle, 171 worms in, 172, 640

Psittacosis, 208, 597

Pyelonephritis, 277

Quail disease, 608

Rabies, 602

Rachitis, 349, 429

Rectum, prolapse of, 218

Reproductive organs, female, 287 male, 317

Respiratory tract, 134

Rhinitis, 135

Rickets, 349, 429

Renal calculi, 282

Salpingitis fallopii, 305

Santonin, 657

Sarcoma, 471, 474

Scurvy, 440

Seminal vesicles, 315

Sinusitis, 135

Skeleton, 343

Spinal cord, 373

Spiroptera incerta, 638, 640 detection, 640 eradication, 640 in parrots, 172, 208, 640

Spiropteriasis, 172, 640

Spleen, 114, 122 amyloid, 128 congestions, 125 enlargements, 124 hemorrhage, 125 inflammation, 126 in anemia, 130 in hepatic cirrhosis, 130 necrosis, 130 size, 124 tuberculosis of, 132

Squirrel monkeys, parasites of, 645

Starvation, 425

Stomach, 174 tumors of, 176 ulcers of, 175

Streptothricosis, 567

Suprarenal body, 336

Syngamus trachealis, 140, 650

Tænia echinococcus, 647

Tape worms, 637 in liver, 650

Temperature of monkeys, 520–528

Testes, 313 tumors of, 313

Tetanus, 602

Thrombosis, 69

Thymol, 657

Thymus, 120, 336

Thyroid body, 316 atrophy of, 330 hyperplasia of, 325 size of, 318 tumors of, 333

Tonsils, 115, 138

Trachea, 140

Tropidocerca contorta, 649

Tubercle bacillus, types of, 513

Tuberculin test on monkeys, 518 other animals, 549 dose, 529 effect on kidneys, 548 eye, 546 reaction, 530 skin, 546

Tuberculoma, 505

Tuberculosis of brain, 378 avian characters, 503, 512 Carnivora, 498 control, 514–548 diagnosis of, 514 discovery during life, 514 distribution in birds, 504

Tuberculosis of eye, 402 gelatinous, 504 histology, 510 hygiene, 516 in Aves, 503 in Mammalia, 492 in Primates, 492 in various avian orders 506–510 incidence, 489 intestinal in birds, 505 Lemures, 495 lymph nodes, 121, 494 nonsusceptible animals, 490 ordinate characters, 492 frequency, 489 pathological type, 490 Proboscidea, 502 Rodentia, 499 routes of infection, 485

Tuberculosis, sanitation of cages, 516 susceptible animals, 490, 515–517 Ungulata, 500 visceral distribution, 491

Tumors, see neoplasms

Ulcer, gastric, 175

Uncinaria, 643

Uremia, 281

Urethra, 315

Uterus, comparative anatomy, 287 inflammation, 305 tumors of, 308

Vitamins, 438

Waterfowl epizootic, 604

Zoological list, 43

A LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS FROM THE LABORATORY OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF THE PHILADELPHIA ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1909–1923

1. Results of Tuberculin Tests in Monkeys at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, by C. Y. White, M.D. and Herbert Fox, M.D. _The Archives of Internal Medicine_, December, 1909, Vol. 4, pp. 517–527, Chicago, Illinois.

2. Note on the Occurrence of a Ciliate (_Opalinopsis nucleolobata, n.s._) in the Liver of a Mammal (_Canis latrans_), by Allen J. Smith, M.D. and Herbert Fox, M.D. _University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, February, 1909, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

3. The Tuberculin Test in Monkeys: with Notes on the Temperature of Mammals, by Arthur Erwin Brown, D.Sc., C.M.Z.S., Sec. Zool. Soc., Phila. _Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London_, 1909, pp. 81–90.

4. Observations on the Occurrence of Neoplasms in Wild Animals, by C. Y. White, M.D. and Herbert Fox, M.D. _Proceedings of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia_, February, 1910.

5. Observations on the Comparative Anatomy of the Female Genitalia, by Edward A. Schumann, M.D. _American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children_, Vol. LXIV, No. 4, 1911, New York.

