Disease in captive wild mammals and birds

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO CHARLES BINGHAM PENROSE, M.D., PH.D., LL.D. IN GRATEFUL APPRECIATION OF HIS FRIENDSHIP AND OF HIS GUIDANCE AND ENCOURAGEMENT IN ALL MATTERS PERTAINING...

It is stated in _A Handbook of the Management of Animals in Captivity in Lower Bengal_, p. 130, that elephants have been observed to shed tears abundantly if forced to leave the...

It would seem therefore that it is not unfair to use material gathered from animals under somewhat unnatural conditions as representing the reaction of the zoological orders to...

Taking parasitic infestations by and large, there are close similarities throughout the entire animal kingdom, and the effects produced by a given genus will be repeated almost...

AVES Passeres 1355 Picariæ 87 Striges 133 Psittaci 689 Accipitres 196 Columbæ 157 Pterocletes 0 Galli 299 Hemipodii 2 Fulicariæ 35 Alectorides 37 Limicolæ 6 Gaviæ 20 Pygopodes 0...

═════════════╤════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Heart of │ Hypertrophy ─────────────┼─────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬───────┬────────── „ │Pulmonary...

The differences between classes are not so conspicuous between orders. However, the large heart of the carnivores increases both its muscle and chambers, while the small heart o...

Marsupialia present three quite interesting cases, a Tasmanian Devil (_Sarcophilus ursinus_) and two Kangaroos (_Macropus_). The first showed distinct sacculations in the ascend...

TABLE 6. _Differential Percentages of Leucocytes._ _The Figures are based upon Counts of Two Hundred Cells upon Two Slides unless Otherwise Specified. Blood Films were taken fro...

On luminal side of muscular mucosa is a distinct zone of striking tawny yellow color with hematoxylon-eosin combination. This zone is smooth homogeneous and contains a few spind...

Although the notes fail to discuss the gross appearance of the bone marrow, the amount of alteration in its microscopy and the relatively small output of pigment in the liver, s...

Respiratory Tract.—Thymus, large soft gray homogeneous. Both lungs are distended, pale, homogeneous, yellow pink, boggy, do not crepitate, but contain no edema. Lymph nodes, sma...

Another anomalous example of the function of this tissue is found in the hematopoiesis of birds. While there seems to be some evidence that in the spleen and liver red blood cel...

It is customary to divide the descriptions of normal and diseased conditions of the upper entrance to the body into respiratory and alimentary parts, the nose, nasopharynx and l...

Bronchiectasis is reasonably common with pulmonary diseases of man, particularly of chronic character, but is certainly not frequent among animals. Under the first group (a) we...

════════════╤═══════════════╤════════════════╤════════ Animal │ Causative │ Pneumonia, │Abscess │condition upper│septic or other │ or │ respiratory │ │Gangrene │ tract │ │ ─────...

One cannot speak so definitely of pleuritis in birds since this tissue merely represents in them the covering of the lung and is firmly attached posteriorly to the ribs and ante...

Gastric ulcer, so-called peptic or round ulcer of the stomach, having a chronic course and leading to radiating scars of the mucosa is not common in the lower animals, but frequ...

Our records have been analyzed from the standpoint of diagnosis and the most probable cause. The first will be taken up in discussing each of the orders. The probable causes are...

TABLE 12. _Showing the Percentage Incidence of Various Forms of Inflammation in the Alimentary Tract of Ungulata._ ══════════════════════════════════╤═════════════════╤═════════...

Psittaci, birds with a tract similar to the last two but with a captive diet of seeds, fruit and vegetables although they may eat small animals and insects in the wild, present...

It is almost certain that in a human pathological service of fifty-five hundred autopsies, one or more diverticula of the Meckel variety would be encountered and perhaps several...

Congestion of the liver is a matter of small importance from the standpoint of pathology unless it be of sufficient duration to cause cyanotic atrophy and induration. However th...

Undulated Grass Parrakeet ♂ (_Melopsittacus undulatus_). Section of liver shows organic capsule normal. Nothing remains of the original structure by which it might be recognized...

════════════╤═════════════╤═════════╤═════════════╤═════════╤═════════ Order │ Cholangitis │ Hepatic │Inflammation │ Acute │ Chronic │ or │Cirrhosis│ outside │Enteritis│Enteriti...

The most decided example of the lobulated kidney is to be found in the class Aves, wherein the organ consists of two or three large lobes lying in concavities of the sacrum, eac...

Bald Eagle (_Haliæetus leucocephalus_). ♀ General obliterating endoarteritis. Chronic interstitial nephritis. Passive congestion of liver. Chronic localized myocarditis. Near th...

Diseases of the lower parts of the urinary tract are not numerous and of incidental interest only; many are associated with or due to lesions in the genital organs, and will be...

Tracing the evolution of the pelvis, it is to be found first in fishes where it is a loose disjointed, variable structure not attached to the spine; in some it consists merely o...

Canada Porcupine (_Erethizon dorsatus dorsatus_). Acute suppurative catarrhal endometritis, hemorrhage in myometrium, chorionepithelioma. In anterior abdominal wall a short quil...

TABLE 15 _Showing Weights of Animals, of Their Thyroid Bodies and the Relation of These Weights Per Kilogram._ ═════════════════════════════╤═════════════╤═════════════╤════════...