6. Observations Upon Neoplasms in Wild Animals in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, by Herbert Fox, M.D. _The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology_, Vol. XVII. (1912), pp. 217–231. England.

7. A Study of Metazoan Parasites Found in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia_, March, 1913, pp. 126 to 151, Philadelphia, Penna.

8. The Pathology of the Thyroid Gland in Wild Animals, by Herbert Fox, M.D. _Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics_, Vol. 27, p. 23. Edinburgh, Scotland.

9. The Mechanism of Labor From the Standpoint of Comparative Anatomy, With a Report of Cases of Dystocia in Wild Animals, by Edward A. Schumann, M.D. _American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children_, Vol. LXIX, No. 3, 1914, New York.

10. Cirrhosis of the Liver in Wild Animals, by Herbert Fox, M.D. _New York Medical Journal_, December 19, 1914.

11. The Dynamics of the Female Pelvis; Its Evolution and Architecture with Respect to Function, by Edward A. Schumann, M.D. _American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children_, Vol. LXXI, No. 1, 1915, New York.

12. _Pneumonyssus foxi, Nov. Sp_. An Arachnid Parasitic in the Lung of a Monkey (_Macacus rhesus_), by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Journal of Parasitology_, September, 1915, Vol. II, pp. 27–45, Urbana, Illinois.

13. _Cytoleichus penrosei_, A New Arachnid Parasite Found in the Diseased Lungs of a Prairie Dog, (_Cynomys ludovicianus_). _Journal of Parasitology_, December, 1916, Vol. III, pp. 82–89, Urbana, Illinois. Fred D. Weidman, M.D.

14. A Method of Obtaining Duplicate Reconstructions from the One Series of Wax Plates, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _New York Medical Journal_, March 3, 1917, New York.

15. Papers: Read at the Meeting of the Pathological Society at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden.

Pancreatitis in Wild Animals, by Herbert Fox, M.D.

Report of an Enzootic of Parasitic Proventricular Worms (_Spiroptera incerta_, Smith) of Parrots, with Control of Same, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D.

_Coccidium bigeminum_, Stiles, in Swift Foxes (habitat Western U. S.), by Fred D. Weidman, M.D.

Distribution of Uncinaria Among the Lower Animals, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D.

An Arachnoid (_Pneumotuber macaci_, Landois and Hœpke?) Parasitic in the Lungs of a Monkey (_Macacus rhesus_), by Fred D. Weidman, M.D.

A Note Upon the Lesions of the Female Genitalia in Wild Animals, by Edward A. Shumann, M.D.

Amblyopia in a Young Monkey (_Macacus nemestrinus_), by H. M. Langdon, M.D. and W. B. Cadawalder, M.D.

Remarks on Examinations of a Series of Brains, by W. B. Cadawalder, M.D.

_Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics_, December, 1915, Vol. XXVIII, Part 4, pp. 298–336, Edinburgh, Scotland.

16. Reversionary Pseudobile Canaliculi Formation in the Cirrhotic Liver of a Vulpine Phalanger, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _New York Medical Journal_, March 9, 1918, New York.

17. A Contribution to the Anatomy and Embryology of _Cladorchis_ (_Stichorchis_) _Subtriquestrus_, Rudolphi, 1814 (Fischoeder, 1901), by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Parasitology_, Vol. X, No. 2, January 22, 1918, Cambridge University Press, London, England.

18. Nutritive and Blood Changes in Rats on Cancer-Inhibiting and Cancer-Stimulating Diets, by E. P. Corson-White, M.D. _Pennsylvania Medical Journal_, March, 1919, Vol. XXII, p. 348, Athens, Penna.

19. Pemphigus in an Orang Utan Infested with Strongyloides (intestinalis?) and Dying from Advanced Tuberculosis, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Journal of Cutaneous Diseases_, March, 1919, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 169–173, Chicago, Ill.

20. Arteriosclerosis in Wild Animals, by Herbert Fox, M.D. _American Journal of Medical Sciences_, June, 1920, No. 6, Vol. CLIX, p. 821, Philadelphia, Penna.

21. Osteomalacia in Wild Animals, by E. P. Corson-White, M.D. _Archives of Internal Medicine_, November, 1922, Vol. 30, pp. 620–628, Chicago, Illinois.

22. Osteitis Deformans in Monkeys, by E. P. Corson-White, M.D. _Archives of Internal Medicine_, December, 1922, Vol. 30, pp. 790–796, Chicago, Illinois.

23. Certain Dermatoses of Monkeys and an Ape, by Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology_, March, 1923, Vol. 7, pp. 289–302, Chicago, Illinois.

24. Acute Papular and Desquamative Exanthem in an Orang Utan, by Herbert Fox, M.D., and Fred D. Weidman, M.D. _Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology_, April, 1923, Vol. 7, pp. 462–464, Chicago, Illinois.

Footnote 1:

Those who are interested in the subject of disease in its effect on evolution are referred to Morley Roberts, _Proceedings, Zoological Society, London_, 1918, p. 247.

Footnote 2:

_Proceedings, Zoological Society, London_, 1911.

Footnote 3:

_Proceedings, Zoological Society, London_, 1911, p. 425.

Footnote 4:

_Proceedings, Zoological Society, London_, 1911, p. 620.

Footnote 5:

_Br. Med. Jour._, 1910, 2, 1161.

Footnote 6:

_Proc. London Zool. Soc._, 1907.

Footnote 7:

Total is the number of individual animals showing lesions, not the sum of the listed changes.

Footnote 8:

_Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol._, T, 62–206.

Footnote 9:

This is done by determining the percentages of hypertrophy and dilatation for the total number of each class examined at autopsy.

Footnote 10:

_Arch. für. Ges. Physiologie_, 1908, 125, 507

Footnote 11:

dal Piaz: Papers from the Department of Anatomy, University of California, 1912. Bergmann: _Dissertation_, Munich, 1884. Loer: _Arch. f. die gesamte Physiologie_, 1911, V. 140–293. Grober: _Arch. f. die gesamte Physiologie_, 1908, V. 125–507. Grober: _Deutsch Archiv f. Klin. Med._, 1907, V. 91, 502. Welcher and Brandt: _Arch. für Anthropologie_, 1903, V. 28. Vierordt: _Tabellen_, 1906. Parrot: _Zoologischer Jahresbericht_, 1893. Hasenfeld and Romberg: _Arch. f. Exp. Path. und Pharmacol._, 1897, V. 39–333. Joseph: _Jour. Exp. Med._, 1908, V. 10–521.

Footnote 12:

These values are obtained in part from the literature, in part from our own specimens. At this laboratory the hearts of animals killed or dying from a short illness, organs showing no pathological change, were removed by cutting at the base of the vessels, washed free of blood and weighed. The weight of the whole animal was obtained after death.

Footnote 13:

These figures are obtained by determining mathematically the percentage of each feature in each class and then reducing the numbers to their lowest value.

Footnote 14:

_Verh. deutsch Path. Gesel._, 1906, X, 149.

Footnote 15:

With Coronary sclerosis only.

Footnote 16:

With Coronary sclerosis only.

Footnote 17:

_Proc. London Zool. Soc._, 1916.

Footnote 18:

_The Leucoses of Fowls_, London, 1922.

Footnote 19:

Lubarsch-Ostertag, _Ergeb. aus der Allg. Path._, 1908.

Footnote 20:

Vide Sisson’s _Veterinary Anatomy_ and Owen’s _Anatomy of the Vertebrates_.

Footnote 21:

Ball, _Jour. Vet._, 1907.

Footnote 22:

See Magnan, _Compt. Rendus d. l’ Acad. de Science_, 1910 and 1911, Vol. 150, 151, 152.

Footnote 23:

_C. R. Soc. de Biologie_, Paris, T. 73–526. _Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris Ann._, 1911, 492 et seq.