Raccoon-like dog (_Canis procyonoides_) ♀ . Acute hemorrhagic splenitis. Acute fermentative gastritis. Subacute catarrhal enteritis. Acute general infection. Hypertrophic cirrho...

Undulated Grass Parrakeet (_Melopsittacus undulatus_) ♂ . Medullary carcinoma of thyroid. On opening the body a mass 10 × 6 × 4 mm. is found in the upper thoracic region on the...

Gouty arthritis has been recorded but three times, although on several occasions small uratic deposits in tendon sheaths have been observed in birds; gout has not been seen in m...

Osteitis deformans is a chronic constitutional affection characterized by the absorption of compact bone, chiefly in the cranium and long bones, and the laying down of fibro-ost...

The skeletal muscles of the wild animals of our collection have been quite free of pathological lesions such as atrophies and dystrophies and indeed seem relatively seldom affec...

The animals in which meningopoliomyelitis has been found were three monkeys, two Canadian lynx, a bear and a raccoon; about a score of cords from other animals with some kind of...

TABLE 18.—_Giving the Actual Weight of the Brain and the Relation of this to that of the Body in 196 Animals._ ════════════════════╤═══╤══════╤═══════════╤══════╤═════════╤═════...

Conjunctivitis is rather rare but does occur in all varieties of animals, seldom however, to the extent that the specimen has to be sacrificed. So far as the daily reports can b...

Diabetes is an infrequent but well recognized disease among domestic animals. Its detection depends on a rather vague chain of symptoms confirmed by the discovery of sugar in th...

Overeating is a factor that must be borne in mind when considering the hay- and grass-eating herbivora. Packing of the rumen is a not infrequent discovery. This condition is als...

Iron is the essential element of hemoglobin and chromatin—the body constituent most directly concerned with the process of oxidation, secretion, reproduction and development. Th...

Fat and carbohydrate disturbances are not infrequent in carnivores, but it is with the protein fraction of the diet that most of the trouble is connected. Natural foods contain...

The plant poisons are more frequently due to inherent injurious substances, although even among them, bacterial and fungus diseases play an important rôle. Among the 16,673 plan...

═══════════════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════ Order Family │ Organic Source of Tumor │ │ ───────────────────┼────┬──────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬───────── „ „ │L...

Within the classes the comparative figures have less value because of the smaller and varying numbers. Such high percentages as are shown by the elephants and armadillos cannot...

MARSUPIALIA (7) Didelphyidæ—Common Opossum (_Didelphys virginiana_) Adenoma of kidney Common Opossum (_Didelphys virginiana_) Adenocarcinoma of mammary gland Dasyuridæ—Spotted t...

════════════════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Order Family │ Visceral Distribution │ │ │ ────────────────────┼─────────┬──────┬─────────┬──────┬───...

Local lymphatic tuberculosis of comparative interest was encountered a few times. Three cases of cervical adenitis, large enough to be visible, were seen, of which one broke dow...

Lesson’s Motmot (_Momotus lessoni_). The region above and behind the right clavicle in front of the brachial plexus on the internal surface of the thorax, exterior to the first...

Evidences with which to trace transmissions are much clearer in the birds than in the mammals with the exception of monkeys and some ungulates. Of course cases are perhaps too f...

The value of the test can best be estimated by a recital of the mortality of monkeys, from tuberculosis, since its inception. Before the test was started practically every monke...

Where the process involves loose tissue like the lung, especially when growing rapidly, the sporulating heads of the mycelia stretch out in advance of the main mass and resemble...

The animal appeared in generally good condition but close inspection revealed a “running nose,” a purplish mottling along the gingival margin of one lower jaw below which was a...

Thigh striped Wallaby (_Macropus thetidis_). Streptothricosis of soft tissues of jaw. Early bronchopneumonia. Acute fermentative gastritis. Acute general infiltrative enteritis....

When the first culture was isolated it was injected into guinea-pigs; its loss stopped further work because it could not be regained from the animals. The present culture had be...

The following case has some features like paralytic hemoglobinuric fever and is reported as a matter of record. The long standing gastroenteritis may have been the basis for the...

“Judging from reports and based upon the observations of Morse upon Grouse disease it would seem that the incubation period of the disease is about eight to ten days. However, o...

Speaking for the Philadelphia Garden, I have come to the conclusion that on the whole parasitism does play an important part of our annual losses. The financial loss which could...

TABLE 24. _Incidence of Parasites in Animal Groups._ ══════════════════════╤═══════════════════════════════╤════════════════════ Animal │ MAMMALIA │ Remarks ────────────────────...

As to the individual organs which are most commonly parasitized our records show that with Aves as well as Mammalia the intestines are the parts most commonly affected. The stom...

PHYSALOPTERA IN OPOSSUMS AND BADGERS.—These worms were frequent findings for a period of years and were particularly impressive on account of the large number of parasites prese...

Tuberculosis of eye, 402 gelatinous, 504 histology, 510 hygiene, 516 in Aves, 503 in Mammalia, 492 in Primates, 492 in various avian orders 506–510 incidence, 489 intestinal in...

Those interested in the investigation of the cause of Blackhead are referred to the recent literature by Tyzzer and by Smith, in the _Jour. of Exp. Med._ and _Jour. of Med. Rese...