Footnote 24:

See Woodland, _Proc. London Zool. Soc._, 1906, and MacLeod, _Chemical and Physiological Medicine_, Chicago, 1923.

Footnote 25:

_Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1905.

Footnote 26:

_Bull. Soc. Anat._, 1898, 73, 491

Footnote 27:

_Amer. Med._, 1903, 996

Footnote 28:

_Surg. Gyn. and Obst._, 1919, 28, p. 529.

Footnote 29:

_Jour. A.M.A._, 1921, 77, 194.

Footnote 30:

_Ibid._, 197.

Footnote 31:

Garrod, _Schorstein Lect._, 1920.

Footnote 32:

_Anatomical Record_, 1917, 13, p. 305, On the morphology of the renal tubule in the vertebrates.

Footnote 33:

Policard, _C. R. Assoc. Anat._, 1910, 12, 57.

Footnote 34:

Huber, _Anat. Record_, 1916, 10, 201.

Footnote 35:

_Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat._, 1911, 493 and 1912, 527, and C. R. Acad. Sc., 155, 182.

Footnote 36:

_C. R. Soc. Biol._, 1898, 5, 188.

Footnote 37:

_Monatsh._, 1893.

Footnote 38:

_Inaug. Diss. Giessen_, 1911.

Footnote 39:

_Arch. f. Tierheilk._, V. 38–99.

Footnote 40:

Comparative Anatomy of the Female Genitalia, _Am. Jour. of Obstet._, Vol. LXIV, No. 4, 1914. Mechanism of Labor from a Comparative Standpoint, _Ibid._, Vol. LXIX, No. 4, 1914. Dynamics of the Female Pelvis, its Evolution, etc., _Ibid._, Vol. LXXI, No. 1, 1915.

Footnote 41:

_Proc. L. Z. Soc._, 1919, p. 16.

Footnote 42:

_Journ. Phys._, Vol. 34, 295.

Footnote 43:

_Am. Jour. Phys._, Vol. 30, 129.

Footnote 44:

Carlson, Rooks and McKie, _Loc. cit._

Footnote 45:

Vincent and Jolly, _Loc. cit._

Footnote 46:

See Blair and Brooks, Osteomalacia of Primates in Captivity, _Ninth Annual Report, New York Zoological Society_, 1904, p. 135.

Footnote 47:

Campbell and Cleland, _Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther._, Vol. 32, p. 95.

Footnote 48:

_Med. Chir. Trans._, Vol. 60, 37, 1877.

Footnote 49:

_These de Lyon_, 1901.

Footnote 50:

_Verein Freibürger Aerzte_, May, 1902.

Footnote 51:

_Arch. f. Wiss. u. Prak. Tierhk._, Vol. 36, 652, 1910, and Vol. 39, 164, 1913.

Footnote 52:

_Vet. Med. Inaug. Diss. Giessen_, 1913.

Footnote 53:

_Traite d’ Anatomie Path._, 1883.

Footnote 54:

_Jour. Med. Res._, Vol. 24, 43, 1911.

Footnote 55:

_Publ. Jefferson Med. College_, Vol. 6, 1, 1915.

Footnote 56:

We have observed later, however, one case with very definite degenerative arterial disease; it will be discussed under the affections of the eye since the most definite and indeed only lasting sign of trouble was amblyopia, the attack being ushered in by a nondescript fit.

Footnote 57:

_Chemistry of the Proteins_, Mann.

Footnote 58:

_Ann. Inst. Past._, 1899, XIII, 558, and _Skandinavisches Arch. f. Physiol._, 1904, XVI, 249.

Footnote 59:

_Skandinavisches Arch. für Physiologie_, Vol. 17, p. 211, 1905.

Footnote 60:

_Jour. Physiologie et Path._, Vol. 14, 108, 1912.

Footnote 61:

_Carnegie Institute Publication_, No. 203, p. 247, 1915.

Footnote 62:

_Jour. Biol. Chem._, Vol. 14, p. 59, 1913.

Footnote 63:

_Publication of the Jefferson Medical College and Hospital_, Vol. 6, p. 1, 1915.

Footnote 64:

_These de Lyon_, 1901.

Footnote 65:

_Verein Freiburger Aerzte_, May 30, 1902.

Footnote 66:

_Vet. Med. Inaug. Diss. Giessen_, 1913.

Footnote 67:

_Chemistry of Food and Nutrition_, Macmillan, 1918.

Footnote 68:

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bull., 295.

Footnote 69:

_Skandinavisches Archiv. f. Physiologie_, Vol. 17, p. 211, 1905.

Footnote 70:

_Bull._, 185, Experiment Station, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1907.

Footnote 71:

_Physiological and Pathological Chemistry_, Blakiston, 1902.

Footnote 72:

_Journ. Physiol._, 1912, XLIV, 425.

Footnote 73:

Die Vitamine und ihre Bedeutung für die Physiologie und Pathologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Avitaminoses, Wiesbaden, 1914.

Footnote 74:

_Newer Knowledge of Nutrition_, Macmillan, 1919.

Footnote 75:

_Bull._, 34, Bureau of Amer. Ethnology.

Footnote 76:

_Jahrhuch. Kinderheilk._, 1904, LIX, 175.

Footnote 77:

_Journ. Am. Med. Assoc._, 1917, LXVIII, 1516.

Footnote 78:

_Arch. Path. Anat._, 1897, CXLVIII, 523.

Footnote 79:

_Lancet_, London, March 12, 1910, 733.

Footnote 80:

_Lancet_, London, 1911, II, 1266.

Footnote 81:

_Bull._, Dept. of Agriculture, Dec. 13, 1915.

Footnote 82:

Bureau of Animal Industry, 1895–96, 172.

Footnote 83:

_Z. Hyg. u. Infektionskrankh._, 1913, LXXV, 334.

Footnote 84:

_Jour. Biol. Chem._, 1917, XXXI, 229.

Footnote 85:

_Jour. Infect. Dis._, 1916, XIX, 478.

Footnote 86:

_Jour. A.M.A._, 1922, 79, 2132.

Footnote 87:

_Pflüger’s Arch._, 1909 (129), 63.

Footnote 88:

_Chemical Pathology_, Philadelphia, 1918.

Footnote 89:

These botanical names are taken from Chestnut’s _Poisonous Plants of America._

Footnote 90:

_Textbook of Histology_, 1920.

Footnote 91:

_Zeitch. für Krebsforsch_, Vol. 15, p. 1.

Footnote 92:

_Proceed. Phila. Path. Soc._, 1910, and _Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology_, Vol. XVII, 1912.

Footnote 93:

Figures in parentheses are numbers of animals with captivity known.

Footnote 94:

See Gould’s _Birds_, Vol. II, p. 83.

Footnote 95:

_Am. Jour. Med. Soc._, 1907, 133–769.

Footnote 96:

_Jour. Path. and Bact._, Vol. XVII, 1912.

Footnote 97:

Totals and percentages for class, including all members.

Footnote 98:

Grand Totals, all autopsies.

Footnote 99:

Totals used for analysis after deduction of cases insufficiently described.

Footnote 100:

_Rev. de Med. Vet._ T. 89, p. 221.

Footnote 101:

White and Fox, _Archives of Internal Medicine_, 1909, Vol. IV, p. 517.

Footnote 102:

The temperature in the axilla is often .5°F. higher than by rectum, but the difficulties of the axillary method render it impracticable.

Footnote 103:

A. E. Brown, _Proc. London Zool. Soc._, June, 1909, p. 81.

Footnote 104:

Simpson and Galbraith, _Trans. Royal Soc._, Edinburgh, XIV, p. 1, 65, 1906.

Footnote 105:

This term will be used in the following pages to mention the organism since by many persons it is better known than Nocardia and moreover describes the form better. I believe genus Nocardia is the correct nomenclature for reasons given on a subsequent page.

Footnote 106: