CHAPTER LX

Chapter 13443,126 wordsPublic domain

OCCUPATION DISEASES DUE TO EXCESSIVELY REPEATED MUSCULAR ACTIONS.

_Fatigue Neuroses: Scriveners’ Spasm, or Writers’ Palsy._

Under the head of occupation or fatigue neuroses it is customary to include affections characterised by spasm or paralysis of the muscles which prevent the individual performing certain muscular actions, by means of which he has hitherto earned his livelihood. The affection is met with in various occupations, usually, but not always, in those in which delicate movements--as, for example, those of the fingers--are required; hence as writing is one of the commonest of this class of occupations, it occurs as writers’ palsy. Accompanying the spasm or sudden contraction of the muscles that takes place, there is frequently pain, but there may be pain without spasm. Gowers, in his _Diseases of the Nervous System_, speaks of a motor and a sensory, or a spasmodic and neuralgic, form of scriveners’ palsy. Seventy years ago the affection was first described by Sir Charles Bell. The infirmity affects males oftener than females, and the weakness shows itself mostly between twenty and thirty years of age. While the repeated muscular movements required in writing become through fatigue the cause of the loss of power, there are other circumstances in operation, notably the inheritance of a weak nervous system, family worries, and financial difficulties. Excessive use of tobacco and intemperance in alcohol also favour its development. Since over-use of the muscles is a cause of the palsy, the malady naturally occurs in those people who earn their living by writing, _e.g._ clerks, copying-clerks particularly, and it would seem to be caused less by the amount than by the manner of writing. Steel pens have been blamed for causing scriveners’ palsy, because they have to be grasped more firmly and adjusted more exactly than quills. Doubtless the malady has become more general since their introduction, but the disease was previously not unknown in persons who only used quills. Besides, the number of people who are employed as clerks is greater now than formerly, and the conditions of life have materially altered. Quick writers do not suffer so much as slow and laborious toilers of the pen, owing to the greater range of their muscular movements. Sharp-pointed pens are more liable to cause paralysis than stub-pointed, because they have to be held more tightly, and require more and finer muscular adjustments.

Once the malady is established, it is when any muscular effort is made that the defect is observed. An individual, for example, may feel nothing wrong with his hand until he begins to write, and then the muscles that control the movements of the fingers are thrown into a state of involuntary spasm, or there is pain which prevents him writing. I have at present under my care a schoolmaster whose right arm is perfectly still, and its muscular movements normal, until he attempts to write. In the middle of writing a word the fingers will be unexpectedly thrown into a state of spasm, so that the pen is more firmly gripped than before, and yet he is unable to lift the pen off, or move it further on the paper. He has no difficulty in writing on the blackboard owing to the wider range of muscular movements of the elbow and shoulder. In scriveners’ cramp there may be, in addition to spasm and pain, violent tremor, or there may be what is still rarer, actual paralysis. When the muscles during the act of writing are thrown suddenly into a state of spasm, the individual is conscious that he is grasping the pen too tightly, but he cannot help it. Any voluntary attempt to relax his hold of the pen makes no difference so far as his ability to finish the writing is concerned. The act is accomplished slowly: the letters and figures which he makes are irregular, while the handwriting resembles that which is attempted by a person riding in a jolting carriage or on the railway. The power of writing may be lost gradually or quickly. The presence of spasm either prevents the individual writing at all, or if the spasm is intermittent and accompanied by tremor, the handwriting is jerky and rather illegible. It is the attitude assumed by the muscles in the act of writing that induces tremor, for where no effort is made there are no tremulous movements. It is an interesting fact too, as showing how the affection is limited to a distinct group of muscles concerned in a particular act, that while a person who is the subject of scriveners’ palsy cannot write, he may be able to paint quite well or even to print various letters and words. The grasp of the affected hand is usually unimpaired, or there is just the slightest loss of power. In grasping the affected hand in scriveners’ spasm, I have noticed that if there is prolonged contraction of the muscles concerned in grasping, the act is sufficient to bring on tremor. The muscles of the fingers seem to be incapable of sustaining any effort without being thrown into a state of spasm or tremor. If there is any atrophy or loss of muscle substance it is generally slight. Usually there is very little alteration in the response of the nerves and muscles to electrical stimulation. In some persons it is increased, in others it is diminished. The patients complain of the arm and hand feeling tired, and of a general sense of languor and fatigue to which they have hitherto been strangers. They are easily fatigued and retire to rest early, for they feel the need of repose, and are conscious of the benefit that comes from it. Their general health remains on the whole good. They are, however, apt to suffer in consequence if they are unable to take their accustomed out-of-door exercise, and there is a degree of mental depression that comes from the disablement caused by their infirmity. The individual feels that he cannot earn his living as he used to, and so he worries. It is not that he is overcome by pain, although in some instances this is acute and of a severe neuralgic character, especially in the muscles of the thumb, the finger, and the forearm. It is mental anxiety that drags him down.

Various theories have been put forward to explain writers’ palsy. According to Gowers these are--(1) weakness of groups of muscles with over-action of antagonists; (2) a reflex spasm due to stimulation of the sensory nerves in writing; (3) structural changes in those particular parts of the central nervous system that superintend the muscular movements concerned in this act. Writing is an acquired act learned by education, and it never becomes automatic. We require to concentrate our attention while writing, and so the fatigue is really as much, if not more, cerebral than muscular. Each of the above theories has its supporters, but it is difficult to make any one of them harmonise with all the facts. My own belief is that the malady is primarily central rather than peripheral. Spasm is one of the initial facts in the illness, and in writers’ palsy, as in all occupation neuroses, spasm and paresis overtake those muscles that have been trained to accomplish particular movements, especially movements of a complicated and delicate character. Altered nutrition of cerebral nerve centres is in all probability responsible for the defective muscular movements, while any pain that is felt is due to compression of the sensory nerve endings in the muscles during spasm. If there is any structural alteration in the nerve fibres it must be slight. This indicates that we are not dealing with a neuritis but a functional condition of the nerve fibres, such as occurs in neuralgia. Although the primary seat of the trouble is probably located in the cortex of the brain, there is a marked absence of headache and of impairment of intelligence. A recent author has thrown out a hint that, in cases of great nervous exhaustion and extreme fatigue, in which during life no physical signs of disease of any organs can be detected, and in which after death no gross structural changes are found, the cause in all probability resides in some obscure pathological condition of the large nerve cells in the cortex or grey matter of the brain. It is to such a condition that we are disposed to look for an explanation of the early symptoms of writers’ palsy.

Scriveners’ spasm _per se_ is distinguished from the inability to write that is observed, for example, in hemiplegic patients who have had an apoplectic stroke, by its history, the limited extent of the spasm and loss of power.

So long as the individual, the subject of scriveners’ spasm, insists upon writing, the more pronounced does his difficulty become. He must give up writing for a lengthened period if he wishes to get well. Should he, however, persist in following his occupation, the weakness may extend to other muscles, and he will then be thrown further _hors-de-combat_, a circumstance that will only tend to deepen still further his mental depression and make him more anxious with regard to his future. Feeling himself baffled, he may educate himself to write with his other hand, but in time this too may become affected. More than that, when he attempts to write with his left hand tremors may be induced in his right. In one of my patients a sudden involuntary act, such as sneezing or yawning, will sometimes induce violent tremor of the affected arm when the muscles are perfectly still. Absolute rest from the use of the pen and freedom from all worry are necessary to establish a cure, which unfortunately is readily broken by too early return to work.

_Prevention and Treatment._--All are agreed that the less cramped the handwriting and the more that shoulder muscular movement can be brought into operation, the less is the likelihood of scriveners’ spasm arising. Writing is a matter of education, hence children should be taught to use the muscles of the arm more freely. Pens should not be too fine-pointed if much writing is to be done, while the encircling of the lower part of the penholder by indiarubber obviates to some extent the necessity for taking too firm a grip of the pen. Lewis (_Twentieth Century Pract. Medicine_, vol. iii., p. 471) recommends that the pen should be held between the index and middle fingers, as this requires less muscular effort than the ordinary method, but at the best it must be admitted that this is an awkward position, and although initial difficulties can be overcome by education, it is still doubtful whether the muscular movement required under those circumstances is, after all, so very much less. Quills and stylographs may be substituted for steel pens, and, as already mentioned, the non-affected hand may be taught to write. Type for hand writing might be substituted, since this brings a new set of muscles into play, and the movements are not so fatiguing. Once symptoms of the malady begin to show themselves, absolute cessation of all handwriting is necessary. The work should cease at once, for it is in the early stages that rest is beneficial and a cure possible.

Internally, nervine tonics may be administered. Drugs as a rule do only a limited amount of good. I have got the best results from arsenic and bromides. Strychnine is recommended by some. If there is much pain such sedatives as morphia or belladonna may be required, but their use should be avoided as far as possible. Electricity, too, is worthy of a trial, especially in the voltaic rather than the faradic form, combined with massage or rubbing.

_Telegraphists’ Spasm, or Cramp._

_Mal télégraphique_, or telegraphic spasm, was first described by Onimus, a Frenchman, in 1875; by Robinson in this country in 1882; and by Fulton in 1884, who described in detail the movements involved in the use of the Morse instrument. Twenty-five years ago the disease was a rarity. In the succeeding decade it was pretty prevalent. Probably it is now less frequent, owing to the telephone having been in many instances substituted for the telegraph. Dr Vivian Poore (Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, vol. viii., p. 131) examined 400 cases of professional ailments, but he only found two patients who were telegraphists, and they had worked the Morse instrument. Telegraphists’ spasm differs in no material way from what has been described as writers’ palsy. Since it is to working the Morse machine that the largest number of cases of telegraphists’ cramp has been traced, it is necessary to remind the reader that the Morse alphabet is composed of a series of dots and dashes, and that the transmitting instrument consists of a lever surmounted at one end with a knob, which when depressed by the hand of the operator makes an electrical connection with, or completes the electrical circuit between, the transmitting apparatus at one end of the telegraph wire and the receiving apparatus at the other. On each occasion that the lever is brought down by the hand of the operator, and an electrical connection is made, a bar of soft iron in the receiving instrument becomes magnetised and attracts an armature which is fastened at one end of a lever, while an inscribing point at the other end reproduces on a slip of ribbon or paper, kept moving by clockwork, the dots and dashes made by the transmitter. As the knob is generally held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers of the right hand, the elbow meanwhile being supported, it is clear that most of the movement is made by the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers and of the wrists, including the adductor and opposing muscles of the thumb. Since each letter, with the exception of _E_, which is a single dot, and _T_ a single dash, consists of more than one dot or dash, while some require as many as four, the amount of sustained and co-ordinated movement is necessarily very great, and as the transmission is generally very rapidly effected, the operation when repeated for a great length of time, as in the transmission of speeches delivered in Parliament, must be followed by a considerable amount of fatigue. Fulton calculated that an operator might make between thirty and forty thousand muscular contractions in one hour, and since many telegraphists work eight hours a day, the strain on their muscles is necessarily very great. While the excessive use of tobacco and alcohol doubtless favours the development of telegraphists’ spasm, as of other occupation neuroses, there is not the least doubt that cerebral fatigue and muscular overstrain are the causes of it. In America, men have not been found to be more predisposed to it than women, or _vice versâ_. Once the symptoms of the malady have shown themselves, an operator when transmitting a message may be suddenly seized with muscular cramp, so that his hand cannot be quickly enough raised, and in consequence of this involuntary spasm, the pressure on the lever by the fingers is so long maintained that what ought to have been dots become dashes, or he transmits dots and dashes in such an abnormal sequence that the message received reads quite differently to that which it was intended to send. Mistakes of this kind have a distressing mental effect upon the operator, and they tend still further to derange the functional activity of his nervous system. There may be tremor of the hand as well as cramp of the muscles, but pain as a rule is absent. The muscles respond to electrical tests and do not waste to any extent. A telegraphist feeling that the muscular spasms are unfitting him for his daily duties may train his other hand to do the work. Conscious that by this means he will retain his appointment, he becomes more cheerful, and is able to rise to some extent above his infirmity. Whenever possible, such an individual should have a lengthy respite from his labours, for muscular rest is of very great importance. The treatment of telegraphists’ spasm is the same as that described under writers’ palsy. Prevention is better than cure. Learners are encouraged to practise with both hands, and as a consequence of this ambidexterity, not only are the cases becoming fewer every year, but they are seen and treated earlier by the Post Office Medical Attendants, whose experience is, that by causing the patients to desist there and then from keying for a few months recovery invariably follows. After all, it is but a small percentage of telegraphists who have “spasm,” probably not more than 1.3 per 1000.

_Pianoforte Players’ Cramp, etc._

Pianoforte players’ cramp affects principally professionals, women more frequently than men. Like the infirmities mentioned in the preceding pages, there is muscular spasm, which may or may not be associated with pain. If the cramp is painful the individual cannot go on playing. Usually the spasm affects one or more of the fingers.

Spasmodic muscular contraction is also met with in _violin players_, in _violincellists_ especially in the fingers of the left hand that are brought down upon the strings of the instrument, and in _seamstresses_, in whom once the affection is developed any attempt at sewing is followed by cramp of the fingers, so that sewing becomes impossible. Seamstresses’ cramp bears a resemblance to shoemakers’ spasm mentioned a little further on.

Spasms of various trades have been described, _e.g._, _type-setters’_, _milkers’_ spasm, which is said to occur in the cowherds of the Tyrol, and _hammermen’s_ spasm. Workers in almost any trade, but especially those trades in which excessive muscular effort is combined with mental concentration, are liable to spasmodic seizures such as have been described, and to which in a general way the remarks already made on prevention and treatment may be said to apply.

_Shoemakers’ Spasm._

In Vienna and Heidelberg there have occurred on several occasions epidemics of “idiopathic tetany.” Tetany is a disease characterised by muscular spasms involving the hands and feet, and sometimes, too, the muscles of the trunk, the face, neck, eyes, and larynx. Of 399 cases of idiopathic tetany collected by Frankl-Hochwart, 174 occurred in shoemakers and 95 in tailors, mostly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five years. The epidemics have generally prevailed during the months of March and April. Risien Russell, who alludes to this subject in Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, vol. viii., p. 51, says that probably some general toxic condition is in operation. If so, then idiopathic tetany would be caused by something on, or in, the thread that is used, since this material is common to the two occupations, and the illness should therefore be regarded as accidental, and not as incidental, to either the trade of the shoemaker or the tailor.

_Boot and Shoe Making._

The last few decades have witnessed great changes in many trades that were formerly conducted as home industries, but perhaps in none more than in boot and shoe making. A few years ago it was no uncommon thing to find a cobbler working alone in his home, or in a small shop, assisted by one or two workmen. All boots and shoes were then handmade, the leather being cut and the pieces sewn together on the premises, so that a completely finished article was turned out by one person. The application of machinery has changed all this. It has flooded the market with ready-made boots and shoes, which, since they can be made more quickly, and in larger numbers, are cheaper than those made by hand, although not so enduring. In boot and shoe making, as in all factory production, subdivision of labour prevails. To one man is assigned the guidance of a machine which cuts the “uppers” or the “soles” of the shoes; another stitches the uppers, or “closes” them; while to yet another is given the harder task of “making” the shoe, _i.e._, of attaching the soles to the uppers. The extent to which machinery has already displaced handmade boots and shoes is depriving us of a class of workman who was capable of doing all that machinery now accomplishes, only he required much longer time. In rural districts cobblers will still be required, but their occupation in the future will be that of boot-menders rather than of boot-makers.

In reproducing the accompanying picture of one of my patients--a shoemaker--who was in the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Infirmary, I am wishful to give some literary permanence to a deformity which was very prevalent in workers in the trade a few years ago, a deformity known by the name of shoemakers’ chest, and which, as time goes on, will probably cease to exist. At his work the old type of shoemaker would sit on a low bench, with his thighs and knees tightly drawn towards each other, clasping the last with the boot upon it. His trunk would be bent down over his work, so that during the act of stitching and drawing the waxen threads through the holes made by his awl in the leather, his arms would be forcibly separated from his sides in order to tighten each stitch, while any beneficial expansion of the chest that this movement created was unfavourably counterbalanced by the increased pressure of the last upon his chest bone. As a consequence of this repeated pressure applied to the front of the chest, especially on younger men, the chest bone and ribs were driven in so as to form a deep hollow, such as is depicted in the lower part of the chest in the illustration (Fig. 89). The work, too, was sedentary, consequently the men suffered from indigestion, constipation, and piles, the latter being often aggravated by excessive indulgence in alcohol, to which shoemakers as a class were much addicted. It has sometimes been stated that they also suffered from cancer more than men engaged in other trades, but it is difficult from available statistics to prove or disprove this.

In modern boot factories, instead of the “uppers” being stitched to the “soles,” they are often riveted. When bootmaking is carried on by this process at home, the workman is often found sitting in the attitude of the shoemaker described higher up. During the act of burnishing and filing the rough edges of the boot, there is a considerable degree of pressure exercised by the heel against the front of the chest. In the bootmaking trade the men who cut out and shape the leather to be made up are known by the name of “clickers.”

Shoemakers formerly suffered from bronchitis and pulmonary phthisis in fairly large numbers, but much of this was due to the sedentary character of their occupation, their want of exercise in the open air, and their intemperate habits. The introduction of machinery, and the bringing of shoemaking under the Factory Acts, may to some extent effect an improvement in the health of shoemakers, but in many of the factories which I have visited, and where large numbers of persons are employed, the overheated rooms in which the work is carried on and the vitiated atmosphere rather predispose the workpeople to pulmonary catarrh, and tend to make the women anæmic. In addition, mercurial poisoning has been known to occur in the men employed in shoemaking factories, whose duty it is to mind the American or Blake machines. The mercury is placed in a well in the machine, to act as a lubricant, and as the metal is extremely volatile, poisoning may readily arise.

THOMAS OLIVER.

APPENDIX

SPECIAL RULES

Nearly a century ago, the necessity for legislation designed to protect workers in textile factories was realised. In the year 1802 an Act was passed for the Preservation of Health and Morals of Apprentices and others employed in cotton mills. The statutes of 1833 and 1845 brought under inspection the manufacture of several materials other than cotton and wool. Subsequent Acts regulated employment in print works, bleaching and dye works, and the manufacture of lace; but the Acts passed in 1864 and 1867--afterwards embodied in the Act of 1878 (the principal Act)--practically included almost every occupation in the country.

It soon became apparent that no definite clauses in any statute, however carefully drafted and considered, could afford satisfactory protection to health, life, and limb, in manifold and varied industries, found not only in the large centres of manufacture, but in almost every village or country district where a stream could be found for driving water-wheels of corn-mills, scutch-mills, cutlery grinding-hulls, wood-turning shops, etc., etc. Philanthropists, medical men, scientists, trade-unionists, poor-law guardians, managers of sick clubs, called for further protection to workers engaged in dangerous trades, and for the remedy (as far as was possible) of the evils arising from inhalation of injurious dusts and fumes, contact with poisonous, chemical, and mineral substances, manufacture of white lead, and the smelting and handling of blue lead. They pointed to “brass-casters’ ague”; to the deadly disease known as “phossy jaw,” prevalent amongst operatives in match-works, where yellow or white phosphorus is used; to plumbism amongst pottery workers and hand file-cutters; to potters’ and metal grinders’ lung ailments; and to many other diseases of occupation too numerous to be here mentioned.

The Factory Act of 1891 provided in sections 8, 9, 10, and 11, what was universally accepted as a legal remedy based upon principles of humanity, moderation, and common sense. Power was given to the Secretary of State to frame special rules and requirements as to dangerous and unhealthy incidents of employment, the Act stating that--

“(1) Where the Secretary of State certifies that in his opinion any machinery, or process or particular description of manual labour used in a factory or workshop (other than a domestic workshop), is dangerous or injurious to health, or dangerous to life or limb, either generally, or in the case of women, children, or any other class of persons, or that the provision for the admission of fresh air is not sufficient, or that the quantity of dust generated or inhaled in any factory or workshop is dangerous or injurious to health, the Chief Inspector may serve on the occupier of the factory or workshop a notice in writing, either proposing such special rules, or requiring the adoption of such special measures as appear to the Chief Inspector to be reasonably practicable, and to meet the necessities of the case.

“(2) Unless, within twenty-one days after receipt of the notice, the occupier serves on the Chief Inspector a notice in writing that he objects to the rules or the requirement, the rules shall be established, or, as the case may be, the requirement shall be observed.

“(3) If the notice of objection suggests any modification of the rules or requirement, the Secretary of State shall consider the suggestion, and may assent thereto, with or without any further modification, which may be agreed on between the Secretary of State and the occupier, and thereupon the rules shall be established, or, as the case may be, the requirement shall be observed, subject to such modification.

“(4) If the Secretary of State does not assent to any objection or modification suggested, as aforesaid, by the occupier, the matter in difference between the Secretary of State and the occupier shall be referred to arbitration under this Act, and the date of the receipt of the notice of this objection by the Secretary of State shall be deemed to be the date of the reference, and the rules shall be established, or the requisition shall have effect, as settled by an award or arbitration.”

Penalties were provided for the contravention of special rules duly established. Schedule 1 of the Act of 1891 described in minute detail the methods of procedure when arbitration had to be resorted to.

The list of trades scheduled as “Dangerous Trades,” together with the series of special rules legally instituted, is appended. This list can hardly fail to be of interest, seeing that the rules were framed after most exhaustive and careful inquiry by experts and scientists, whose opinions commanded respect. Year by year the practical good done by this legislation is more fully realised, but the test of time has shown the necessity for reconsideration of those clauses which relate to arbitration, and proposals to meet a now recognised difficulty are found in the Factory Bill read for the first time in the House of Commons on Thursday, 28th March 1901.

Sections 79 to 86 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, contain Amended Regulations as to Dangerous Trades, chiefly as to methods of procedure in making such regulations.

HAMILTON P. SMITH.

Form 247C.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

WHITE LEAD FACTORIES.

_In these Rules “person employed in a lead process” means a person who is employed in any work or process involving exposure to white lead, or to lead or lead compounds used in its manufacture, or who is admitted to any room or part of the factory where such process is carried on._

_Any approval given by the Chief Inspector of Factories in pursuance of Rules 2, 4, 6, 9, or 12 shall be given in writing, and may at any time be revoked by notice in writing signed by him._

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _New Works._--On and after 1st July 1899, no part of a white lead factory shall be constructed, structurally altered, or newly used, for any process in which white lead is manufactured or prepared for sale, unless the plans have previously been submitted to and approved in writing by the Chief Inspector of Factories.

2. _Stacks._--(_a_) Every stack shall be provided with a standpipe and movable hose, and an adequate supply of water distributed by a rose.

(_b_) _White Beds._--Every white bed shall, on the removal of the covering boards, be effectually damped by the means mentioned above.

Where it is shown to the satisfaction of the Chief Inspector of Factories that there is no available public water service in the district, it shall be a sufficient compliance with this Rule if each white bed is, on the removal of the covering boards, effectually damped by means of a watering can.

3. _Chamber Process._--Where white lead is made by the Chamber Process, the chamber shall be kept moist while the process is in operation, and the corrosions shall be effectually moistened before the chamber is emptied.

4. _Corrosions._--(_a_) Corrosions shall not be carried except in trays of impervious material.

(_b_) No person shall be allowed to carry on his head or shoulder a tray of corrosions which has been allowed to rest directly upon the corrosions, or upon any surface where there is white lead.

(_c_) All corrosions, before being put into the rollers or washbecks, shall be effectually damped, either by dipping the tray containing them in a trough of water, or by some other method approved by the Chief Inspector of Factories.

5. _Rollers._--The flooring round the rollers shall either be of smooth cement or be covered with sheet lead, and shall be kept constantly moist.

6. _Drying Stoves._--On and after 1st January 1901, except as hereinafter provided--

(_a_) Every stove shall have a window, or windows, with a total area of not less than 8 square feet, made to open, and so placed as to admit of effectual through ventilation.

(_b_) In no stove shall bowls be placed on a rack which is more than 10 feet from the floor.

(_c_) Each bowl shall rest upon the rack and not upon another bowl.

(_d_) No stove shall be entered for the purpose of drawing until the temperature at a height of 5 feet from the floor has fallen either to 70° F., or to a point not more than 10° F. above the temperature of the air outside.

(_e_) In drawing any stove or part of a stove there shall not be more than one stage or standing place above the level of the floor.

Provided that if the Chief Inspector approves of any other means of ventilating a stove, as allowing of effectual through ventilation, such means may be adopted, notwithstanding paragraph (_a_) of this Rule; and if he approves of any other method of setting and drawing the stoves, as effectually preventing white lead from falling upon any worker, such method may be followed, notwithstanding paragraphs (_b_) and (_e_) of this Rule.

7. _Drawing Dutch Stoves._--No person shall be employed in drawing Dutch stoves on more than two days in any week.

8. _Deposits of dry white lead._--No dry white lead shall be deposited in any place that is not provided either with a cover or with a fan effectually removing the dust from the worker.

9. _Packing._--On and after 1st January 1900, the packing of dry white lead shall be done only under conditions which secure the effectual removal of dust, either by exhaust fans or by other efficient means approved in each case by the Chief Inspector of Factories.

This rule shall not apply where packing is effected by mechanical means entirely closed in.

10. The floor of any place where packing of dry white lead is carried on shall be of cement, or of stone set in cement.

11. _Employment of Women._--No women shall be employed or allowed in the white beds, rollers, washbecks, or stoves, or any place where dry white lead is packed, or in other work exposing her to white lead dust.

12. _Weekly Medical Examination._--(_a_) A duly qualified medical practitioner (in these Rules referred to as the “Appointed Surgeon”) shall be appointed by the occupier for each factory, such appointment to be subject to the approval of the Chief Inspector.

(_b_) No person shall be employed in a lead process for more than a week without a certificate of fitness granted after examination by the Appointed Surgeon.

(_c_) Every person employed in a lead process shall be examined once a week by the Appointed Surgeon, who shall have power to order suspension from employment in any place or process.

(_d_) No person after such suspension shall be employed in a lead process without the written sanction of the Appointed Surgeon.

_Health Register._--(_e_) A register in a form approved by the Chief Inspector of Factories shall be kept, and shall contain a list of all persons employed in lead processes. The Appointed Surgeon will enter in the register the dates and results of his examinations of the persons employed, and particulars of any directions given by him. The register shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspectors of Factories, or by the Certifying Surgeon, or by the Appointed Surgeon.

13. _Medical Attendance._--Upon any person employed in a lead process complaining of being unwell, the occupier shall, with the least possible delay, give an order upon a duly qualified medical practitioner.

14. _Respirators, Overalls, Head Coverings._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient and suitable respirators, overalls, and head coverings, and shall cause them to be worn as directed in Rule 29.

At the end of every day’s work they shall be collected and kept in proper custody in a suitable place set apart for the purpose.

They shall be thoroughly washed or renewed every week; and those which have been used in the stoves, and all respirators, shall be washed or renewed daily.

15. _Dining-room, Cloak-room._--The occupier shall provide and maintain a dining-room and cloak-room in which workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

16. _Food._--No person employed in a lead process shall be allowed to prepare or partake of any food or drink except in the dining-room or kitchen.

17. _Sanitary Drink._--A supply of a suitable sanitary drink, to be approved by the Appointed Surgeon, shall be kept for the use of the workers.

18. _Lavatory._--The occupier shall provide and maintain a lavatory for the use of the workers, with soap, nail brushes, and at least one lavatory basin for every five persons employed. Each such basin shall be fitted with a waste pipe. There shall be a constant supply of hot and cold water laid on, except where there is no available public water service, in which case the provision of hot and cold water shall be such as shall satisfy the Inspector in charge of the district.

The lavatory shall be thoroughly cleaned and supplied with clean towels after every meal.

There shall, in addition, be means of washing in close proximity to the workers of each department, if required by notice in writing from the Inspector in charge of the district.

There shall be facilities, to the satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the district, for the workers to wash out their mouths.

19. _Allowance of time for Washing._--Before each meal, and before the end of the day’s work, at least ten minutes in addition to the regular meal times shall be allowed to each worker for washing.

A notice to this effect shall be affixed in each department.

20. _Baths._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient baths and dressing-rooms for all persons employed in lead processes, with hot and cold water, soap, and towels, and shall cause each such person to take a bath once a week at the factory.

_Bath Register._--A bath register shall be kept, containing a list of all persons employed in lead processes, and an entry of the date when each person takes a bath.

This register shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspectors of Factories, or by the Certifying Surgeon, or by the Appointed Surgeon.

21. The dressing-rooms, baths, and w.c.’s shall be cleaned daily.

22. _Cleaning Floors._--The floor of each workroom shall be cleaned daily, after being thoroughly damped.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

23. _Corrosions._--No person shall strip a white bed or empty a chamber without previously effectually damping as directed in Rules 2 and 3.

24. No person shall carry corrosions, or put them into the rollers or washbecks, otherwise than as permitted by Rule 4.

25. _Stoves._--No person shall set or draw a stove otherwise than as permitted by Rules 6 and 7.

26. _Packing._--No person shall deposit or pack dry white lead otherwise than as permitted by Rules 8 and 9.

27. _Weekly Medical Examination._--Every person employed in a lead process shall present himself at the appointed times for examination by the Appointed Surgeon, as provided in Rule 12.

28. No person after suspension by the Appointed Surgeon shall work in a lead process without his written sanction.

29. _Respirators, Overalls, Head Coverings._--Every person engaged in--

White beds, Emptying chambers, Rollers, washbecks or grinding, Setting or drawing stoves, Packing, Paint mixing, Handling dry white lead,

or in any work involving exposure to white lead dust, shall, while so occupied, wear an overall suit and head covering.

Every person engaged in stripping white beds, or in emptying chambers, or in drawing stoves, or in packing, shall in addition wear a respirator while so occupied.

30. _Washing._--Every person engaged in any place or process named in Rule 29 shall, before partaking of meals or leaving the premises, deposit the overalls, head coverings, and respirators in the place appointed by the occupier for the purpose, and shall thoroughly wash face and hands in the lavatory.

31. _Baths._--Every person employed in a lead process shall take a bath at the factory at least once a week, and wash in the lavatory before bathing; having done so, he shall at once sign his name in the bath register, with the date.

32. _Food._--No person employed in a lead process shall smoke or use tobacco in any form, or partake of food or drink, elsewhere than in the dining-room or kitchen.

33. _Ventilation._--No person shall in any way interfere, without the knowledge and concurrence of the occupier or manager, with the means and appliances provided for the removal of dust.

34. _Reporting neglect of Rules._--The foreman shall report to the manager, and the manager shall report to the occupier, any instance coming under his notice of a worker neglecting to observe these Rules.

35. _False pretences._--No person shall obtain employment under an assumed name or under any false pretence.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _Chief Inspector of Factories_.

M. W. RIDLEY, _One of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State_.

1st June 1899.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, sections 9 and 11.)

Form 249.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_AMENDED SPECIAL RULES._

PROCESSES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, COLOURS, AND IN THE EXTRACTION OF ARSENIC.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and take measures to secure that every worker wash face and hands before meals, and before leaving the works; and, in addition to the above, sufficient bath accommodation for the use of all persons employed in the manufacture of Milan Red, Vermilionette, or Persian Red.

They shall provide suitable respirators and overall suits, kept in a cleanly state, for all workers engaged in any department where dry white lead or arsenic is used in either the manufacture or paint mixing, and overall suits for those engaged in grinding in water or oil, and for all workers in Milan Red, Vermilionette, or Persian Red, wherever dust is generated.

They shall provide a sufficient supply of approved sanitary drink, which shall be accessible to the workers at all times, and shall cause such approved sanitary drink to be taken daily by workers in any department where white lead or arsenic is used in the manufacture, and shall provide a supply of aperient medicine, which shall be given to the workers, when required, free of charge.

No food shall be eaten in any part of the works where white lead or arsenic is used in the manufacture.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

Every person to whom is supplied a respirator or overall suit shall wear the same when at the special work for which such are provided.

Every person shall carefully clean and wash hands and face before meals and before leaving the works.

No food shall be eaten in any part of the works in which white lead or arsenic is used in the manufacture.

No person shall smoke or use tobacco in any part of the works in which white lead or arsenic is used in the manufacture.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Under Section 9, Factory Act, 1891, any person who is bound to observe any special rules is liable to penalties for non-compliance with such special rules.

Form 251.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES for Works, or parts of Works in which_ LEAD, ARSENIC, OR ANTIMONY IS USED IN THE ENAMELLING OF IRON PLATES.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Lavatories._--They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and take measures to secure that every worker wash face and hands before meals and before leaving the works.

2. _Respirators, Overalls, Head Coverings._--They shall provide suitable respirators, overall suits, and head coverings for all workers employed in the processes of grinding, dusting, and brushing.

3. _Dust._--They shall adopt measures on and after the first day of October, 1894, in the dusting and brushing processes for the removal of all superfluous dust, by the use of perforated benches or tables supplied with fans to carry the dust down through the apertures of such benches or tables, the under part of which must be boxed in.

4. _Sanitary Drink._--They shall provide a sufficient supply of approved sanitary drink, and shall cause the workpeople to take it.

5. _Medical Examination._--They shall arrange for a medical inspection of all persons employed, at least once a month.

They shall see that no female is employed without previous examination and a certificate of fitness from the medical attendant of the works.

They shall see that no person who has been absent from work through illness shall be re-employed without a medical certificate to the effect that he or she has recovered.

6. _Medical Attendance._--Upon any person employed in the works complaining of being unwell, the occupier shall, with the least possible delay, and at his own expense, give an order upon a doctor for professional attendance and medicine. It is to be understood that this rule will not apply to persons suffering from complaints which have not been contracted in the process of manufacture.

7. _Cloak-room._--They shall provide a place or places free from dust and damp in which the operatives can hang up the clothes in which they do not work.

(_It is recommended that they shall provide for each female before the day’s work begins some light refreshment, such as a half-pint of milk and a biscuit._)

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

8. _Respirators, Overalls, Head Coverings._--Every person to whom is supplied a respirator or overall and head covering shall wear the same when at the work for which such are provided.

9. _Washing._--Every person shall carefully clean and wash hands and face before meals and before leaving the works.

10. _Food._--No food shall be eaten by any person in any part of the works except in the apartment specially provided for the purpose.

11. _False Pretences._--No person may seek employment under an assumed name or under any false pretence.

Respirators { A good respirator is a cambric bag with or { without a thin flexible wire made to fit { over the nose.

Sanitary drink { Sulphate of magnesia 2 oz. suggested { Water 1 gallon. { Essence of lemon, sufficient to flavour.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such case the occupier also is liable to a penalty unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND CHINA.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. They shall provide suitable overalls and head coverings for all female workers employed in the dipping house or dippers’ drying room, or in any processes of ware cleaning after the dipper, glost placing, china scouring, ground laying or majolica painting (which overalls and head coverings shall remain the property of the employers), and shall make arrangements for the safe custody of all overalls and head coverings worn by their operatives, and for the safe delivery thereof at the works every seven days to the representatives of the laundry or wash-house which shall be selected by the operatives, for the purpose of washing the same. They shall also provide a place in which the above workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

2. They shall not allow any persons to cook or partake of any food, or to remain during meal times in the dipping house, dippers’ drying room, china scouring room, glost placers’ shop, ground laying shop, or majolica painting room.

3. In the process of towing of earthenware, they shall use fans or other mechanical means for the removal of all dust; in the process of scouring china, they shall, as far as practicable, use mechanical or other efficient means for the removal of flint; and in all processes and descriptions of manual labour, they shall, as far as practicable, adopt measures for the removal of dust, and for the prevention of any injurious effects arising therefrom, either by the use of mechanical fans, ventilation, or other efficient means.

4. They shall provide brooms, brushes, and all other necessaries for the daily sweeping of floors of workshops and of such stoves as are entered by the workers; and for the cleansing of work-benches and of stairs leading to workshops; and shall arrange that the floors of such workshops and stoves are sprinkled and swept every working day, and the scraps and dirt removed, and that work-benches and stairs are cleansed at least once a week. The daily sweeping of floors of potters’ shops shall be done after work has ceased for the day, unless there is some sufficient reason to the contrary.

5. They shall provide washing conveniences and a sufficient supply of water, soap, and nail-brushes for all workers employed in the dipping-house or dippers’ drying-room, or in any processes of ware cleaning after the dipper, glost placing, china scouring, ground laying, or majolica painting, as close as is practicable to the workshops.

6. All stoves, as well as all workshops and all parts of the factories, shall be effectually ventilated. Regard being had to the cubic capacity of the shops, etc., there shall be, wherever practicable, natural ventilation by doors and windows; and careful supervision of hot air and hot-water pipes used for heating, and of the consumption of gas. The required ventilation shall be accomplished by mechanical or other efficient means. The temperature of any workshop during working hours shall not be allowed to exceed 90 degrees (Fahrenheit).

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

7. Every person employed in the places and processes enumerated in Rule 1 shall wear an overall suit or head covering when at their work, and no such person shall remove such overall suit or head covering from the works at which they are employed so long as they shall continue in such employ.

8. Every person employed in the places or processes enumerated in Rule 5 shall carefully clean and wash his or her hands and face before meals and before leaving the works.

9. Every person employed in dipping, carrying ware from the dipper, cleaning ware after it has been dipped, glost placing, china scouring, ground laying, or majolica painting, shall during the meal times leave the shops in which those processes are carried on, and shall not cook or eat any food therein at any time.

10. The measures taken by the employers for the ventilation of the various workrooms and stoves, and for the removal of dust, shall not be in any way interfered with by the workpeople without the knowledge and concurrence of the employer or manager of the works.

11. Every male or female worker shall be responsible for the cleansing of that portion of the room in which he or she is employed, and shall see that the floors of shops and of such stoves as are entered by the workers, are sprinkled and swept, and the dust, scraps, ashes, and dirt be removed every day, and that the work-benches and stairs are cleansed at least once a week. The sweeping of floors and of potters’ shops shall be done after the working hours, unless there is some sufficient reason to the contrary, by an adult male, employed and paid by the workers and approved by the employer.

R. E. SPRAGUE ORAM, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

H. H. ASQUITH, _One of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State_.

Home Office, Whitehall 7th September 1894.

Form 254.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND CHINA.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Age._--After 1st August 1898, no person under 14 years of age, and after 1st August 1899, no person under 15 years of age, shall be employed in the

Dipping house, or Dippers’ drying room or in any processes of-- Ware cleaning after the dipper, Glost placing, Colour dusting, Ground laying, Majolica painting, Glaze blowing, Transfer making, or China scouring.

2. _Monthly Examination._--All women and young persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1 shall be examined once a month by the Certifying Surgeon for the District, who shall after 1st August, 1898, have power to order suspension from employment in any place or process named in Rule 1.

No person after such suspension shall be allowed to work in any of the places or processes named in Rule 1 without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

3. _Health Register._--A register, in the form which has been prescribed by the Secretary of State for use in earthenware and china works, shall be kept, and in it the Certifying Surgeon will enter the dates and results of his visits, the number of persons examined, and particulars of any directions given by him. This register shall contain a list of all persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1, and shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspector of Factories or by the Certifying Surgeon.

4. _Overalls and Head Coverings._--The occupier shall provide and maintain suitable overalls and head coverings for all women and young persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1.

All overalls and head coverings shall be kept (see form 254*) in proper custody, and all overalls shall be washed at least once a week, and suitable arrangements shall be made for carrying out these requirements.

A suitable place shall be provided in which the above workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

5. _Food._--No person shall be allowed to prepare or partake of any food or drink, or to remain during meal times, in the dipping house or dippers’ drying room, or in a place in which is carried on any process named in Rule 1.

The occupier shall make suitable provision to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the district for the accommodation during meal times of persons employed in such places or processes (see form 254*).

6. _Dust._--After 1st January 1899, the process of--

Towing of earthenware, China scouring, Ground laying, Colour dusting, Glaze blowing, or Transfer making,

shall not be carried on without the use of exhaust fans for the effectual removal of dust (see form 254*).

In the process of ware cleaning after the dipper, exhaust fans shall be used, or arrangements made for the dust to fall into water.

In all processes the occupier shall, as far as practicable, adopt efficient measures for the removal of dust and for the prevention of any injurious effects arising therefrom.

7. _Ventilation._--All drying stoves as well as all workshops and all parts of factories shall be effectually ventilated to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District.

8. _Lavatories._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient and suitable washing conveniences for all persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1, as near as is practicable to the places in which such persons are employed.

The washing conveniences shall comprise soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and at least one lavatory (see form 254*) basin for every five persons employed as above, and each such basin shall be fitted with waste-pipe, and have a constant supply of water laid on by tap.

9. _Cleansing of Work-places._--The occupier shall see that the requirements of Rule 16 are duly observed, and shall provide brushes and all other necessaries for the purpose.

10. _Boards._--The boards used in the dipping house, dippers’ drying room, or glost placing shop shall be cleansed every week, and shall not be used in any other department (see form 254*).

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

11. _Monthly Examination._--All women and young persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1 shall present themselves at the appointed time for examination by the Certifying Surgeon as provided in Rule 2.

No person after suspension by the Certifying Surgeon shall work in any of the places or processes named in Rule 1 without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

12. _Overalls._--Every person employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1 shall, when at work, wear an overall suit and head covering, which shall not be worn outside the factory or workshop, and which shall not be removed therefrom except for the purpose of being washed.

The overalls and head coverings, when not being worn, shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

Clothing put off during working hours shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

13. _Food._--No person shall remain during meal times in the dipping house, dippers’ drying room, or in any place in which is carried on any process named in Rule 1; or prepare or partake of any food or drink therein at any time.

14. _Ventilation. Dust._--No person shall in any way interfere, without the knowledge and concurrence of the occupier or manager, with the means and appliances provided by the employers for the ventilation of the workshops and stoves and for the removal of dust.

15. _Washing._--No person employed in any place or process named in Rule 1 shall leave the works or partake of meals without previously and carefully cleaning and washing his or her hands.

16. _Cleansing of Work-places._--The persons employed shall be responsible for the

daily sprinkling and sweeping of the floors of workshops and of such stoves as are entered by the workpeople; and for the

daily removal of dust, scraps, ashes, and dirt; and for the

weekly cleansing of work-benches and of stairs leading to workshops.

Each person shall be responsible for the cleansing of that portion of the room in which he or she is employed.

The sweeping of the floors of potters’ shops, stoves, dipping houses, and majolica painting rooms shall be done after working hours, by an adult male, employed and paid by the workers and approved by the employer.

17. _Boards._--The boards used in the dipping house, dipper’s drying room, or glost placing shop shall be cleansed every week, and shall not be used in any other department.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

May 1898.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such case the occupier also is liable to a penalty unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing, the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11).

Form 254*.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND CHINA.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Age._--After 1st August 1890, no person under 14 years of age, and after 1st August 1899, no person under 15 years of age, shall be employed in the

Dipping house, or Dipper’s drying room,

or in any processes of--

Ware cleaning after the dipper, Glost placing, Colour dusting, Ground laying, Majolica painting, Glaze blowing, Transfer making, or China scouring.

2. _Monthly Examination._--All women and young persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1 shall be examined once a month by the Certifying Surgeon for the district, who shall, after 1st August 1898, have power to order suspension from employment in any place or process named in Rule 1.

No person after such suspension shall be allowed to work in any of the places or processes named in Rule 1 without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

4. _Overalls and Head Coverings._--The occupier shall provide and maintain suitable overalls and head coverings for all women and young persons employed in the places and processes named in Rule 1.

All overalls and head coverings shall be kept by the occupier in proper custody and shall be washed at least once a week, and suitable arrangements shall be made for carrying out these requirements.

A suitable place shall be provided in which the above workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

The occupier shall make suitable provision to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District for the accommodation during meal times of persons employed in such place or processes, with a right of appeal to the Chief Inspector of Factories. Such accommodation to be provided in any room or rooms on the premises other than those referred to in Rule 13.

6. _Dust._--After 1st January 1899, the process of--

Towing of earthenware, China scouring, Ground laying, Colour dusting, Glaze blowing, or Transfer making,

shall not be carried on without the use of exhaust fans for the effectual removal of dust, or other efficient means for the effectual removal of dust, to be approved in each particular case by the Secretary of State, and under such conditions as he may from time to time prescribe.

In the process of ware cleaning after the dipper, exhaust fans shall be used, or arrangements made for the dust to fall into water.

In all processes the occupiers shall, as far as practicable, adopt efficient measures for the removal of dust and for the prevention of any injurious effects arising therefrom.

7. _Ventilation._--All drying stoves as well as all workshops and all parts of factories shall be effectually ventilated to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District.

The washing conveniences shall comprise soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and at least one wash-hand basin for every five persons employed as above, with a constant supply of water laid on, with one tap at least for every two basins, and conveniences for emptying the same and running off the waste water on the spot down a waste-pipe.

9. _Cleansing of Work-places._--The occupier shall see that the requirements of Rule 16 are duly observed, and shall provide brushes and all other necessaries for the purpose.

10. _Boards._--The boards used in the dipping house, dippers’ drying room, or glost placing shop shall be cleansed every week, and shall not be used in any other department, except after being cleansed.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

No person after suspension by the Certifying Surgeon shall work in any of the places or processes named in Rule 1 without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

The overalls and head coverings, when not being worn, shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

Clothing put off during working hours shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

15. _Washing._--No person employed in any place or process named in Rule 1 shall leave the works or partake of meals without previously and carefully cleaning and washing his or her hands.

16. _Cleansing of Work-places._--The persons employed shall be responsible for the

daily sprinkling and sweeping of the floors of workshops and of such stoves as are entered by the workpeople; and for the

daily removal of dust, scraps, ashes, and dirt; and for the

weekly cleansing of work-benches and of stairs leading to workshops.

Each person shall be responsible for the cleansing of that portion of the room in which he or she is employed.

17. _Boards._--The boards used in the dipping house, dippers’ drying room, or glost placing shop shall be cleansed every week, and shall not be used in any other department, except after being cleansed.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

October 1898.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such case the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 254A.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

MAKING TRANSFERS FOR EARTHENWARE AND CHINA.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Age._--No person under 15 years of age shall be employed in making Transfers for Earthenware or China.

2. _Monthly Examination._--All women and young persons employed shall be examined once a month by the Certifying Surgeon for the District, who shall, after 1st May 1899, have power to order suspension from employment.

No person after such suspension shall be allowed to work without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

4. _Health Register._--A register, in the form which has been prescribed by the Secretary of State for use in earthenware and china works, shall be kept, and in it the Certifying Surgeon will enter the dates and results of his visits, the number of persons examined, and particulars of any directions given by him. This register shall contain a list of all persons employed, and shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspector of Factories or by the Certifying Surgeon.

4. _Overalls and Head Coverings._--The occupier shall provide and maintain suitable overalls and head coverings for all women and young persons employed in rooms in which colour processes are carried on.

All overalls and head coverings shall be kept by the occupier in proper custody and shall be washed at least once a week, and suitable arrangements shall be made for carrying out these requirements.

A suitable place shall be provided in which the above workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

It shall be a sufficient compliance with the requirements of this rule as to head coverings if they are made of suitable glazed paper and renewed once a week. The head coverings shall be made so as completely to cover the hair, and to the satisfaction of the Inspector.

5. _Food._--No person shall be allowed to prepare or partake of any food or drink, or to remain during meal times, in any place in which is carried on the making of transfers.

The occupier shall make suitable provision, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District, for the accommodation during meal times of persons employed in such places or processes, with a right of appeal to the Chief Inspector of Factories.

6. _Dust._--Transfer making shall not be carried on without the use of exhaust fans for the effectual removal of dust, or other efficient means for the effectual removal of dust, to be approved in each particular case by the Secretary of State, and under such conditions as he may from time to time prescribe.

7. _Lavatories._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient and suitable washing conveniences for all persons employed, as near as is practicable to the places in which such persons are employed.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

8. _Monthly Examination._--All women and young persons employed shall present themselves at the appointed time for examination by the Certifying Surgeon as provided in Rule 2.

No person after suspension by the Certifying Surgeon shall work without the written sanction of the Certifying Surgeon.

9. _Overalls._--Every person employed in any room in which colour processes are carried on shall, when at work, wear an overall suit and head covering, which shall not be worn outside the factory or workshop, and which shall not be removed therefrom except for the purpose of being washed. All overalls and head coverings shall be washed or renewed at least once a week.

The overalls and head coverings, when not being worn, shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

Clothing put off during working hours shall be deposited in the place provided for the purpose under Rule 4.

10. _Food._--No person shall remain during meal times in any place in which is carried on the making of transfers; or prepare or partake of any food or drink therein at any time.

11. _Ventilation. Dust._--No person shall in any way interfere, without the knowledge and concurrence of the occupier or manager, with the means and appliances provided by the employers for the ventilation of the workshops and for the removal of dust.

12. _Washing._--No person employed shall leave the works or partake of meals without previously and carefully cleaning and washing his or her hands.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

January 1899.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Form 257.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

THE MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES IN WHICH DINITROBENZOLE IS USED.

1. No person to be employed without a medical certificate, stating that he or she is physically fit for such employment.

2. An examination of the workers at their work to be made at least once a fortnight by a Certifying Surgeon, who shall have power to order temporary suspension or total change of work for any person showing symptoms of suffering from the poison, or if after a fair trial he is of opinion that any person is by constitution unfit, he shall direct that such person shall cease to be employed.

3. A supply of fresh milk, and of any drug that the medical officer may consider desirable, shall be kept where the workers in his opinion may require it.

4. No meals to be taken in the workrooms.

5. There shall be provided separate lavatories for men and women, with a good supply of hot water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and whenever the skin has come in contact with dinitrobenzole, the part shall be immediately washed.

6. Overall suits and head coverings shall be supplied to all workers in shops where dinitrobenzole is used, these suits to be taken off or well brushed before meals and before leaving the works, and to be washed at least once a week.

7. Suitable respirators (capable of being washed), folds of linen, or woollen material of open texture, or other suitable material, shall be supplied to those workers liable to inhale dust, and the wearing of such respirators shall be urged where the workers derive benefit from their use.

8. Where dinitrobenzole has to be handled, the hands shall always be protected from direct contact with it, either by the use of indiarubber gloves (kept perfectly clean, especially in the inner side), or by means of rags which shall be destroyed immediately after use.

9. Where dinitrobenzole is broken by hand, the instrument used shall be a wooden bar, spade, or tool with a handle long enough to prevent the worker’s face from coming into near contact with the material.

10. In all rooms or sheds in which the process, either of purifying, grinding, mixing materials of which dinitrobenzole forms a part, is carried on, efficient “cowls,” ventilating shafts, and mechanical ventilating fans shall be provided to carry off the dust or fumes generated.

11. Drying stoves shall be efficiently ventilated, and, when possible, be charged and drawn at fixed times, and a free current of air shall be admitted for some time prior to the workers entering to draw either a part or the whole of the contents.

12. In the process of filling cartridges, the material shall not be touched by hand, but suitable scoops shall be used, and where patent ventilated cartridge filling machines are not used, there shall be efficient mechanical ventilation arranged in such a manner that the suction shall draw the fumes or dust away from and not across or over the faces of the workers.

13. A register, in a prescribed form, shall be kept, and it shall be the duty of a responsible person named by the firm to enter, at least once a week, a statement that he has personally satisfied himself that each and all of the special rules have been observed, or if not, the reasons for such non-observance. The Surgeon to enter in this register the dates of his visits, the results of such visits, and any requirement made by him.

14. The “dipping” rooms to be efficiently ventilated.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Form 250.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

CHEMICAL WORKS.

1. _Uncovered Pots and Pans._--In future every uncovered pot, pan, or other structure containing liquid of a dangerous character, shall be so constructed as to be at least 3 feet in height above the ground or platform. Those already in existence which are less than 3 feet in height, or in cases where it is proved to the satisfaction of an inspector that a height of 3 feet is impracticable, shall be securely fenced.

2. There shall be a clear space round such pots, pans, or other structures, or where any junction exists a barrier shall be so placed as to prevent passage.

3. _Caustic Pots._--Caustic pots shall be of such construction that there shall be no footing on the top or sides of the brickwork, and dome-shaped lids shall be used where possible.

4. _Planks and Gangways._--No unfenced planks or gangways shall be placed across open pots, pans, or other structures containing liquid of a dangerous character. This rule shall not apply to black ash vats where the vats themselves are otherwise securely fenced.

5. _Respirators._--Suitable respirators shall be provided for the use of the workers in places where poisonous gases or injurious dust may be inhaled.

6. _Lighting._--The lighting of all dangerous places shall be made thoroughly efficient.

7. _Syringes or Wash-bottles._--Every place where caustic soda or caustic potash is manufactured shall be supplied with syringes or wash-bottles, which shall be enclosed in covered boxes fixed in convenient places, in the proportion of one to every four caustic pots. They shall be of suitable form and size, and be kept full of clean water. Similar appliances shall be provided wherever, in the opinion of an inspector, they may be desirable.

8. _Overalls, Bath._--Overalls, kept in a cleanly state, shall be provided for all workers in any room where chlorate of potash or other chlorate is ground. In every such room a bath shall be kept ready for immediate use.

In every chlorate mill, tallow or other suitable lubricant shall be used instead of oil.

9. _Respirators._--Respirators charged with moist oxide of iron or other suitable substance, shall be kept in accessible places ready for use in cases of emergency arising from sulphuretted hydrogen or other poisonous gases.

10. _Salt Cake Departments._--In salt cake departments suitable measures shall be adopted by maintaining a proper draught, and by other means, to obviate the escape of low-level gases.

11. _Weldon Bleaching Powder Chambers._--Weldon bleaching powder chambers, after the free gas has, as far as may be practicable, been drawn off or absorbed by fresh lime, shall, before being opened, be tested by the standard recognised under the Alkali Act. Such tests shall be duly entered in a register kept for the purpose.

All chambers shall be ventilated, as far as possible, when packing is being carried on, by means of open doors on opposite sides and openings in the roof, so as to allow of a free current of air.

12. _Co-operation of Workers: Penalty._--In cases where the co-operation of the workers is required for carrying out the foregoing rules, and where such co-operation is not given, the workers shall be held liable in accordance with the Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, section 9, which runs as follows:--“If any person who is bound to observe any special rules, established for any factory or workshop under this Act, acts in contravention of, or fails to comply with, any such special rule, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding two pounds.”

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Form 260.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_AMENDED SPECIAL RULES for Chemical Works in which is carried on the_ MANUFACTURE OF BICHROMATE OR CHROMATE OF POTASSIUM OR SODIUM.

_In these Rules “persons employed in a chrome process” means a person who is employed in any work involving contact with chromate or bichromate of potassium or sodium, or involving exposure to dust or fumes arising from the manufacture thereof._

_Any approval given by the Chief Inspector in pursuance of Rule 10 shall be given in writing, and may at any time be revoked by notice in writing signed by him._

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Open Pans, &c., containing Dangerous Liquid._--No uncovered pot, pan, or other structure containing liquid of a dangerous character shall be so constructed as to be less than 3 feet in height above the adjoining ground or platform.

This Rule shall not apply to any pot, pan, or other structure constructed before 1st January 1899, or in which a height of 3 feet is impracticable by reason of the nature of the work to be carried on: provided in either case that the structure is securely fenced.

2. There shall be a clear space round all pots, pans, or other structures containing liquid of a dangerous character, except where any junction exists, in which case a barrier shall be so placed as to prevent passage.

3. No unfenced plank or gangway shall be placed across any pot, pan, or other structure containing liquid of a dangerous character.

4. _Lighting._--The lighting of all dangerous places shall be made thoroughly efficient.

5. _Grinding, Separating, and Mixing of Raw Materials._--The grinding, separating, and mixing of the raw materials (including chrome ironstone, lime, and sodium and potassium carbonate) shall not be done without such appliances as will prevent, as far as possible, the entrance of dust into the workrooms.

6. _Batches._--“Batches,” when withdrawn from the furnaces, shall either be placed in the keaves or vats while still warm, or be allowed to cool in barrows or other receptacles.

7. _Evaporating Vessels._--Evaporating vessels shall be covered in, and shall be provided with ventilating shafts to carry the steam into the outside air.

8. _Packing and Crushing of Bichromate._--Packing or crushing of bichromate of potassium or sodium shall not be done except under conditions which secure either the entire absence of dust or its effectual removal by means of a fan.

9. _Age._--No child or young person shall be employed in a chrome process.

10. _Monthly Medical Examination. Suspension._--(_a_) The occupier shall, subject to the approval of the Chief Inspector, appoint a duly qualified medical practitioner (in these Rules referred to as the Appointed Surgeon), who shall examine all persons employed in chrome processes at least once in every month, and shall undertake any necessary medical treatment of disease contracted in consequence of such employment, and shall, after the 30th day of April 1900, have power to suspend any such person from work in any place or process.

(_b_) No person after such suspension shall be employed in any chrome process without the written sanction of the Appointed Surgeon.

_Health Register._--(_c_) A register shall be kept in a form approved by the Chief Inspector, and shall contain a list of all persons employed in any chrome process. The Appointed Surgeon shall enter in the register the dates and results of his examinations of the persons employed and particulars of any treatment prescribed by him. The register shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspectors of Factories or by the Appointed Surgeon.

11. _Requisites for treating slight Wounds and Ulcers._--Requisites (approved by the Appointed Surgeon) for treating slight wounds and ulcers shall be kept at hand and be placed in charge of a responsible person.

12. _Overalls and Respirators._--The occupier shall provide sufficient and suitable overall suits for the use of all persons engaged in the processes of grinding the raw materials; and sufficient and suitable overall suits or other adequate means of protection, approved in writing by the Appointed Surgeon, for the use of all persons engaged in the crystal department or in packing.

Respirators approved by the Appointed Surgeon shall be provided for the use of all persons employed in packing or crushing bichromate of sodium or potassium.

At the end of every day’s work they shall be collected and kept in proper custody in a suitable place set apart for the purpose.

The overalls and respirators shall be thoroughly washed or renewed every week.

13. _Cloak-room._--The occupier shall provide and maintain a cloak-room in which workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

14. _Lavatory._--The occupier shall provide and maintain a lavatory for the use of the persons employed in chrome processes, with soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and a constant supply of hot and cold water laid on to each basin. There shall be at least one lavatory basin for every five persons employed in the crystal department and in packing. Each such basin shall be fitted with a waste-pipe, or shall be placed in a trough fitted with a waste-pipe.

15. _Baths._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient baths and dressing-rooms for all persons employed in chrome processes, with hot and cold water laid on, and a sufficient supply of soap and towels; and shall cause each person employed in the crystal department and in packing to take a bath once a week at the factory.

_Bath Register._--A bath register shall be kept containing a list of all persons employed in the crystal department and in packing, and an entry of the date when each person takes a bath.

The bath register shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspectors of Factories.

16. _Cleaning of Floors, &c._--The floors, stairs, and landings shall be cleaned daily.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

17. _Batches._--No person shall deposit a “batch” when withdrawn from the furnace upon the floor nor transfer it to the keaves or vats otherwise than as prescribed in Rule 6.

18. _Packing and Crushing of Bichromate._--No person shall pack or crush bichromate of potassium or sodium otherwise than as prescribed in Rule 8.

19. _Medical Examination._--(_a_) Every person employed in a chrome process shall present himself at the appointed times for examination by the Appointed Surgeon as provided in Rule 10.

(_b_) After the 30th day of April 1900, no person suspended by the Appointed Surgeon shall work in a chrome process without his written sanction.

20. _Overalls._--Every person engaged in the processes of grinding the raw materials shall wear an overall suit, and every person engaged in the crystal department or in packing shall wear an overall suit or other adequate means of protection approved by the Appointed Surgeon.

_Respirators._--Every person employed in packing or crushing bichromate of sodium or potassium shall in addition wear a respirator while so occupied.

21. _Washing._--Every person employed in the processes named in Rule 20 shall before leaving the premises deposit the overalls and respirators in the place appointed by the occupier for the purpose, and shall thoroughly wash face and hands in the lavatory.

22. _Bathing._--Every person employed in the crystal department and in packing shall take a bath at the factory at least once a week; and, having done so, he shall at once sign his name in the bath register, with the date.

23. _Neglect to be Reported._--The foreman shall report to the manager any instance coming under his notice of a workman neglecting to observe these Rules.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _Chief Inspector of Factories_.

M. W. RIDLEY, _One of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State_.

February 1900.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form No. 261.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

RED AND ORANGE LEAD WORKS.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

_Drawing._--In drawing charges of massicot, or of red lead, or of orange lead, from the furnace they shall not allow the charges of massicot, or of red lead, or of orange lead, to be discharged on to the floor of the factory or workshop, but shall arrange that it be shovelled, not raked, into waggons.

_Packing._--They shall arrange that no red or orange lead shall be packed in the room or rooms where the manufacture is actually carried on.

They shall arrange that no red or orange lead shall be packed in casks or other receptacles except in a place provided with a hood connected with a fan, or shall provide other suitable means to create an effective draught.

_Washing Conveniences._--They shall provide sufficient bath accommodation for all persons employed in the manipulation of red and orange lead, and lavatories, with a good supply of hot water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels for the use of such persons.

_Monthly Examination._--They shall arrange for a monthly visit by a medical man, who shall examine every worker individually, and who shall enter the result of each examination in a register book to be provided by the said occupiers.

_Sanitary Drink._--They shall provide a sufficient supply of approved sanitary drink for the workers.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

“If any person who is bound to observe any special rules established for any factory or workshop under this Act, acts in contravention of, or fails to comply with, any such special rule, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding two pounds.”

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Form 263.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

YELLOW LEAD.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels.

They shall provide respirators and overall suits for the persons employed in all dry processes.

They shall provide fans or other suitable means of ventilation wherever dust is generated in the process of manufacture.

They shall provide a sufficient supply of Epsom salts and of an approved sanitary drink.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

In cases where the co-operation of the workers is required for carrying out the foregoing rules, and where such co-operation is not given, the workers shall be held liable, in accordance with the Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Section 9, which runs as follows:--

Respirators { A good respirator is a cambric bag with or without { a thin flexible wire made to fit over the nose. Sanitary drink { Sulphate of magnesia 2 oz. suggested { Water 1 gallon. { Essence of lemon, sufficient to flavour.

B. A. WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Form 264.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

LEAD SMELTING WORKS.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

They shall provide respirators and overall suits for the use of all persons employed in cleaning the flues, and take means to see that the same are used.

They shall arrange that no person be allowed to remain at work more than two hours at a time in a flue. (A rest of half-an-hour before re-entering will be deemed sufficient.)

They shall provide sufficient bath accommodation for all persons employed in cleaning the flues, and every one so employed shall take a bath before leaving the works.

They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

B. A. WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Form 268.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES, only applicable to works in which_ LEAD OR ARSENIC IS USED IN THE TINNING AND ENAMELLING OF IRON HOLLOW WARE.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

They shall provide washing conveniences with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels; and take measures to secure that every worker wash face and hands before meals and before leaving the works.

They shall see that no food is eaten in any room where the process of tinning or enamelling is carried on.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

In cases where the co-operation of the workers is required for carrying out the foregoing rules, and where such co-operation is not given, the workers shall be held liable in accordance with the Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Section 9, which runs as follows:--“If any person who is bound to observe any special rules established for any factory or workshop under this Act, acts in contravention of, or fails to comply with, any such special rule, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding two pounds.”

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Form 266.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_AMENDED SPECIAL RULES._

SPINNING AND WEAVING OF FLAX.

WEAVING SHEDS

(in which artificial humidity is produced).

_Ventilation._--An efficient 14-inch extracting fan shall be provided for every 2500 square feet of floor surface, such ventilation to be arranged to the satisfaction of the Inspector of Factories, and to be kept in operation during working hours.

_Humidity._--In every weaving factory where artificial humidity is produced, there shall be provided, maintained, and kept in correct working order two sets of standardised wet and dry bulb thermometers. A difference of at least two degrees shall be kept during working hours between the wet and dry bulbs (_e.g._, Dry Bulb 75, Wet Bulb 73).

(1.) One set of thermometers is to be fixed in the centre and one at the side of the factory, or in such other position as may be directed or sanctioned by an Inspector of Factories, so as to be plainly visible to the operatives.

(2.) The occupier or manager, or person for the time being in charge of each factory, shall read the thermometers twice in the day, viz., between ten o’clock and eleven o’clock in the forenoon, and between three o’clock and four o’clock in the afternoon, on every day that any operatives are employed in the factory, and shall record the readings of each thermometer at each of such times on a form provided for the purpose for each set of thermometers, in the form and in accordance with the regulations contained in Schedule B. of the Cotton Cloth Factories Act, 1889, and the readings indicated at any time by the said thermometers shall be taken to represent the actual humidity of the room at such time.

(3.) The form in which the readings of each thermometer provided for in sub-section (ii.) of this section are to be recorded shall be kept hung up near the thermometers; and after being duly filled up, shall be forwarded at the end of each month to the Inspector of the District, and a copy shall be kept at the factory for reference.

WET SPINNING ROOMS.

_Overalls._--Where splashboards are not provided, waterproof overalls or aprons shall be provided by the occupier for all the workers, such overalls or aprons to be sufficient to protect the lower part of the chest to the satisfaction of the Inspector.

_Troughs._--The lids of the troughs shall be kept in perfect repair to check escape of steam.

_Floors._--Floors shall be kept in sound condition so as to prevent retention or accumulation of water.

The same rules shall be adopted with respect to humidity as are required in the weaving sheds.

WET SPINNING ROOMS AND WEAVING FACTORIES.

_Steam-Pipes._--Whenever steam is injected into any room, the pipes conveying the same shall be jacketed with non-conducting composition to the satisfaction of the Inspector of Factories.

ROUGHING AND SORTING AND HAND HACKLING ROOMS.

_Fans._--Exhaust fans shall be provided so as to draw the dust forward and down from the face of the worker, unless some other arrangement shall be found equally effective, to the satisfaction of the Factory Inspector.

_Respirators._--Respirators shall be provided for the use of the workers, if children or young persons, and be worn by them at work.

MACHINE HACKLING ROOMS.

Preparation and Card Rooms.

_Fans._--Exhaust fans shall be provided on the side of the room where the machines are, and inlets provided from 6 to 7 feet from the ground on the opposite side, unless some other arrangement of such fens shall be found equally effective.

_Respirators._--Respirators shall be provided for the use of the workers, if children or young persons, and be worn by them at work.

DRESSING ROOMS.

_Ventilation._--Dressing rooms must be ventilated so as to render harmless any gas, vapour, or other impurities.

B. A. WHITELEGGE, _Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Factories_.

M. W. RIDLEY, _One of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State_.

HOME OFFICE, 18th April 1896.

Form 270.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

FACTORIES OR WORKSHOPS IN WHICH YELLOW CHROMATE OF LEAD IS USED, OR IN WHICH GOODS DYED WITH IT UNDERGO THE PROCESSES OF BUNDLING OR NODDLING, WINDING, REELING, WEAVING, OR ANY OTHER TREATMENT.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels.

They shall provide respirators and overall suits for the persons employed in all dry processes.

They shall provide fans or other suitable means of ventilation wherever dust is generated in the process of manufacture.

They shall provide a sufficient supply of Epsom salts and of the sanitary drink mentioned below, or some other approved by H.M. Inspector of Factories.

Respirators { A good respirator is a cambric bag with or without a { thin flexible wire made to fit over the nose. Sanitary drink { Sulphate of magnesia 2 oz. { Water 1 gallon. { Essence of lemon, sufficient to flavour.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

Every person to whom is supplied a respirator or overall suit shall wear the same when at the special work for which such are provided.

Every person shall carefully clean and wash hands and face before meals and before leaving the works.

No food shall be eaten in any part of the works in which yellow chromate of lead is used in the manufacture.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

Under Section 9, Factory Act, 1891, any person who is bound to observe any special rules is liable to penalties for non-compliance with such special rules.

Form 271.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

MIXING AND CASTING OF BRASS AND OF CERTAIN OTHER ALLOYS.

_SPECIAL RULES._

Under Section 8 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, and Section 28 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1895, for the processes in the mixing and casting of Brass, Gun Metal, Bell Metal, White Metal, Delta Metal, Phosphor Bronze, and Manilla Mixture.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. They shall provide adequate means for facilitating, as far as possible, the emission or escape from the shop of any noxious fumes or dust arising from the above-named processes. Such means shall include the provision of traps or of louvre gratings in the roof or ceiling of any shop in which such processes, or either of them, is or are carried on; or in case of a mixing or casting shop which is situated under any other shop, there shall be provided an adequate flue or shaft (other than any flue or shaft in connection with a furnace or fireplace) to carry any fumes from the mixing or casting shop, by or through any such shop that may be situated above it.

2. They shall cause all such mixing or casting shops, whether defined as Factories or as Workshops under the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, to be cleaned down and limewashed once at least within every twelve months, or once within every six months if so required by notice in writing from H.M. Inspector of Factories and Workshops, dating from the time when these were last thus cleaned down and limewashed; and they shall record the dates of such cleaning down and lime-washing in a prescribed form of register.

3. They shall provide a sufficient supply of metal basins, water, and soap, for the use of all persons employed in such mixing or casting shops.

4. They shall not employ, or allow within their Factory or Workshop the employment of, any Woman or Female Young Person, in any process whatever, in any such mixing or casting shop, or in any portion thereof which is not entirely separated by a partition extending from the floor to the ceiling.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

5. They shall not partake of, or cook any food in any such mixing or casting shop, within a period of at least Ten Minutes after the completion of the last pouring of metal in that shop.

B. A. WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

July 10, 1896.

_Note._--WOMEN and PERSONS under 18 YEARS OF AGE are by the 39th section of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, expressly FORBIDDEN either to TAKE A MEAL or to REMAIN in any casting shop during the time stated on the Notice affixed in the factory or workshop as being allowed for meals; and the obligation of enforcing this section rests with the occupier.

* * * * *

These Rules are required to be posted up in conspicuous places in the Factory or Workshop to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who wilfully injures or defaces them is liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, section 11). Occupiers of factories and workshops, and persons employed therein, who are bound to observe any special rules, are liable to penalties for non-compliance with the same. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 272.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

WOOL SORTING.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. Bales of wool or hair shall, whenever opened for the purpose of being sorted, be so opened by men skilled in judging of the quality and condition of the material.

2. All Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, and Camel Hair shall be opened over a fan with a downward draught, in a room specially set apart for the purpose, separate and distinct from any sorting-room and from any room in which work (other than opening) is carried on.

3. Van Mohair shall be washed and sorted while damp, if sorted at all.

Persian shall be washed or disinfected as far as possible before being sorted.

Damaged wool or hair, fallen fleeces and foreign skin-wool or hair of the descriptions named in Rules 2 and 4 shall be washed before being sorted.

4. No Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, Camel Hair, or Mohair shall be sorted except in rooms provided with extracting fans, so arranged that each sorting-board shall be independently connected with the extracting shaft by means of a funnel-shaped opening not less than ten inches across at the top, in such manner that the dust may be drawn downwards. The draught shall be maintained in constant efficiency while the sorters are at work, and shall be such that not less than 75 cubic feet of air per minute are drawn by the fan from beneath each sorting-board.

The extracting shaft shall be cleaned out at least once in each week.

5. The dust collected by the fan shall be discharged into properly constructed receptacles, and not into the open air. This dust, together with the sweepings from the floors and walls of the sorting-room, and from under the sorting-boards, shall be removed at least twice a week, and burnt. All pieces of skin, scab, and clippings or “shearlings” shall be removed daily from the sorting-rooms, and be disinfected or destroyed. All bags in which dangerous wool or hair has been imported shall be picked clean and not brushed.

6. No person having any open cut or sore upon any part of his body shall be allowed to sort.

7. Proper provision shall be made for the keeping of the sorter’s clothing and food outside of the sorting-room. No meals shall be allowed to be taken in the sorting-room.

During meal hours the windows shall be kept open.

8. No bale wool or hair shall be stored in a sorting-room, nor wool of any description, unless the same be effectually screened off from the sorting-room. An air space of at least 1000 cubic feet shall be allowed for each sorter, exclusive of any portion screened off.

9. The floor of the sorting-room shall be thoroughly sprinkled daily with a disinfectant solution, and swept daily (immediately after sprinkling) after the work is done.

10. The walls and ceilings of the sorting-room shall be limewashed at least once a year.

11. Requisites for treating scratches and slight wounds shall be kept at hand.

12. Proper and sufficient appliances for washing, including basins, water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels, shall be provided in or near the sorting rooms, for the use of the sorters.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

13. If, on opening a bale of wool or hair, any fallen fleece or damaged material is discovered, the person opening the bale shall report the discovery immediately to the foreman.

14. Every sorter having an open cut or sore on any part of his body shall immediately report the fact to the foreman.

15. No sorter shall keep in the sorting-room coats or other articles of clothing besides those he is wearing. No meals shall be taken in the sorting-room.

16. If the draught at any sorting-board, or the fan or any other appliance necessary to the production of such draught, is found to be out of order, the sorter, or any other person becoming aware of the defect, shall report it to the foreman at once.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

October 1897.

_Note._--These Rules are required to be posted up in conspicuous places in the Factory or Workshop to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who wilfully injures or defaces them is liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds. Occupiers of factories and workshops, and persons employed therein, who are bound to observe these Rules, are liable to penalties in case of non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 272A.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

WOOL SORTING.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. Bales of wool or hair shall, whenever opened for the purpose of being sorted, be so opened by men skilled in judging of the quality and condition of the material.

2. All Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, and Camel Hair shall be opened over a fan with a downward draught, in a room specially set apart for the purpose, separate and distinct from any sorting-room, and from any room in which work (other than opening) is carried on. All Persian shall be opened and sorted in a room specially set apart for this purpose.

3. Van Mohair shall be washed and sorted while damp, if sorted at all.

Damaged wool or hair, fallen fleeces and foreign skin-wool or hair of the descriptions named in Rules 2 and 4 shall be washed before being sorted.

The extracting shaft shall be cleaned out at least once in each week.

5. The dust collected by the fan from the sorting-boards shall be discharged into properly constructed receptacles, and not into the open air. This dust, together with the sweepings from the floors and walls of the sorting-room, and from under the sorting-boards, shall be removed at least twice a week, and burnt. All pieces of skin, scab, and clippings or “shearlings” shall be removed daily from the sorting-rooms, and be disinfected or destroyed. All bags in which dangerous wool or hair has been imported shall be picked clean and not brushed.

6. No person having any open cut or sore upon any part of his body shall be allowed to sort.

7. Proper provision shall be made for the keeping of the sorter’s clothing and food outside of the sorting-room. No meals shall be allowed to be taken in the sorting-room.

During meal hours the windows shall be kept open.

8. No bale wool or hair shall be stored in a sorting-room, nor wool of any description unless the same be effectually screened off from the sorting-room. An air space of at least 1000 cubic feet shall be allowed for each sorter, exclusive of any portion screened off.

9. The floor of the sorting-room shall be thoroughly sprinkled daily with a disinfectant solution, and swept daily (immediately after sprinkling) after the work is done.

10. The walls and ceilings of the sorting-room shall be limewashed at least once a year.

11. Requisites for treating scratches and slight wounds shall be kept at hand.

12. Proper and sufficient appliances for washing, including basins, water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels, shall be provided in or near the sorting-rooms, for the use of the sorters.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

13. If, on opening a bale of wool or hair, any fallen fleece or damaged material is discovered, the person opening the bale shall report the discovery immediately to the foreman.

14. Every sorter having an open cut or sore on any part of his body shall immediately report the fact to the foreman.

15. No sorter shall keep in the sorting-room coats or other articles of clothing besides those he is wearing. No meals shall be taken in the sorting-room.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

April 1898.

Form 273.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

BOTTLING OF AERATED WATER.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

1. _Face-guards._--They shall provide all bottlers with faceguards, masks, or veils of wire gauze.

They shall provide all wirers, sighters, and labellers with faceguards, masks, or veils of wire gauze, or goggles.

2. _Gauntlets._--They shall provide all bottlers with full-length gauntlets for both arms.

They shall provide all wirers, sighters, and labellers with gauntlets for both arms, protecting at least half of the palm and the space between the thumb and forefinger.

3. _Fencing._--They shall cause all machines for bottling to be so constructed, so placed, or so fenced, as to prevent as far as possible, during the operation of filling or corking, a fragment of a bursting bottle from striking any bottler, wirer, sighter, labeller, or washer.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

4. _Face-guards._--All bottlers shall, while at work, wear faceguards, masks, or veils of wire gauze.

All wirers, sighters, and labellers shall, while at work, wear faceguards, masks, or veils of wire gauze, or goggles; except labellers when labelling bottles standing in cases.

5. _Gauntlets._--All bottlers shall, while at work, wear on both arms full-length gauntlets. All wirers, sighters, and labellers shall, while at work, wear on both arms gauntlets protecting at least half of the palm and the space between the thumb and forefinger; except labellers when labelling bottles standing in cases.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

August 1897.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the Factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed.

Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such case the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 274.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

VULCANISING OF INDIA-RUBBER BY MEANS OF BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS.

1. No child or young person shall be employed in any room in which bisulphide of carbon is used.

2. After May 1st, 1898, no person shall be employed for more than five hours in any day in a room in which bisulphide of carbon is used, nor for more than two-and-a-half hours at a time without an interval of at least an hour.

3. In vulcanising waterproof cloth by means of bisulphide of carbon--

(_a_) the trough containing the bisulphide of carbon shall be self-feeding and covered over;

(_b_) the cloth shall be conveyed to and from the drying chamber by means of an automatic machine;

(_c_) no person shall be allowed to enter the drying chamber in the ordinary course of work;

(_d_) the machine shall be covered over, and the fumes drawn away from the workers by means of a downward suction fan maintained in constant efficiency.

4. Dipping shall not be done except in boxes so arranged that a suction fan shall draw the fumes away from the workers.

5. No food shall be allowed to be eaten in any room in which bisulphide of carbon is used.

6. A suitable place for meals shall be provided.

7. All persons employed in rooms in which bisulphide of carbon is used shall be examined once a month by the Certifying Surgeon for the district, who shall, after May 1st, 1898, have power to order temporary or total suspension from work.

8. No person shall be employed in any room in which bisulphide of carbon is used, contrary to the direction of the Certifying Surgeon given as above.

9. A Register in the form which has been prescribed by the Secretary of State for use in Indiarubber Works shall be kept, and in it the Certifying Surgeon will enter the dates and result of his visits, with the number of persons examined, and particulars of any directions given by him. This Register shall contain a list of all persons employed in rooms in which bisulphide of carbon is used, and shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspector of Factories or by the Certifying Surgeon.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

10. No person shall enter the drying room in the ordinary course of work, or perform dipping except in boxes provided with a suction fan carrying the fumes away from the workers.

11. No person shall take any food in any room in which bisulphide of carbon is used.

12. After May 1st, 1898, no person shall, contrary to the direction of the Certifying Surgeon, given in pursuance of Rule 7, work in any room in which bisulphide of carbon is used.

13. All persons employed in rooms in which bisulphide of carbon is used shall present themselves for periodic examination by the Certifying Surgeon, as provided in Rule 7.

14. It shall be the duty of all persons employed to report immediately to the employer or foreman any defect which they may discover in the working of the fan or in any appliance required by these rules.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

1897.

Form 343.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

DRY AND DRYSALTED FOREIGN HIDES AND SKINS, AND DRY AND DRYSALTED EAST INDIAN HIDES AND SKINS.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIER.

1. _Protection for Neck, Arms, and Hands._--Efficient means of protection for the neck, arms, and hands shall be provided for the use of all persons employed in unpacking, sorting, packing, handling, or carrying any dry or drysalted foreign or East Indian hides or skins.

2. _Storage of Food and Clothing._--Proper provision, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District, shall be made for the keeping of the workmen’s food and clothing outside any room or shed in which any of the above described hides or skins are unpacked, sorted, packed, or stored.

_Meals._--No meals shall be allowed to be taken in any such room or shed.

3. _Washing._--Proper and sufficient appliances for washing, comprising soap, basins with water laid on, nail-brushes and towels, shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workmen, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector in charge of the District.

4. _Dressings._--Sticking plaster, and other requisites for treating scratches and slight wounds, shall be kept at hand, available for the use of the persons employed.

5. _Wounds._--No person having any open cut, scratch, or sore upon face, head, neck, arm, or hand shall be allowed to work on the premises until the wound is healed, or completely covered by a proper dressing after being thoroughly washed.

6. _Note to be Exhibited._--A copy of the appended notes shall be kept affixed with the Rules.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

7. _Protection for Neck, Arms, and Hands._--Each person whilst engaged in unpacking, sorting, packing, handling, or carrying any dry or drysalted foreign or East Indian hides or skins shall use the means of protection provided by the Occupier in pursuance of Rule 1.

8. _Storage of Food and Clothing._--No workman shall keep any food, or any articles of clothing other than those he is wearing, in any room or shed in which any dry or drysalted foreign or East Indian hides or skins are handled.

He shall not take any food in any such room or shed.

9. _Wounds._--Every workman having any open cut or scratch or raw surface however trifling, upon his face, head, neck, arm, or hand, shall immediately report the fact to the foreman, and shall not work on the premises until the wound is healed, or is completely covered by a proper dressing after being thoroughly washed.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

August 1899.

_Note 1._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

_Note 2._--_Nature of the Disease._--The danger against which these Rules are directed is that of anthrax--a fatal disease affecting certain animals, which may be conveyed from them to man by the handling of hides of animals which have died of the disease. The germs of the disease (anthrax spores) are found in the dust and in the substance of the hide, and may remain active for years. In this country anthrax is rare, and precautions are taken to prevent infected hides from coming into the market, consequently there is little danger in handling the hides slaughtered in the United Kingdom: but in Russia, China, and the East Indies, and in many other parts of the world, the disease is common, and infected hides (which do not differ from others in appearance) are often shipped to British ports. Hence in handling foreign dry hides the above Rules should be carefully observed. Wet salted hides are free from dust, and less risk is incurred in handling them.

The disease is communicated to man sometimes by breathing or swallowing the dust from an infected hide, but much more usually by the poison lodging in some point where the skin is broken: such as a fresh scratch or cut, or a scratched pimple, or even chapped hands. This happens most readily on the uncovered parts of the body, the hand, arm, face, and most frequently of all on the neck; owing either to an infected hide rubbing against the bare skin, or to dust from such a hide alighting on the raw surface. Hence the necessity for the coverings required by the Rules. But a raw surface covered by clothing is not free from risk, for dust lodging upon the clothes may sooner or later work its way to the skin beneath. Infection may also be brought about by rubbing or scratching a pimple with hand or nail carrying the anthrax poison.

The first symptom of anthrax is usually a small inflamed swelling like a pimple or boil, often quite painless, which extends, and in a few days becomes black at the centre and surrounded by other “pimples.” The poison is now liable to be absorbed into the system and will cause risk to life, which can be avoided only by prompt and effective medical treatment in the early stage while the poison is still confined to the pimple. Hence it is of the utmost importance that a doctor should _at once_ be consulted if there is any suspicion of infection.

Form 383.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

WOOL-COMBING.

_For the purpose of Rules 1, 2, 12, and 13, “opening” of any wool or hair means the opening of the fleece, or, if it be not in the fleece, the opening out for looking over, or classing purposes._

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS.

1. _Opening._--No Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, or Camel Hair shall be opened except--

(_a_) after steeping in water, or (_b_) over an efficient opening board.

For the purposes of this Rule, no opening board shall be considered efficient unless, over a central area of four square feet, the linear velocity of air passing through the screen shall average at least 150 feet per minute for each square foot, the measurements to be taken on a uniform system approved by H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories; and no opening board shall have an area of less than seven square feet.

2. All badly-damaged wool or hair, fallen fleeces, and skin, wool, or hair of the kinds named in Rule 1, shall be opened by an experienced man in the manner prescribed in Rule 1, and damped with a disinfectant and then washed without being willowed.

3. Every bale of Van Mohair shall be steeped in water before being opened.

4. _Willowing._--No Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, Camel Hair, or Mohair shall be willowed except in a separate room provided with an efficient exhaust fan so arranged as to draw the dust away from the workmen and prevent it from entering the air of the room.

No wool or hair shall be stored in a willowing room.

The floor of every such room shall be sprinkled daily with a disinfectant solution and swept immediately after sprinkling.

The walls and ceilings of every such room shall be limewashed at least once a year and swept down at least once a month.

5. _Dust._--The dust collected by the willows or other dust extracting machines and from the opening boards shall be discharged into properly constructed receptacles, and not into the open air. This dust shall be removed at least once a week.

6. _Storage of Clothing and Food._--Suitable provision shall be made for keeping the clothing and food of all persons who are employed in the warehouse, or in any room in which is carried on willowing or opening, or any other process through which the wool or hair passes before being washed.

7. _Wounds._--No person having any open cut or sore upon any part of the body shall be employed in a place specified in Rule 6.

8. _Meals._--No person shall be allowed to prepare or partake of any food in a place specified in Rule 6, or in a carding room.

9. _Lavatories._--Sufficient and suitable washing conveniences shall be provided and maintained for all persons employed in the places specified in Rule 6.

The washing conveniences shall comprise soap, nail-brushes, and towels, and at least one wash-hand basin for every five persons employed as above, each basin being fitted with a waste-pipe and having a constant supply of water laid on.

10. _Dressings._--Requisites for treating scratches and slight wounds shall be kept at hand.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

11. _Opening._--If, on opening a bale, any fallen fleeces or damaged material is discovered, the person opening the bale shall report the discovery immediately to the foreman.

12. No Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, or Camel Hair shall be opened otherwise than as permitted by Rule 1.

13. No badly damaged wool or hair, fallen fleeces, or skin, wool, or hair of the kinds named in Rule 1 shall be opened otherwise than as permitted by Rule 2.

14. No bale of Van Mohair shall be opened otherwise than as permitted by Rule 3.

15. _Willowing._--No Alpaca, Pelitan, Cashmere, Persian, Camel Hair, or Mohair shall be willowed except as permitted by Rule 4.

16. _Wounds._--Any person employed in a place specified in Rule 6, and having an open cut or sore upon any part of the body, shall immediately report the fact to the foreman.

17. _Storage of Clothing and Food._--No clothing or food shall be kept in any place specified in Rule 6.

18. _Meals._--No person shall prepare or partake of food in a place specified in Rule 6, or in a carding room, or bring any food into such room.

19. _Washing._--No person employed in any place specified in Rule 6 shall leave the works or partake of meals without previously washing his or her hands.

20. _Failure of Fan, etc._--If the fan or any other appliance necessary for the carrying out of these Rules is out of order, any workman becoming aware of the defect shall immediately report the fact to the foreman.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

May 1900.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the persons employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 384.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

LUCIFER MATCH FACTORIES IN WHICH WHITE OR YELLOW PHOSPHORUS IS USED.

_Definitions._--In these Rules “phosphorus process” means mixing, dipping, drying, boxing, and any other work or process in which White or Yellow Phosphorus is used; and “persons employed in a phosphorus process” means any person who is employed in any room or part of the factory where such a process is carried on.

“Double-dipped matches” means wood splints, both ends of which have been dipped in the igniting composition.

“Certifying Surgeon” means a Surgeon appointed under the Factory and Workshop Acts.

Any approval or decision given by the Chief Inspector of Factories in pursuance of these Rules shall be given in writing, and may at any time be revoked by notice in writing signed by him.

_Date of Commencement of Certain Rules._--Rules 5 (_a_), 5 (_b_), 6, 8, and 19, so far as they affect the employment of adult workers, shall not come into force until the 1st day of October 1900.

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS.

1. _Plans._--No part of a lucifer match factory shall be constructed, structurally altered, or newly used for the carrying on of any phosphorus process, unless the plans have previously been submitted in duplicate to the Chief Inspector of Factories, and unless he shall have approved the plans in writing, or shall not, within six weeks from the submission of the plans, have expressed his disapproval in writing of the same.

2. Every room in which mixing, dipping, drying, or boxing is carried on--

_Ventilation._--Shall be efficiently ventilated by means of sufficient openings to the outer air, and also by means of fans, unless the use of fans is dispensed with by order in writing of the Chief Inspector;

_Air Space._--Shall contain at least 400 cubic feet of air space for each person employed therein; and in computing this air space no height above 14 feet shall be taken into account;

_Lighting._--Shall be efficiently lighted;

_Floor._--Shall have a smooth and impervious floor. A floor laid with flagstones or hard bricks in good repair shall be deemed to constitute a smooth and impervious floor.

3. _Separate Rooms._--(_a_) The processes of mixing, dipping, and drying shall each be done in a separate and distinct room. The process of boxing double-dipped matches or matches not thoroughly dry shall also be done in a separate and distinct room. These rooms shall not communicate with any other part of the factory unless there shall be a ventilated space intervening; nor shall they communicate with one another, except by means of doorways with closely-fitting doors, which doors shall be kept shut except when some person is passing through.

_Mixing._--(_b_) Mixing shall not be done except in an apparatus so closed, or so arranged, and ventilated by means of a fan, as to prevent the entrance of fumes into the air of the mixing room.

_Dipping._--(_c_) Dipping shall not be done except on a slab provided with an efficient exhaust fan, and with an air inlet between the dipper and the slab, or with a hood, so arranged as to draw the fumes away from the dipper, and to prevent them from entering the air of the dipping room.

_Drying._--(_d_) Matches that have been dipped and cannot at once be removed to the drying room shall immediately be placed under a hood provided with an efficient exhaust fan, so arranged as to prevent the fumes from entering the air of the room.

(_e_) Matches shall not be taken to a boxing room not arranged in compliance with sub-section (_f_) of this Rule until they are thoroughly dry, and matches shall not be taken to a boxing room that is so arranged until they are dried so far as they can be before cutting down and boxing.

_Boxing._--(_f_) Cutting down of double-dipped matches and boxing of matches not thoroughly dry shall not be done except at benches or tables provided with an efficient exhaust fan, so arranged as to draw the fumes away from the worker and prevent them from entering the air of the boxing room.

_Mechanical arrangements obviating Hand Labour._--Provided that the foregoing Rule shall not prevent the employment of any mechanical arrangement for carrying on any of the above-mentioned processes if the same be approved by the Chief Inspector as obviating the use of hand labour, and if it be used subject to the conditions (if any) specified in such approval.

Provided further, that if the Chief Inspector shall, on consideration of the special circumstances of any particular case, so approve in writing, all or any of the provisions of the foregoing Rule may be suspended for the time named in such approval in writing.

4. _Phosphorus Paste._--Vessels containing phosphorus paste shall, when not actually in use, be kept constantly covered, and closely fitting covers or damp flannels shall be provided for the purpose.

5. _Appointed Dentist._--(_a_) For the purposes of these Rules the occupier shall appoint, subject to the approval of the Chief Inspector, a duly qualified and registered Dentist, herein termed the Appointed Dentist.

_Suspension._--It shall be the duty of the Appointed Dentist to suspend from employment in any phosphorus process any person whom he finds to incur danger of phosphorus necrosis by reason of defective conditions of teeth or exposure of the jaw.

_Preliminary Examination._--(_b_) No person shall be newly employed in a dipping room for more than 28 days, whether such days are consecutive or not, without being examined by the Appointed Dentist.

_Periodical Examination._--(_c_) Every person employed in a phosphorus process, except persons employed only as boxers of wax vestas or other thoroughly dry matches, shall be examined by the Appointed Dentist at least once in every three months.

_Special Examination in case of Toothache, etc._--(_d_) Any person employed in the factory complaining of toothache, or a pain or swelling of the jaw, shall at once be examined by the Appointed Dentist.

_Reference of Cases to Certifying Surgeon._--(_e_) When the Appointed Dentist has reason to believe that any person employed in the factory is suffering from inflammation or necrosis of the jaw, or is in such a state of health as to incur danger of phosphorus necrosis, he shall at once direct the attention of the Certifying Surgeon and occupier to the case. Thereupon such person shall at once be examined by the Certifying Surgeon.

6. _Exclusion of Certain Persons from Employment in Phosphorus Processes._--No person shall be employed in a phosphorus process--

after suspension by the Appointed Dentist; or

after the extraction of a tooth; or

after any operation involving exposure of the jawbone; or

after inflammation or necrosis of the jaw; or

after examination by the Appointed Dentist in pursuance of Rule 5 (_d_);

or after reference to the Certifying Surgeon in pursuance of Rule 5 (_e_), unless a certificate of fitness has been given, after examination, by signed entry in the health register, by the Appointed Dentist or by the Certifying Surgeon in cases referred to him under Rule 5 (_e_).

7. _Health Register. Entries by Occupier._--A health register, in a form approved by the Chief Inspector of Factories, shall be kept by the occupier, and shall contain a complete list of all persons employed in each phosphorus process, specifying with regard to each such person the full name, address, age when first employed, and date of first employment.

_Entries by Certifying Surgeon._--The Certifying Surgeon will enter in the health register the dates and results of his examinations of persons employed in phosphorus processes, and particulars of any directions given by him.

_Entries by Appointed Dentist._--The Appointed Dentist will enter in the health register the dates and results of his examinations of the teeth of persons employed in phosphorus processes, and particulars of any directions given by him, and a note of any case referred by him to the Certifying Surgeon.

_Health Register to be produced when required._--The health register shall be produced at any time when required by H.M. Inspectors of Factories, or by the Certifying Surgeon, or by the Appointed Dentist.

8. _Preliminary Examination by Certifying Surgeon. Certificate of Fitness._--Except persons whose names are on the health register mentioned in Rule 7, and in respect of whom certificates of fitness shall have been granted, no person shall be newly employed in any phosphorus process for more than 28 days, whether such days are consecutive or not, without a certificate of fitness, granted after examination by the Certifying Surgeon, by signed entry in the health register.

This Rule shall not apply to persons employed only as boxers of wax vestas or other thoroughly dry matches.

9. _Overalls._--The occupier shall provide and maintain sufficient and suitable overalls for all persons employed in phosphorus processes, except for persons employed only as boxers of wax vestas or other thoroughly dry matches, and shall cause them to be worn as directed in Rule 20.

At the end of every day’s work they shall be collected and kept in proper custody in a suitable place set apart for the purpose.

They shall be thoroughly washed every week, and suitable arrangements for this purpose shall be made by the occupier.

10. The occupier shall provide and maintain--

(_a_) _Dining-room._--A dining-room, and

(_b_) _Cloak-room._--A cloak-room in which workers can deposit clothing put off during working hours.

11. _Food._--No person shall be allowed to prepare or partake of any food or drink in any room in which a phosphorus process is carried on, nor to bring any food or drink into such room.

12. _Lavatory._--The occupier shall provide and maintain for the use of the workers a lavatory, with soap, nail-brushes, towels, and at least one lavatory basin for every five persons employed in any phosphorus process.

Each such basin shall be fitted with a waste-pipe, or the basins shall be placed on a trough fitted with a waste-pipe. There shall be a constant supply of hot and cold water laid on to each basin.

Or, in the place of basins, the occupier shall provide and maintain enamel or galvanised iron troughs, in good repair, of a total length of 2 feet for every five persons employed, fitted with waste-pipes and without plugs, with a sufficient supply of warm water constantly available.

The lavatory shall be kept thoroughly cleansed, and shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of clean towels twice in each day.

_Additional means of Washing where required._--There shall, in addition, be means of washing in close proximity to the workers in any department, if so required in writing by the Inspector in charge of the District.

13. _Mouth-wash._--The occupier shall provide for the use of every person employed in a phosphorus process an antiseptic mouth-wash approved by the Appointed Dentist, and a sufficient supply of glasses or cups.

14. _Cleansing of Floors._--The floor of each room in which a phosphorus process is carried on shall be cleared of waste at least once a day, and washed at least once a week.

15. _Copy of Rules to be given to Persons Employed._--A printed copy of these Rules shall be given to each person on entering upon employment in a phosphorus process.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

16. _Use of Appliances provided by Occupier under Rule 3._--No person shall work in a mixing, dipping, drying, or boxing room under other conditions than those prescribed in Rule 3.

17. _Phosphorus Paste._--No person shall allow a vessel containing phosphorus paste to remain uncovered except when actually in use.

18. _Medical and Dental Examination._--All persons employed in a phosphorus process shall present themselves at the appointed times for examination by the Certifying Surgeon and Appointed Dentist, as provided in Rules 5, 6, and 8.

19. _Toothache, etc., to be reported. Exclusion from Employment in Phosphorus Processes._--Every person employed in a phosphorus process and suffering from toothache or swelling of the jaw: or having had a tooth extracted, or having undergone any other operation involving exposure of the jaw, shall at once inform the occupier, and shall not resume employment in a phosphorus process without a certificate of fitness from the Appointed Dentist, as provided in Rule 6.

No person, after suspension by the Appointed Dentist, or after reference to the Certifying Surgeon, shall resume employment in a phosphorus process without a certificate of fitness, as provided in Rule 6.

20. _Overalls.-_-Every person employed in a phosphorus process for whom the occupier is required by Rule 9 to provide overalls shall wear while at work the overalls so provided.

21. _Washing._--Every person employed in a phosphorus process shall, before partaking of meals or leaving the premises, deposit the overalls in the place appointed by the occupier for the purpose, and shall thoroughly wash in the lavatory.

22. _Food._--No person shall prepare or partake of food or drink in any room in which a phosphorus process is being carried on, or bring any food or drink into such room.

23. _Means of Removal of Dust and Fumes not to be interfered with._--No person shall in any way interfere, without the knowledge and concurrence of the occupier or manager, with the means and appliances provided for the removal of dust and fumes.

24. _Foremen to Report Neglect of Rules._--Foremen and forewomen shall report to the manager any instance coming under their notice of a worker neglecting to observe these Rules.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _Chief Inspector of Factories_.

M. W. RIDLEY, _One of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State_.

April 1900.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by persons employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention to them, is liable to a penalty, and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty, unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 385.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES, for works in which_ LEAD OR ARSENIC IS USED IN THE TINNING AND ENAMELLING OF METAL HOLLOW WARE AND COOKING UTENSILS.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

_Washing._--They shall provide washing conveniences, with a sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels; and take measures to secure that every worker wash face and hands before meals and before leaving the works.

_Meals._--They shall see that no food is eaten in any room where the process of tinning or enamelling is carried on.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

_Washing._--Every worker shall wash face and hands before meals and before leaving the works.

_Meals._--No worker shall eat food in any room where the process of tinning or enamelling is carried on.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

_Note._--These Rules must be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the factory to which they apply, where they may be conveniently read by the person employed. Any person who is bound to observe these Rules and fails to do so, or acts in contravention of them, is liable to a penalty; and in such cases the occupier also is liable to a penalty unless he proves that he has taken all reasonable means by publishing, and to the best of his power enforcing the Rules, to prevent the contravention or non-compliance. (Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Sections 9 and 11.)

Form 386.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, 1878 TO 1895.

_SPECIAL RULES._

ELECTRIC ACCUMULATOR WORKS.

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS.

_Bath, Lavatory._--They shall provide a bath and lavatory accommodation, with a plentiful supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail-brushes, and towels.

_Respirators, Overalls._--They shall provide respirators and overall suits for all persons employed in the operation of mixing.

_Gloves and Aprons._--They shall provide gloves and aprons for all persons employed in the occupation of rubbing.

They shall see that the gloves are constantly inspected and renewed when defective.

DUTIES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED.

In cases where the co-operation of the workers is required for carrying out the foregoing Rules, and where such co-operation is not given, the workers shall be held liable in accordance with the Factory and Workshop Act, 1891, Section 9, which runs as follows:--“If any person who is bound to observe any special rules established for any factory or workshop under this Act acts in contravention of, or fails to comply with, any such special rule, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding two pounds.”

_Respirators._--A good respirator is a cambric bag with or without a thin flexible wire made to fit over the nose.

ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, _H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories_.

INDEX

Abel, Sir Frederick, process of treating gun-cotton, 600; on tonite, 611.

Aberdeen, granite workers, suffer from chronic bronchitis, 275.

Abruzzi, lathyrism in the, 235.

Académie de Médecine (Paris), 57, 793.

Académie des Sciences (Paris), 114, 434.

Accident Insurance Associations (Germany), 50, 60, 512.

Accidents, in mines, 11, 12, 33, 157, 158, 161, 200, 508–33, 783; in textile and non-textile industries, 12, 200; their prevention in factories, 54; to occupied and unoccupied males, 164; on sailing- and steam-ships, 184; on railways, 190–202; in agriculture, 236, 783; in electric works, 260; caused by grindstones, 412, 784; to bargemen, 530; well-sinkers, 542; quarriers, 560; in manufacture and use of explosives, 601–9; in tinplate works, 683; aerated water works, 687, 786; to eyes, in industrial occupations, 776–87; in iron and steel works, 777; boiler, 787.

Acetylene and its dangers, 497–504.

Acne in rag-grinders, 467.

Actinomycosis, disease caused by infected grain, 248.

Addison, Dr, 382.

Adenitis in label-lickers, 803.

Administrative decrees for sanitary regulation of factories in France and Belgium, 55, 56.

Admiralty adopts eight hours’ day, 8.

Aerated water works, women employed in, 687–90; Special Rules, 687, 854; eye accidents in, 786.

Africa, pellagra in, 235.

Africa, South, enteric fever in, 175, 176, 178.

Africa, West Coast of, 171.

After-damp, in mines, 548–53.

Age, mortality of occupations in relation to, 127–29.

Agriculture, 232–37; machinery accidents in, 236; eye accidents, 783.

Agriculturists, 120; mortality tables, 135, 149.

Ague, brassfounders’, 144, 455–62.

Air, of mines, 540–56; of jute factories, 657; diseases due to compressed and stagnant (in caissons, tunnels, etc.), 728–48; to diminished pressure of, 749; to concussion of, 752.

Alabaster quarries, 558.

Albuminate of mercury, 437.

Alcohol and fatigue, 113.

Alcoholism, mortality among cutlers, 138, 595; glass-makers, 139, 595; chimney sweeps, 146; musicians, 151; hatters, 152; hairdressers, 153; tailors, 153, 154; drapers, 154, 155; shoemakers, 155, 824; miners, 157, 160, 161, 405; occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595, 720; in mercantile marine, 183, 185; predisposes to plumbism, 305, 310; quarriers, 563; chemical workers, 572; file-cutters, copper workers, carpenters, earthenware makers, 595; brewers, 595, 801; hecklers and roughers, 697; agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720; drivers of public vehicles, 798, 801; publicans and innkeepers, 801; coal heavers and trimmers, 808.

Alkali Acts, 588, 597.

Alkali, manufacture of, 582; hours of workers in, 586.

Alkali Union, 586, 588, 589.

Allahabad, lathyrism at, 235.

Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, 309, 477, 819, 822.

_Allgm. Medic. Central Zeitung_, 474.

Almaden (Spain), quicksilver mines, 434, 438, 538.

Alpaca, 634.

Alpine tunnels, the, 737–43.

Alström, Mr (Rorstrand Potteries, Stockholm), 363.

Amalgamated Brass-Workers’ Association, 461.

Amberite, sporting powder, 619.

Amblyopia, blindness caused by bisulphide of carbon, 473, 768; by dinitrobenzine, 482; in tobacco factories, 768, 769.

America, railways in, 197, 198; all file-cutting done by machinery, 346; fireclay mines, 399, 400; mercurial poisoning from hatters furriers’ processes in, 442; mining accidents, 521, 522; alkali works in, 598; telegraphists’ spasm in, 820.

American, or Blake machine, in shoe-factories, 436, 825.

Ammonia soda process, 583.

Ammonite, for blasting, 619.

Ammonium-nitrate explosives, 603, 605, 606, 612, 615, 619.

Ammunition, manufacture of, 602, 603, 606.

Amorphous, or red, phosphorus, 417–19.

Amvis, for blasting, 619.

Anchylosis, 233.

Anchylostomiasis, 16; in miners, 537; in tunnel miners (“maladie des tunnels”), 743.

Anderson, Miss A. M., 363, 671.

Andes, the, 749.

Andrews, Dr F. W., pathologist at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 400; on tetanus in jute-workers, 659.

Aneurism, affects sailors, 183, 184; butchers, slaughterers, and tanners, 246; (popliteal) common in jockeys and grooms, 245.

Aniline, 483, 591.

Aniline dyes, 317.

Ankle drop, a symptom of plumbism, 306.

_Annales d’Hygiène publique_, 442, 448, 806.

_Annales des Mines de Belgique_, 537.

Annealing, in glass manufacture, 805.

_Annuaire de la Législation du Travail_ (Belgium), 45.

_Annual Register_, 192.

Anthracene, 812.

Anthracosis, or miners’ phthisis, 273; stokers’, 797.

Anthrax (charbon, splenic fever), 13, 19; in wool-workers, 148, 244, 634–43; drovers, shepherds, farmers, farriers, veterinary surgeons, knackers, slaughterers, fell-mongers, hair- and horn-workers, rag-sorters, plasterers, furriers, felt-workers, mattress-makers, 244; brush-workers, 244, 627; tanners, 244, 246; its history, 622; statistics, 623; outbreaks and notification of, 625, 626; grouping of cases, 627; preventive measures, disinfection and treatment, 629–33, 643; cutaneous, 636; pulmonary, 637; intestinal, 641.

Antimony, smelting of, 270; poisoning by, 324, 325; compounds of, 592.

Apoplexy, heat, 171, 175, 180; the “fireman’s frenzy” of stokers, 183, 184.

Appendicitis, 17.

_Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte_, 320, 368, 436, 448, 625, 632.

Arbitration, and Factory Act of 1901, 5; the principle of, 32; for mines, 37, 39; and Special Rules, 65–71; match manufacturers, 423.

Arbitration Court at Stoke-on-Trent, 363.

_Archiv. de Med. Milit._, 750.

Ardeer, Scotland, nitro-glycerine explosion at, 609.

Arlidge, Dr, _Hygiene and Diseases of Occupations_, 137, 139, 140, 274, 302, 328, 354, 380, 382, 384, 388, 467, 468, 498, 698, 759; _The Sanitation of Industries and Occupations_, 396.

Armstrong, Dr Henry E., Medical Officer of Health, Newcastle, 328, 753.

Army, health of the, 166–81.

Arnaud, Dr, Marseilles, 424.

Arsenic, used for colouring purposes, 378; symptoms and treatment of poisoning by, 455; compounds of, 592; its effects on eyes, 770; Special Rules for extraction of, 831.

Arsenical pyrites, 538.

Arseniuretted hydrogen, 750.

Artificially- _v._ breast-fed children, 85.

Artisans and labourers, working-classes divided into, 111.

Asbestos, 25.

Ashanti Expeditions (1873 and 1895–96), “doctors’ wars,” 173, 180, 181.

Ashley, Lord, 33.

Askam separator, for basic slag, 391.

Asprières, Aveyron, lead mining at, 284.

Asquith, H. H., 75, 354, 462, 468.

Asthma, induced by bichromate, 452; in rag-sorters, 645; flax-workers, 698; sawyers, 791.

Ataxia, locomotor, 802.

Atkinson, Dr, Crewe, 796.

Atkinson, W. N., 541.

Atropin, antidote to mushroom poisoning, 237.

Australia, eight hours’ day in, 7; anchylostomiasis among miners, 537.

Austria, factory legislation in, 46, 51, 54; inspectorate in, 47, 48; powers of health authorities, 49–51; employment of women after childbirth, 54; lucifer match industry in, 421, 422.

Austrian Industrial Code, 46.

Automatic couplings, on railways, 193, 197, 201.

Babes, Dr, Bucharest, 244.

Bacteriological Laboratory at Dey, Algiers, 803.

Bagehot, Walter, 64.

Baker, Mr, Chief of Factory Department, 35, 81, 696.

Bakers, death rate, 135, 505.

Ballard, Dr, 392.

Ballistite, 600, 619.

Balloonists, military, 750.

Balmskz, Dr, 481.

Bamberg, Dr, Stockholm, 379.

Bands, scroll- or draw-, 225.

Bargemen, accident death rate, 530.

Barium, compounds of, 592.

Barium nitrate, in explosives, 611.

Barium sulphate, 294, 366.

Barmen, high mortality of, 800.

Barometer-making, 439.

Barracks, military, 168.

Bartholomew, Gilbert, Managing Director of Bryant & May, 432.

Basalt or whinstone quarries, 558.

Basic slag, 276, 390–95; pulmonary symptoms in grinders of, 393; silicate of cotton made from refuse, 788.

Batch, fused mass of chrome, ironstone, etc., 449.

Bateman, Dr, 434.

Batley, rag-trade at, 644.

Battelli, Dr, Geneva University, 258.

Bayer, Dr, 284.

Beach, Sir Michael Hicks-, 193.

Beaconsfield, Lord, 192.

Bécourt, M., 448.

Bedson, Professor of Chemistry, Newcastle College of Science, 301, 303, 310, 369.

Bee-stings, among field-workers, 236.

Beetling machines (linen manufacture), 695.

Belfast, centre of linen trade, 695.

Belgian Mills Co., Pearson _v._, 213.

Belgian Superior Council of Labour, 14.

Belgium, colliers’ diseases in, 16; factory legislation and inspectorate in, 47, 49, 51; employment of women after childbirth, 53; use of white phosphorus limited in, 60; fireclay mining in, 399; lucifer match industry, 421, 424; phosphorus necrosis in, 428; mining accidents, 512, 519; anchylostomiasis in miners, 537; alkali works, 598; miners’ nystagmus in, 764; chimney sweeps, 811.

Bell, Sir Charles, 815.

Bellhangers, death rate, 755.

Bellite, for blasting, 619.

Belts and mill-gearing, 205, 208–11; shaftings, pulleys, couplings, etc., 209.

Benefit Societies of the Printers and Type-casters of Vienna, 275.

Benzine, and its dinitro compounds, 475.

Benzine, dry cleaning by, 491–3.

_Berg-, Hütten-, und Salinen-wesen im Preussischen Staate, Zeitschrift für des_, 518, 537.

_Berg- und Hütten-wesen im Königreiche Sachsen, Jahrbuch für das_, 518.

Beriberi, seamen liable to, 183, 187.

_Berichte über die Verwaltung der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft_, 517.

Berkfeld, his bacterial filter, 175.

Berlin, printers in, 325; manufacture of incandescent electric lamps in, 439.

Berlin International Conference on Factories, 40.

_Berlin. Klin. Wochenschrift_, 805.

Bermondsey, case of anthrax in, 629.

Bernard, Claude, 550.

Bert, Paul, French physiologist, 736.

Bertarelli, M., 431.

Berthelot, Professor, 599.

Besançon process for treating white lead, 290, 294.

Bessemer metal, heat of, 772.

Bessemer process of steel manufacture, 758.

Bevel wheels (mill-gearing), 212, 217.

Bichât Hospital, Paris, lead colic patients in, 320.

Bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate), 442, 443.

Bichromate of potassium and sodium (bichromes), lesions resulting from manufactureand use of, 447–54; Special Rules for manufacture, 844.

Bilston, hollow ware tinning and enamelling works at, 319.

Birmingham, infant mortality, in, 78; iron-plate enamelling at, 317; sheet glass manufacture in, 804.

_Birmingham Medical Review_, 458.

Birmingham, Dr C. L., _Ganister Disease_, 396, 399.

Birtwistle, Hindle _v._, 214.

Bischof process, in white lead manufacture, 292.

Biscuit, earthenware after its first firing, 348, 383.

Bismarck brown pigment, 483.

Bisulphide of carbon, poisoning by, 19, 42, 481; used in indiarubber works, 470, 855; causes peripheral neuritis, 472; and toxic hysteria, 473; its effects on eyes, 768; Special Rules for use of, 855.

Bituminous coal mines, America, 522.

Blackbeck, Haverthwaite, gunpowder explosions at, 608, 609.

Blackburn, cotton spinning at, 706; death rate of cotton operatives in, 718.

Blackburn Observatory, daily records of moisture in weaving sheds, 710.

Black-damp, in mines, 540–45.

Blackman’s ventilating fan, 698.

Blacksmiths, their diseases and death rate, 135, 757.

Blackwall Tunnel, 730.

Blake sole-stitching machine, 436, 825.

Blanket-stoving, 648; causes bronchitis and emphysema, 649.

Blast furnacemen, their diseases, 756.

Blasting explosives, 559, 619; fumes produced in mines by, 536; eye accident from, 784.

Blasting gelatine (nitro-cotton dissolved into nitro-glycerine), 555, 559, 614, 619.

Blaudet, M., 468.

Bleach packers, 577, 578.

Bleaching linen, 695.

Bleaching powder, manufacture of, 574–80; hours of work, etc., 587.

Blindness, caused by accidents, 776.

Bloomfontein, 178.

Blowing room (cotton spinning), 702.

Blue and white beds, in a lead factory, 289.

Blyth, Wynter, 310.

Board of Trade, and railways, 191–202.

Bobbin-turners (jute works), 652.

Boers, the, 179.

Bohemia, ergotism in, 234; lucifer match works in, 422.

Boiler Explosives Act, 565.

Boilermakers, their deafness, 752; their health, 753, 754.

Boilermakers’ Society, 752.

Bolam, Dr R. A., 274, 277, 337, 792.

Bolt-heads and bolts for mill-gearing, 209.

Bones, fragility of, in lucifer match makers, 425.

Bookbinders, death rate, 150.

Bootmaking, 822.

Bottlers, of aerated water, 687; eye accidents to, 786.

Bouquet, M., 57.

Bourgeois, _La Pustule Maligne et L’Œdème Malin_, 636.

Bournemouth, horses killed by electric shock at, 256.

Boyce, Professor, 629.

Boys, Professor C. V., 259.

Bradford, School Board and Board of Guardians Conference at, 91; wool industry at, 634.

Brain work, and brain fatigue, 109.

Brakesmen, railway, 195.

Brandt, of Hamburg, discovers white or yellow phosphorus, 418.

Brandt, Brandau et Cie., Zurich, 740.

Brass, manufacture of, 455–66.

Brass-casters, 455, 461.

Brass cocks, buffing of, 371.

Brassfounders’ ague, 144, 455–62.

Brass-workers, death rate, 135, 144; more unhealthy than copper-, 468; Special Rules, 850.

Brass-workers’ Organisation, 460.

Brazil, pellagra in, 235.

Breaker card (jute), 653; (flax), 694.

Breaker-mills, for ganister crushing, 397.

Brewers, death rate, 594, 595, 801.

Brickearth quarries, 558.

Bricklayers, death rate, 135; eye accidents, 784, 785.

Bridges, Dr, Inspector of Factories, 705.

Bright’s disease, miners subject to, 157.

Brigue (Simplon Tunnel), 740, 741.

Brimstone, blanket-stoving with, 648.

Brine works (Germany), accidents in, 513–15.

_British Association Report_, 538.

British Medical Association, 73, 75, 87, 796.

_British Medical Journal_, 75, 109, 258, 308, 425, 466, 482, 502, 550, 766, 769, 809.

Brocoorens, Dr, Grammont, 424.

Broken Hill, Australia, lead mining at, 283, 538.

Bromsgrove, nail-making at, 759.

Bronchial affections, among porcelain- and cement-makers, masons, 274; blast furnacemen, 756; glass-makers, 805.

Bronchitis, in seamen, 183; field-workers, 234; Aberdeen granite workers, 275; typographers, 329, 330; coal and metal miners, 535; rag-sorters, 645; blanket-stovers, 649; jute-workers, 660; jam-makers, 680; occupied and unoccupied males, agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720; boilermakers, shipwrights, 754; sawyers, 791; engine drivers, 796.

Bronzing, dry, 268; brass, 465.

Brooklyn Suspension Bridge, 731, 734.

Brose, Dr, 773.

Brown, Dr Ed., 26.

Brunel, 191; his use of caissons, 731.

Brünner, Mond, & Co., 583, 587, 588, 597.

Bruntscliffe, Yorks., gunpowder explosion at Victoria Colliery, 608.

Brush-workers, 244; anthrax in, 627.

Bryant & May, 425, 427, 432; their allowance to necrosis patients, 20.

Buchanan, Dr George, Medical Officer Local Government Board, 467, 705.

Buckingham, Duke of, 192.

Buda Pesth, manufacture of incandescent electric lamps at, 439; steam roller system of milling, 505.

Budd, Dr William, 623.

Buffing, of brass cocks, and plumbism, 371; of silver, eye affections, 771.

Buhrstone, French, 405–7, 784.

Bulhurst coal seam, North Staff., 555.

_Bulletin de l’Inspection du Travail_ (France), 45, 294.

_Bulletin Médical_, 803.

Bunsen burner, 546.

Burgess, Dr Duncan, Senior Physician, Sheffield Royal Hospital, 409.

Burkitt, Dr, 554.

Burnishers of silver, eye affections, 771.

Burns, John, M.P., 14.

Burslem potteries, 346.

Busquet, Surgeon-Major, French Army, 803.

Butchers, 245.

Butlin, Henry T., Surgeon St Bartholomew’s Hospital, _Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney Sweeps_, 809, 811, 812.

Byssinosis, lung disease from inhaling cotton particles, 273.

Cabmen, and alcoholism, 798, 801.

Cage hoists, 220.

Caisson disease (compressed air illness), 537, 728–35; its treatment, 735.

Caissons, for well-boring, bridge-building, etc., 728–31.

Calcium carbide, 497, 499–501.

Calcott, Dr, Newcastle Asylum at Cox Lodge, 799.

Calender machine, adapted to laundry work, 666.

Calico-printing, 317, 447.

Calliard or ganister stone, 396.

Calomel (the subchloride of mercury), 442, 443.

Camel’s wool or hair, 634.

Campbell and Greenwood’s guard, 229.

Camphor, 792.

Canada, use of corundum stone in, 813.

Cancer, affects glass-makers, 139; chimney sweeps, 146, 809; wool-workers, 148; bookbinders, 150; shoemakers, 155; miners, 158, 161, 162; occupied and unoccupied men, 164; field-workers, 234; gardeners, 237; boilermakers, and shipwrights, 754; workers in tar and paraffin, 812.

Cannonite, 619.

Carbide of calcium, 497, 499–501.

Carbon, all explosives contain, 610.

Carbon bisulphide, _see_ bisulphide of carbon.

Carbon monoxide, 610; in tunnels, 744.

Carbonate of lead (_céruse_), 288, 292.

Carbonators, 291.

Carbonic acid (carbon dioxide), in mines, 544–46; in weaving sheds, 713; in tunnels, 744.

Carbonic anhydride, 610.

Carbonic oxide, or carbon monoxide, 536, 548–55.

Carbonising, process applied to cotton rags, 646.

Carbonite, blasting explosive, 555, 620.

Carding, jute, 653; flax, 698; cotton, 703.

Cardio-vascular disease, in quarriers, 563.

Carmarthen, tinplate works at, 681.

Carotting, brushing rabbit skins, 438, 441, 442, 446.

Carpenters, death rate, 594, 595; subject to contracted tendons, hernia, varicocele, 791.

Carpet manufacturers, death rate, 135.

Carr, Henry, _Our Domestic Poisons_, 379.

Carragheen moss, Irish, 695.

Carriage wheels, 225.

Cartmen, 238.

Casters, printing trade, lead dust, 275; transfer making, 455, 461.

Castings of iron or steel, 780.

Casualties at sea, 184.

Catania, 112.

Cataract, in glass blowers, 773, 806.

Cats, diphtheria caught from, 247; experiments with benzine and toluene on, 476.

Cattani, discovers tetanus bacilli, 241.

Cattle, anthrax in, 624.

Caustic soda, manufacture of, 573.

“Cavalryman’s leg,” 245.

Celluloid, manufacture of, 792.

Cement dust, diseases caused by, 274.

Centanni, Professor, and hydrophobia, 244.

_Céruse_ (carbonate of lead), 288, 292.

Ceylon, 173.

Chabert, Dr, 623.

Chadwick, Sir Edwin, 26.

Chaff-cutting machines, 224; eye accidents, 783.

Chain and nail making, 758.

Chalicosis, or silicosis, lung disease due to dust, etc., 273.

Chalk quarries, 558.

Chamberland, Pasteur-, his bacterial filter, 175.

_Chambers’ Encyclopædia_, 399.

Chance’s process, in sulphur manufacture, 582.

Charbon or anthrax, _see_ anthrax.

Charcoal, 811.

Charcot, Dr, 481.

Chauveau, M.A., 114, 630.

Chemical industry, causes of its decline in England, 5; its decay on Tyneside, 6; a survey of, 566–98; table of average hours of labour and wages in, 585; output method of wage-paying, 589; health of workers in, 592–98; Special Rules for, 843.

Chepstow, use of caissons at, 731.

Chert quarries, 558.

Cheshire salt mines, 508.

Chester, tobacco factory at, 769.

Chevallier, Dr, 448.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 478.

Chick-pea (lathyrus), 235.

Child-birth, employment of women in factories after, 53, 54.

Child-labour, 90–97.

Children, high mortality of lead-workers’, 303.

Children’s Employment Commission (1862), Report of, 35.

Chimney sweeps, death rate, 135, 145; cancer in, 146, 809; pulmonary, kidney, and heart disease in, 808; their ablutions, 811.

China, or porcelain, 349.

China clay, 347, 382, 558.

China manufacturers, 36, 43; death rate, 135; liable to pulmonary disease and phthisis, 382–89; Special Rules for, 834–41.

China-red powder, 370.

Chipping in iron and steel works, 779–82.

Chlorate of potass, 419, 420.

Chlorate mixtures, as explosives, 602.

Chlorine, 574–80, 583.

Choquet, Dr, 326.

Chromate of lead, 315.

Chromate of potassium, Special Rules for manufacture of, 844.

Chrome dyes, 315–17.

Chrome holes, ulcers caused by bichromate, 453.

Chrome ironstone, 449.

Chromo-lithographic works and transfer making, 365.

Cigar manufacture, 793; a proper industry for women, 795.

Cincinnati, tobacco works in, 769.

_Cincinnati Lancet Clinic_, 769.

Cinnabar, 434; extraction of quicksilver from, 438.

Circular saw, 227.

Circulatory diseases, among gunsmiths, steel-, zinc-, and brass-workers, chimney sweeps, coopers, wood-turners, rope makers, bricklayers, masons, carpet makers, tin- and wool-workers, locksmiths, bakers, 135; blacksmiths, 135, 757; earthenware- and china-workers, 135, 136, 595; glass-makers, 135, 139, 595; copper-workers, 135, 140, 595; iron-workers, 135, 141; lead-workers, 135, 143, 595; stone quarriers, 135, 143; cutlers, file-makers, cotton operatives, 135, 595; bookbinders, 150; printers, musicians, 151; miners, 158, 161; brewers, carpenters, chemical workers, 595; occupied and unoccupied males, 595, 720; agriculturists, 720; boilermakers and shipwrights, 754.

Cirrhosis of liver, in barmen, 801.

Cirrhosis of lung (potters’ phthisis), 389.

Classification of industries, 123.

Clay quarries, 558.

Claybury Asylum, Essex, 308.

Clichy (France), white lead works at, 311, 312.

Climbing boys, in chimney sweeping, 810, 811.

_Clinical Journal_, 746.

Cloth manufacture, 644.

Clowes, _Detection of Inflammable Gas_, 546.

Coachmen, liable to glanders and farcy, 238.

Coachpainters, and plumbism, 338.

Coal, four kinds of heating, 811.

Coal-dust, an explosive agent, 526.

Coal heavers and trimmers, subject to alcoholism, phthisis, and pulmonary diseases, 808.

Coal miners, comparison of night and day shift work, 9; and Workmen’s Compensation Act, 10, 11; death rate of, 158; technical education of, 529; their diseases, 533–39; more healthy than metal-, 534; nystagmus, 761–64; eye accidents to, 783.

Coal mines, accidents in,--Germany, 511–19; France, 512, 520; Belgium, 512, 519; Italy, 520; America, 521; England, 523–28; death rate from explosions, 525; falls of coal and roof (“backbye” accidents), 526, 527; safety lamps, 527; transport and shaft accidents, 528; explosions and explosives in, 548, 615–18.

Coal Mines Act (1850 and 1855), 33; (1860), 34, 199; (1872), 34, 37; (1881 and 1887), 38; Regulation Act, 511, 517, 529.

Coal Mines, Royal Commission (1862–4) on, 38.

Coalport China Co., 360.

Coal tar, in indiarubber work, 470; its products, 590; eye accidents from, 770.

Cobalt, oxide of, 348.

Colefax, M., 363.

Colic, an early symptom of plumbism, 15, 305; of electricians, 320; file-cutters, 343; brass-workers, 460; copper-workers, 468.

Collars, for mill-gearing, 209.

Collings, Jesse, 361.

Colour grinders, lead insanity, 308; mixers, and plumbism, 335.

Colour and paint factories, 447; Special Rules for, 831.

Combe’s method, for treating white lead, 290, 313.

_Comité Consultatif d’Hygiène_, 294.

_Commission Supérieure du Travail dans l’Industrie_, 49.

Compensation Acts, Workmen’s, 224.

Compositors, _see_ typographers.

Compositors, London Society of, 328; Mortality Table, 330.

Compressed and stagnant air, diseases due to working in, 728–48.

Concussion of the air, effects of, 752.

Conductors, of electricity, 251, 252.

Confectioners, death rate, 135; liable to caries of the teeth, ophthalmia, etc., 798.

_Congrès International des Accidents du Travail_ (Brussels), 14.

Conjunctivitis, due to dusty occupations, 783; to lime, 785.

_Conseil de Salubrité_, 36.

Converters, in steel works, 757.

Cooks, in mercantile marine, 189; health of domestic, 798.

Coopers, death rate, 135.

Cope Bros., tobacco manufacturers, 769.

Copper, arsenites of, 379.

Copper-miners, death rate, 156, 162; a healthy occupation, 538.

Copper-smelting, 466–69.

Copper-workers, death rate, 135, 139, 594, 595; their occupation less dangerous than that of brass-, 468.

Cops, for jute yarn, 654.

_Corchorus capsularis, C. olitarus_, jute fibre obtained from, 650.

Cordite, 599, 600, 619.

Cornbrook, Manchester, lyddite explosion at, 609.

Cornish clay, 347, 382.

Cornwall, tin miners, 162; liable to phthisis, bronchitis, and pneumonia, 535; intermarriage among quarriers in, 562.

Corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury), 437, 442, 443.

Corundum stone, for emery wheels, 813.

Cotton, manufacture of, 702–23.

Cotton Cloth Factories Act, 679, 706, 713.

Cotton dust, 276, 715.

Cotton factories, standard purity of air in, 41; machinery in, 703; humidity of the air in, 707–14.

Cotton famine in Lancashire, 75.

Cotton operatives, death rate, 135, 147; (Blackburn), 721.

Cotton powder, or tonite, 620.

Cotton rags, 644.

Council of Hygiene (Paris), 327.

Couplings, automatic, on railways, 193, 197, 201; for mill-gearing, 209.

Courtois, 293.

Courtois-Suffit, Dr, 431.

Coventry, prostration of trade (1861) in, 75; sale of Godfrey’s cordial and opiates in, 79, 80.

Cowmen, 246, 247.

Cowpox, or vaccinia, cowmen and dairymaids liable to, 246.

Cows, communicate tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and ringworm, 247.

Cradley Heath, chain making at, 759.

Craig, Montrose, nitro-glycerine explosion at, 607, 608.

Cramp, W. D., Factory Inspector, 354, 695.

Cranes, winches, etc., 221.

Crarae Quarry, Loch Fyne, gunpowder explosion at, 611.

Crèche, the, its proper sphere, 83; for flax-workers, 701.

Cripps, Mr, K.C., 363.

Crocus, a fine powder for polishing steel, 411.

Crommelin, Louis, sketch of the Irish linen trade, 691.

Crouch ware, 347.

Cumberland, ironstone mines, 161; lead mines, 283.

Cummings, D. C., Secretary Boilermakers’ Society, 753.

Cundill, Colonel, 607.

Cunningham, Dr George, 417.

Curgenven, Mr, 80.

Curing, in indiarubber works, 768.

Currents, electrical, 251.

Curtis’ and Harvey’s sporting powder, 611.

Cutlers, death rate, 135, 137, 594, 595.

Cutler’s glazer, or emery wheel, 412, 777, 813.

Cutlery, scale tang, 413.

Cyanide of potassium, in gold mining, 509; in glazed ware, 807.

Cyanides, the, 592.

Cymmer, Glamorganshire, dynamite explosion at, 608.

Dairymaids, 246, 247.

Dangerous trades, or industries, historical sketch of legislation for, 24–43; their regulation in chief countries of Europe, 44–62; Special Rules for, 59, 827–64; principles of prospective legislation for, 63–72.

Dangerous Trades Committee, 14, 57, 68, 260, 316, 338–40, 342, 343, 345, 346, 405, 406, 687, 757, 758, 784, 786, 789, 803, 813.

D’Arsonval, Dr, 258, 263.

Darwin, 94.

Davaine, and the anthrax bacillus, 623.

Davidson’s ventilating fan, 698.

Davis, Bremner, 258.

Deacon’s process for treating bleaching powder, 575, 578–80.

Deafness, in jute-workers, 660; boilermakers and riveters, 752.

Dealers in alcoholic drinks, high mortality of, 800.

Deane, Miss, Factory Inspector, 302, 442.

Dearden, Dr, Manchester, 425.

_Decennial Supplements to Reports of Registrar-General_, 118–28, 150, 389, 525, 530, 717, 719.

Decorators, lead insanity in, 308.

Decrees for sanitary regulation of factories in France and Belgium, 55, 56.

Deepcar, near Sheffield, ganister works at, 784.

Deer and anthrax, 624.

Delpech and Hillairet, _Memoire ... des chromates_, 448, 452.

Denmark, inspectorate in, 49; ventilation of factories in, 51; employment of women after childbirth, 54; use of white phosphorus interdicted in, 421.

Derby, Lord, 191.

Derbyshire mines, 158–60; pig-lead in, 283.

Dermatoconiosis, skin disease caused by dust, 268; flax-workers subject to, 269, 699.

Desilvering of lead, 287.

Destructors, dust, 279.

Detonators, 602, 603, 605, 606.

_Deutsche Milit. Zeitschrift_, 751.

_Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie_, 812.

Devon, tin mines, 162; clay, 347.

Dhobie itch, a complaint among soldiers in India, 176.

Diabetes, in drapers, 154; miners, 158; engine drivers, 796; publicans, etc., 802.

Diamond Match Co., Liverpool, 429.

Diarrhœa, seamen subject to, 185.

_Dictionary of Explosives_, 599.

Digestive diseases, in glass-makers, 139, 595; iron and steel workers, 141; lead-workers, 143, 595; quarriers, 144, 563; brass-workers, 145; wool-workers, 148; printers, musicians, 151; tailors, 154; ironstone miners, 161; typographers, 275; brewers, 595; cutlers, file-cutters, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware makers, 595; occupied and unoccupied men, 720; engine drivers, 796.

Dijon Academy, 293.

Dilke, Sir C. W., 14.

Dinas rock, 396.

Dingle, Dr, Medical Officer of Health, Middlesborough, 394.

Dinitrobenzine, its effects on makers of high explosives, 475–90.

Dinitrobenzol, 615, 619; manufacture of, 765–67; its effect on the eyes, 766.

Dinitronaphthalene, 619.

Dinitrotoluene, 476.

Dioxide, sulphur, 580, 581.

Diphtheria, caused by cows’ milk and cats, 247.

Dippers (pottery), 383; (brass), 465; (dinitrobenzol manufacture), 765.

Disease, dust as a cause of occupation, 267–77.

Disease, industrial, various definitions of, 14, 15; good effects of notification of, 22.

Diseases of Animals Act, 624.

Distoma hepaticum, or liver fluke, in shepherds, 249.

Districts, industrial, agricultural, mining, 120.

Divers’ paralysis, 746; its treatment, 748.

Dock labourers, death rate from accidents, 530; anthrax in, 628.

Doffer knife, for flax, 694.

Doffers, mill fever and skin eruptions in, 699.

Domestic servants, subject to ulceration of stomach, 798.

Dominion Carbide Works (Ottawa), 501.

Don, Valley of the, centre of the ganister-crushing industry, 396.

Donaldson, 97.

Dorset clay, 347.

Douchy mine (France), 730.

Dowling, _Influence of Tobacco on Vision; some Investigations made in Tobacco Manufactories of Cincinnati_, 769.

Downcast shaft (mines), 540.

Drapers, death rate, 154.

Draw- or scroll-bands, 225.

Drawers, in cotton spinning, 703.

Dreschfeld, Dr, 481.

Dressing in iron and steel works, 779.

Drivers of public vehicles, subject to alcoholism, gout, rheumatism, etc., 798.

Driving belts, for mill-gearing, 211.

Drovers, anthrax in, 244.

Dry bronzing, 268.

Dry grinders, mortality of, 409, 415, 416.

Drysalting hides and skins, Special Rules for, 856.

Dubini, of Milan, 743.

Dublin, shock from electric lamp at, 257.

Dudfield, Dr, 280.

Dudley, hollow ware manufacture at, 319; chain making at, 759.

Dundee, chief jute manufacture seat, 651–62.

Dupré, Dr, 613, 716, 767.

Dupuytren’s contraction, in field-workers, 233; gardeners, 237; quarriers, 564.

Durham, coal mines in, 158–60; lead mines, 283, 284.

Durham County Hospital, 808.

Dust as a cause of occupation diseases, 267–77.

Dust destructors, 279.

Dust-producing occupations, 134–65; their relative mortality, 135.

Dust women, 278–81.

Dye works, poisoning in, 315–17; and eye troubles, 770; Special Rules for, 850.

Dyeing, 447.

Dynamite, 556, 559, 600, 614, 620; gelatine, 559, 599, 600, 620.

Dynamos, 251.

Dysentery, among soldiers, 174, 177; sailors, 183, 185.

E.C. powder, 619.

Ear affections, in quarrymen, 563.

Earle, Sir James, edition of Percivall Pott’s _Works_, 237.

Earthenware manufacture, 35, 36, 43; death rate in, 135, 594, 595; and plumbism, 360; Special Rules for, 834–41.

East London, anthrax cases in, 627.

_Economic Journal_, 278, 795.

Eczema, 270.

Edge runner mills, 390, 391.

_Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, 434, 482.

Edwards, James H., ship-repairer, South Shields, 495.

Egypt, 171.

Egyptian flax, 699.

Egyptians, anthrax the “grievous murrain” of the, 622; as glass makers, 804.

Ehrenfield, glass-makers at, 806.

Eissler, Professor, 599.

Electric accumulator works and lead poisoning, 320; Special Rules for, 863.

Electric, baths, 375–77; currents, 251; generating works, 250–66; generators, 208; incandescent lamp manufacture, 439; light, its effect on eyes, 773–75; tramways, 323; welding, its effect on eyes, 774.

Electric shock, deaths from, 253–60; suggestions for treating apparent death from, 263.

Electrical furnaces, 497; meters, 440.

_Electrical Review_, 258, 263.

Electrical treatment in plumbism, 315, 373–77.

Electrolysis of salt, 583.

Electronite, for blasting, 619.

Electroplating, 440.

Elterwater, Westmoreland, gunpowder explosion at, 608.

Elvatka guard, 227.

Emery rock, imported from Smyrna and Naxos, 813.

Emery wheel, or cutler’s glazer, 412, 773, 813.

Emphysema, in seamen, 183; porcelain- and cement-makers, masons, 274; millers, bakers, 505; blanket-stovers, 649; jute-workers, 660.

Employers’ Associations (France), 55.

Employers’ Liability Act (1880), 9, 20, 565.

Employment of Boys in the Sweeping of Chimneys in England Acts, 812.

Enamelling, of iron plates, 317; of hollow ware, 319; Special Rules for, 833, 848, 863.

Encephalopathy, cerebral type of plumbism, 288, 307, 326, 366, 369.

_Encyclopédie d’Hygiène_, 325.

Engine drivers, their diseases, 796, 797.

Engine-makers, death rate, 755.

Engines, steam-, gas-, and oil-, 206.

England, the pioneer of factory legislation, 3; causes of decline of chemical and metallurgical industries in, 5; lagging behind in factory legislation, 45; decay of lead mining in, 283; white lead made by _old Dutch_ process in, 288.

_English Sanitary Science_, 76.

Enteric fever, 174; among soldiers, 177–79; sailors, with table of mortality, 187, 188; among field-workers, 234; boilermakers and shipwrights, 754.

Enteroconiosis, gastro-intestinal lesion caused by dust, 268, 273.

Epernon, Seine Valley, buhrstone imported from, 405.

Equalised Druids Society, 776.

Ergograph, instrument for estimating muscular work, 105.

Ergotism, disease caused by spurred rye, 234.

Erith, gunpowder explosion at, 607, 608.

Erysipelas, in butchers, slaughterers, tanners, 245; upholsterers, 789.

Erysipelatous anthrax, 636.

Ethane, fire-damp in mines, 546.

Eulenberg, Dr, 324, 794.

Europe, use of phosphorus in, 421.

Expert-Besançon et Cie., Paris, their process for treating white lead, 290, 294.

Explosions in collieries, 548.

Explosives, comparative safety of manufacture of, 17; high, 475–90; nitro-glycerine, 536; gases from, 555; in quarries, 559; and explosions, 599–620; Special Rules for manufacture of, 842.

Explosives Act, 565.

Eye diseases, caused by dinitrobenzine, 482; in quarries, 564; glass-makers, 806; accidents, in industrial occupations, 776–87.

Faber, Dr, 325.

Factories, and the Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 12, 13; survey of legislation for, 44–62; ventilation and lighting in, 51; prevention of accidents in, 54; employment of mothers in, 73 _et seq._; machinery in, 205.

Factory and Workshop Acts (1802 and 1833), 31; (1844), 31, 41; (1864 and 1867), 35, 36; (1871), 35; (1878), 35, 36, 64, 214, 220, 464, 564; (1883), 39; (1889), 40, 41; (1891), 4, 40, 41, 58, 99, 199, 205, 214, 220, 461, 465, 564, 827; (1895), 41, 71, 99, 101, 203, 626; (1901), 4, 199, 205, 213, 218, 697, 829.

Factory Acts, 28; first extended to women, 32; and the British Constitution, 63; Special Rules under, 829–64.

Factory Bill of 1901, 47, 71.

Factory Commission (1875), 36, 80.

Factory Inspectorate, organised by Act of 1884, 31; in various countries, 47–49.

Factory labour and infant mortality, 73–89.

Factory legislation, England the pioneer of, 3; improves trade and conditions of labour, 5; and effects of particular trades on health, 22; Acts of 1802 and 1833, the landmarks of, 31; its progress, 34; laundries included in, 42; England lagging behind in, 45; Royal Commission (1876) on, 47; home-work not controlled by, 99.

Fans for removal of dust, in steel-grinding, 411, 413, 777; in lucifer match works, 420; in hatters furriers’ processes, 446.

Faradic current, 481.

Farcy, in man, 240.

Farmers, mortality table, 128, 135, 244.

Farr, Dr, 118, 127, 136.

Farriers, anthrax in, 244.

Fascia, contraction of the palmar, 233, 237, 564.

Fatigue, its causes, 106; and alcohol, 43.

Faversham, gunpowder explosion at Hall’s Factory, 608.

Fawcus, H. B., Royal Army Medical Corps, 733.

Feathers, induce ophthalmia and lung disease, 790.

Federal Council, Germany, 46, 48, 58, 61.

Federated Trades Council, 345.

Fell-mongers, anthrax in, 244.

Fell-workers, anthrax in, 244; dust, 276.

Felspar, 347, 348.

Fencing, of machinery, 203–31; of quarries, 565.

Fenton potteries, 346.

Fergusson, Sir James, 81.

Fettling, in iron and steel works, 779.

Fibrosis of lung, 272; in potters, 387; in ganister crushers, 396.

Field work, and maternity, 81.

Fieldworkers, their bodily ills, 405.

“Fiery” coal seams, 547.

Fierté-sous-Jouarre, buhrstone imported from, 405.

File-cutters, death rate, 135, 138, 594, 595; dust diseases of, 275; lead insanity, 308; plumbism, 341, 770; machinery _v._ hand, 341.

Fillers, in dinitrobenzol works, 765.

Filters, 175.

Finisher card (jute works), 653.

Finishers of silver, subject to eye affections, 771.

Fireclay, 399; principal constituents of, 400.

Fire-damp in mines, 546–48.

Firemen, _see_ engine drivers.

Fire-stink, 554.

Fireworks, manufacture of, 602, 603, 605.

Firing ware, risks incurred in, 383.

Fish-curing, 673–78.

Fitters (iron works), 755.

Flax, 25, and linen, 691–701; process of manufacture, 693; bleaching, 695.

Flax-workers, skin diseases of, 269, 276; liable to phthisis, ophthalmia, asthma, etc., 696, 698; Special Rules for, 848.

Flint quarries, 558.

Flock fever, 466.

Flour mills, 505–7.

Fluke, liver (distoma hepaticum), in shepherds, 249.

Fly-wheels, engine, 207.

Folliculitis, in doffers, 699.

Fontaine, M., 57.

Foot-and-mouth disease, transmitted to man, 247.

Ford, Colonel, Chief Inspector of Explosives, 613.

Forecastles, in mercantile marine, 182, 186.

Forgemen, their health, 757.

Forks, strap-, 217.

Forth Bridge, 731, 732.

Fosbroke, G. H., Medical Officer of Worcestershire, 234.

Foster, Dr C. Le Neve, _Ore and Stone Mining_, 538, 554.

Foulkes, Mr, 80.

Fournier, of Dijon, 622.

Fournière, M., 113.

Fox, Francis, _The Great Alpine Tunnels_, 737.

Foxdale lead mines (Isle of Man), 545.

France, match industry in, 20, 421; manufacture of white lead, 36; factory inspectorate, 47, 48; ventilation of factories, 51; lead poisoning in potteries, 57, 58; ergotism in, 234; pellagra and lathyrism in, 235; lead mining, 284; zinc white _v._ white lead, 293; _colique sèche_ in navy, 335; pottery glaze used in, 359; fireclay mining, 399; phosphorus necrosis in, 428; ceased to use yellow phosphorus, 429; a _sans phosphore_ match, 431; mining accidents, 512, 520; alkali works, 598; mine explosions, 615; chimney sweeping in, 811.

Frankl-Hochwart, Professor, 822.

Freestone quarries, 558.

Fredreich’s _Blätter für gerichtliche Medicin_, 486.

Fritted lead, 349, 354, 356, 358, 363–65, 383; standard solubility of, 357, 364.

Fromm, Dr, 325.

Fruit-preserving, 678.

Fulminate of mercury, 559, 602, 603, 620.

Fulton, Dr, 819.

Fung Shui, 174.

Fur-brushing dust, 276.

Furnacemen, blast and puddling, their diseases, 756.

Furriers, 244; diseases of nails in, 270.

Fur-pullers, maladies of, 724, 725.

Furness, Inveraray, gunpowder explosion at, 608.

Fürth, mirror-silvering at, 435, 437, 441.

Fuses, 602.

Galena (sulphide of lead), 286, 347, 348, 360, 361, 538, 784.

Galezowski, _Des Amblyopias, etc._, 768, 770.

Galicia, match works in, 422.

Galloway, Professor W., 526.

Galvano-caustic method of glazing ware, 807.

Ganister (calliard) crushing and mining, risks of, 396–404; condition of miner’s lung, 401, 404.

Gardeners, death rate, 129; and Dupuytren’s contraction, 237; subject to cancer, 237, 810.

Garman, Dr, Bryant & May’s Medical Officer, 425–27.

Gartsherrie (Scotland), fireclay mines at, 400.

Gas engines, 206; safety starting-gear for, 208.

Gases from explosives, 555.

Gasfitters, lead insanity in, 308; “gassing” symptoms, 333; death rate, 755.

Gasmeter-makers, lead insanity in, 308.

Gastro-intestinal lesion (enteroconiosis), caused by dust, 273.

Gatebeck, Kendal, gunpowder explosion at, 608.

Gautier, Dr Armand, 311; on house-painters’ plumbism in Paris, 333.

Gelatine, blasting, 555, 559, 614, 619; dynamite, 559, 599, 600, 620.

Gelignite, 555, 559, 620.

Generating stations, electric, 250.

_Génie Civil._, 745.

Germany, factory legislation and inspectorate in, 46, 47, 51; powers of health authorities, 51; employment of women after childbirth, 54, 88; prevention of accidents in factories, 54; Special Rules for dangerous trades, 59; Trade Accident Associations, 55; letterpress printing works in, 61; ergotism in, 234; Imperial Health Office, 320, 325; inquiry into labour conditions in electric accumulator works, 320; fireclay mining in, 399; lucifer match industry, 422; bichromate factories, 448, 449, 453; mining accidents, 511–18; metal- safer than coal-mining in, 519; manufacture of coal-tar products, 590; alkali works, 598; mine explosives in, 616; anthrax, 625, 632; chimney sweeps in, 811.

Geroult, M., 339.

Gibb, Mr, General Manager N. E. Railway, 200.

Gillinder, Mr, 328.

Glamorgan, tinplate works in, 681.

Glanders, in man, 238; in animals, 239.

Glasgow, chemical industry meeting at, 5; file-cutting in, 340; fireclay worked near, 399; anthrax outbreak in, 625.

Glassblowers, and cataract, 773; “glass-blowers’ mouth,” 805.

Glassmakers, 36; death rate, 135, 139, 594, 595; their risks, 804–807; and cataract, 806.

Glass-polishers, and plumbism, 339.

Glass ware, new method of making hollow, 807.

Glazed ware, poisonous, 807.

Glazes, for pottery, 353–63, 368.

Glazing, of cutlery, 412.

Glibert, Dr, Medical Inspector, Labour Office, Belgium, 269, 270, 698; his definition of industrial disease, 15.

Glost placers (pottery), 384.

Goatskins, and anthrax, 628.

Goat’s wool, or hair (mohair), 634.

Gob-stink, 554.

Godfernaux, Raymond, 745.

Godfrey’s cordial, 79.

Goelet, Dr, 258, 263.

Gold and silver extraction, 440.

Gouda, Holland, galena used for glazing at, 360.

Gould, Edward, Factory Inspector, 392, 789.

Gout, in tailors, 154; gardeners, 237; butchers, 246; occupied males, brewers, file-cutters, carpenters, earthenware- and glass-makers, 595; drivers of public vehicles, 798; publicans, etc., 802.

Gowers, _Diseases of the Nervous System_, 815, 817.

Graham, Sir James, 191.

Grainers, lead insanity in, 308.

Grammont, Belgium, match factory at, 424.

Grand Committee on Trade (1902), 43.

Granger, Dr, 234.

Granite, dust, 274; quarries, 559.

Graphite quarries, 558.

Gravel quarries, 558.

Graveri, Dr G., of Villanova-Sollaro, 431.

Gravesend (floating magazine), detonators explosion at, 608; fireworks explosion at, 609.

Grease, or horsepox, 245, 246.

Great Britain, mining accidents in, 523.

Greek lead ore, 283.

Greenhow, Dr Headlam, 29, 77–79, 83, 137, 144, 382, 457–60.

Greenock, gunpowder explosion in the barque “Auchmountain” off, 609.

Grinders of cutlery and other steel implements, 408; mortality of, 409, 414–16; subject to phthisis, asthma, “rot,” 409, 410, 414; eye accidents to, 777.

Grinding-stones, 411, 412, 416, 784; wheels, 412–15.

Grindley, W. H., 363, 365.

Grooms, subject to glanders, 238; popliteal aneurism, 245.

Grotto del Cane, carbonic acid in, 546.

Guard, for engine fly-wheels, 207; shuttle, 226; Elvatka, 227; Longmore’s, 228; Victor, 228; Woodhouse and Mitchell’s, 229; Campbell and Greenwood’s, _ibid._; against eye accidents in factories, 785.

Guards, goods (railways), 195.

Gubler, 423.

Guerrini, Dr Guido, 110.

Guggenbauer, 276.

Guinard, Dr, 806.

_Gulstonian Lectures_, 304.

Gun-cotton (cellulose hexa-nitrate), 555, 599, 600, 604, 610, 611, 619.

Gunpowder, 555, 559, 599, 600, 602, 603, 605, 606, 610, 611.

Gunsmiths, death rate, 135, 145.

Guttmann, Professor, 599.

Guy, Dr, 130.

Guy and Ferrier, _Forensic Medicine_, 460.

Gypsum quarries, 558.

Hacklemakers, jute works, 652.

Hæmoglobin, 550–552.

Hæmoglobinæmia, 484.

Hafting of knives, 412.

Hairdressers, death rate, 152.

Hair workers, and anthrax, 244.

Haldane, Dr John, 484, 544; _Causes of Death in Colliery Explosions and Fires_, 548.

Half-timers, decadence of the system, 7, 93; arrested mental development of, 95.

Halifax, carpet making at, 635.

Halkyn, Flintshire, gun-cotton explosion at, 611.

Hall, Dr Arthur, 409.

Hall, H., 526.

Hall, Dr J. C., Sheffield, 343, 411, 415.

Halstead’s “Patent Unbreakable Square-hole Solid-ended Grub Screw,” 215.

Hamilton, Dr, Certifying Surgeon for Cookstown, 698.

Hammermen’s paralysis, 757; spasm, 821.

Hamstead Colliery, Staff., 545.

_Handbook of Service Explosives_, 599.

Hanley potteries, 346.

Hanover, chimney sweeps in, 811.

Hargreave’s “Mule Carriage Wheel Guard,” 225.

Harris’s patent, 336.

Hart, Ernest, 79.

Harting, Dr, 538.

Hartlepool, horse killed by electric shock at, 256.

Harvey’s sporting powder, 611.

Hasenclever apparatus, for bleach, 579.

Hatters, death rate, 152.

Hatters furriers’ processes, mercurial poisoning in, 441; remedial measures, 446.

Head, Sir George, _Home Tour_, 644.

Heart disease, in potters, earthenware and china makers, 136; cutlers, 138; gunsmiths, 145; sweeps, 146, 808; tailors, 154; drapers, shoemakers, 155; occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 720; soldiers, 169, 170; sailors, 183, 184; field workers, 232, 234, 720; cotton operatives, 720; puddling furnacemen, 756; blacksmiths and forgemen, 757; brewers, 801.

Heat apoplexy, 171, 175, 180; the “fireman’s frenzy” of stokers, 183, 184.

Heathcote, Dr, 448.

Hecklers, flax, 693; phthisis and bronchial troubles in, 696–98; alcoholism, 697.

Heckling machines, 693.

Hedgers, eye accidents to, 783.

Hedley, Dr, Inspector of Mines, 11, 258.

Heidelberg, epidemic of idiopathic tetany in, 822.

Heinzerling, Ch., _Gefahren und Krankheiten in der chemischen Industrie_, 444.

Heise, Dr, 449, 550.

Hemianæsthesia, 481.

Helmholtz, German physiologist, 106.

Hemp dust, 276.

Hernia, 19; sailors, 183, 184; field workers, 236; butchers, etc., 245; carpenters, 791.

Herodsfoot, Liskeard, gunpowder explosion at, 608.

Herrings, Scotch-cured, 674.

Hersent, French engineer at Bordeaux, 734.

Hesse, Dr, 538.

Hides and skins, anthrax and, 621–33; dry-salting, Special Rules for, 856.

Hiene, J. W., _Effects of Copper on the Human Body_, 538.

High explosives, manufacture of, 475–90.

Hillairet, Dr, 448, 452.

Himalayas, the, 749.

Hindle _v._ Birtwistle, 214.

Hindoos, the, 179.

Hirt, Dr, 274, 276, 505.

_Historie de l’Académie royale des Sciences_, Paris, 434.

Hodge, Prof., 109.

Hodges, Prof., Queen’s Coll., Belfast, 692.

Hoe’s stereotyping machine, 331.

Hoffman, F. L., _The Mineral Industry_, 521.

Hogben, Dr, Queen’s Hospital, Birmingham, 144, 458–60.

Hoists, 218–22.

Holder, or clamp (flax machine), 693.

Holland, inspectorate in, 47; employment of women after childbirth in, 54; use of white phosphorus limited in, 60; manufacture of phosphorus matches prohibited in, 421.

Holland, Andrew, Board of Trade, Ottawa, 501.

Hollow ware, tinning and enamelling of, 319; new method of making glass, 807; Special Rules for, 848, 863.

Home-work, 98–103; not controlled by factory legislation, 99; its effect upon wages, 103.

Hong Kong, the Happy Valley in, 170.

Hop-pickers, subject to ophthalmia, 783.

Hope, Dr, Liverpool, 85.

Hopwood, F. J. S., Assist. Sec. Rly. Dept., Board of Trade, 198.

Horgen, Switzerland, death from electricity at, 253.

Horn-workers, liable to anthrax, 244.

Horsehair, and anthrax, 621–33.

Horsekeepers, subject to influenza, 244; to horsepox or “grease,” 245.

Horsepox or “grease,” 245, 246.

Horses, 238–45; and anthrax, 624.

Hounslow, gunpowder explosion at, 609.

House painters, and white lead, 292, 293; and plumbism, 333–36.

Huber and Röhl, _Ueber acute u. chron. Intoxdurch Nitrokorp d. Benzolreihe_, 484.

Huddersfield, lyddite explosion at, 609, 612; woollen cloth industry at, 634.

Hughes, his use of caissons at Rochester Bridge, 731.

Huguenots, linen industry revived in North of Ireland by, 691.

Hundt, Bergassessor, _Die Bekampfung der Wurmkrankheit im Oberbergamtsbezirke Dortmund_, 537.

Hunter, Dr, 81.

Hunter, Dr James, Edinburgh, 731.

Huntington and M’Millan, _Metals_, 287.

Huntley, Mr, Engineer, Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, 728, 733.

Huskisson, 190.

Hyatt, discoverer of celluloid, 792.

Hydatid cyst, in shepherds, 248.

Hydrochloric acid, 570, 571.

Hydro-extractor, for removing excess of spirit in benzine, 491; adapted to laundry work, 665.

Hydrogen sulphide, 611.

Hydrogen, sulphuretted, 555, 582.

Hydrophobia, 242–44.

Hygiene, industrial, how to promote, 22, 23.

Hygiene Committee, France, 294.

Hygiene Congress at Turin, 288.

Hygiene Council of Paris, 311.

Hygrometer, in cotton spinning works, 709.

Hyperæsthesia, a feature in chronic poisoning by dinitrobenzine, 480.

Idiopathic tetany, or shoemakers’ spasm, 822.

Idria (Illyria), cinnabar mines at, 438, 538.

Imperial Health Office, Germany, 320, 325.

Incandescent electric lamps, manufacture of, 439.

India, 171, 175; lathyrism in, 235; its export of jute, 651; jute mills in, 662.

Indiarubber works, 471; vulcanisation process in, 471; bisulphide of carbon, 768.

Industrial Code, 46, 50.

Industrial Councils existing on Continent--suggested formation in England of, 23.

Industrial disease, various definitions of, 14, 15; notification of, 22.

Industrial districts, 120.

Industrial hygiene, how to promote, 22, 23.

Industrial injury, scientific protection of works against, 28.

Industrial methods, more scientifically studied on Continent, 6.

Industrial Occupation, a process of evolution, 1, 21.

Industrial Revolution, an epoch in the world’s history, 2.

Industries, classification of, 123.

Infant mortality and factory labour, 73–89; in Dundee, 662.

Inflammable or spirit paints, use of, 494–96.

Influenza, in tailors and drapers, 154; ironstone miners, 161; occupied and unoccupied men, 164; horses, 244.

Injurious industries, historical sketch of legislation for, 24–43; scientific protection of workers, 28; their regulation in chief countries of Europe, 44–62; principles of prospective legislation for, 63–72; Special Rules for, 59, 827–64.

Innkeepers, mortality of, 801.

Insanity, in lead-workers, 308, 309.

Inspection, rules of factory, 47.

Inspectorate of factories, organised by Act of 1844, 31.

Inspectors, women appointed (1893) as, 41.

Insured children, higher death rate of, 80.

Intake roads (mines), 540.

International, competition, 6; committees suggested for industrial hygiene, 23.

International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, 630.

Intestinal anthrax, 641.

Iodoform manufacture, its effect on eyes, 769.

Ireland, lucifer match works in, 419; linen trade in, 691.

Irish Carragheen Moss, 695.

Iron and steel industries, 756–60.

Iron hollow ware, tinning and enamelling of, Special Rules, 848.

Iron plates, enamelling of, 317.

Iron pyrites, oxidation produces black-damp, 541–43.

Iron-workers, death rate, 140; eye diseases of, 771–75; eye accidents of, 776–83.

Ironers, in laundries, 670.

Ironstone miners, included (Act of 1860) under head of coal miners, 34, 524; death rate, 160.

Iselle, the Italian side of Simplon Tunnel, 740–42.

Italian miners, diseases of, 16; accidents to, 520.

Italy, pellagra (_malattia della miseria_) in, 235; experiments in non-poisonous matches, 431.

Jacquemart, Dr, Paris, 794.

_Jahrbuch für das Berg- Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im Preussischen Staate_ 518.

Jam-making, 678; its risks, 679.

James of Hereford, Lord, 199, 201, 202, 363–65.

Jaundice, in military balloonists, 750.

Jenner, Sir William, 178.

Jews, as glass-makers in Rome, 804.

Jockeys, popliteal aneurism in, 245.

Joiners, 790.

Johnson, Henry J., 363, 365.

Jones, Chester, 363.

Jones, Dr Lewis, 258, 263, 315.

Jones, Dr Robert, Claybury Asylum, Essex, 308.

_Journal of Morphology_, 109.

_Journal of Pathology_, 544.

_Journal of Physiology_, 484, 550.

_Journal of the Sanitary Institute_, 396.

Jungfleish, _Dangers du sécretage des poils par le mercure_, 442.

Jussieu, Antoine de, 434.

Jute, dust caused by, 276; preparation of the fibre, 651; process of manufacture, 652; health conditions in factories, 654; analyses of air in factories, 657; tetanus produced by, 659; mill fever, 661.

Kaffre, Azzyat Bridge (Nile), 731.

_Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, Arbeiten aus dem_, 320, 368, 436, 448, 625, 632.

Kaolin, Chinese for porcelain clay, 347, 385.

Kassowitz, Professor, 426.

Keaves, vats for bichromate manufacture, 449.

Kennall Vale, Redruth, gunpowder explosion at, 609.

Kerr, Dr, 91.

Keygi, Professor, 325.

Kidderminster, carpet making at, 635.

Kidney disease, and plumbism, 15; in tanners, 801; chimney sweeps, 808.

Kieselguhr dynamite, 612.

Kirving, undercutting coal, 527, 534.

Kitasato, Professor, bacilli of tetanus first isolated by, 241.

Knackers, glanders in, 238; anthrax, 244.

_Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, 773.

_Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche Reich, Statistik der_, 512.

_Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft, Berichte über die Verwaltung der_, 517.

Knecht, E., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Knies, Professor, 770.

Knight, Robert, Secretary Boilermaker’s Society, 753.

Knowles “Improved Safety Hoist,” 219, 231.

Koch, Dr, and the anthrax bacillus, 623; on the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis, 797.

Kocher, Dr, Berne, 425, 426.

Krupp ball system, in steel works, 390.

Kubler, Dr, 625.

Kuborn, Dr, Serang, 16.

Kuiper, Dr, Jena, 426.

Kummerbund, the, 174.

Kunkel, A. J., _Handbuch der Toxikologie_, 437.

Kussmaul, Adolf, _Untersuchungen über dem constitutionellen Mercurialismus_, 435, 437, 438.

Kyphosis, or stooping gait, in field workers, 233.

Labellers, aerated water, 687; eye accidents to, 786.

Label-lickers in thread mills, death rate, 803.

_Labour Gazette_, 362.

_Labour Leader_, 449.

Labour, Ministry of, needed in England, 23.

Labour, Royal Commission on, 41, 186.

Labourers, agricultural, 135, 232–37; working classes divided into artisans and, 111; accident death rate of general, 530; railway, risk of tuberculosis, 797.

Labouring Population, Report (1838) on Sanitary Condition of the, 45.

Lady Assistant Commissioners, Report (1893) of, 74, 83.

La Hague, plumbism in electric accumulator works at, 320.

Lailler, _Hygiène des Professions et des Industries_, 422.

Lamb’s wool, 634.

Lampblack factories, 812.

Lancashire, infant mortality in, 75; wages of male and female workers, 88; child labour in, 92; mines, 158, 160; mortality of cotton operatives, 719, 720; tobacco workers in, 795; plate glass manufacture in, 804.

_Lancet_, 110, 448, 475, 478, 487, 635, 808.

Lapping, of cutlery, 412.

Lathyrism, caused by chick-pea, 235.

Laundresses, pulmonary consumption in, 669.

Laundries, 42, 663–72; machinery in, 665, 666; factory _v._ home industry, 667; health of workers in, 669–72.

Laurie, A. P., 8, 354,

Lawrence, Dr, 623.

Layet, Professor, on minium, 288.

Lazarus, surgeon-dentist, 474.

Lead and its compounds, 282–372; its use in potteries, 346–65.

_Lead in the Manufacture of Pottery, Report on the Use of_, 357.

Lead dust, 275.

Lead factories, blue and white beds in, 289.

Lead foil makers, plumbism in, 370.

Lead insanity, _see_ encephalopathy.

Lead mining, 25; and the health and surroundings of the miners, 282–86; plumbism almost unknown in, 538.

Lead oxide, 287.

Lead poisoning, _see_ plumbism.

Lead smelting works, 42; and plumbism, 286; Special Rules for, 848.

Lead workers, death rate, 135, 141, 594, 595; high mortality of their children, 303; encephalopathy in, 307; their clothes, 369; Special Rules for, 829, 846, 847.

Leadless glaze, for pottery, 360, 361, 363.

Leathart, Mr, of Newcastle, 313.

_Leather Trades Circular and Review_, 633.

Le Blanc process, for manufacture of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, carbonate of soda, caustic soda, and bleaching powder, 569–84.

Lee, Professor, 769.

Leeds, woollen cloth manufacture in, 634.

Lefebre, Dr, 270.

Lefevre, Dr, Brest, 335.

Legge, Dr T. Morison, Medical Inspector of Factories, 297, 300, 319, 320, 338, 352, 363, 372, 400, 590, 624, 627, 632, 659.

Legislation for dangerous trades, historical sketch of its development, 24–43; for mines, 33; principles of prospective, 63–72; _see also_ factory legislation.

Leicester, hosiery manufacture in, 635.

Leipzig, anthrax in, 625.

Leloir, Dr, 270.

Lémaistre, Dr, 386.

Lepine, Dr, 734.

Letterpress Printing Works (Germany), 61.

Levy, Dr, 109.

Lewis, Mr, Factory Inspector, Swansea district, 467.

Lewis, Professor Vivian, 504, 819.

Licensed victuallers, death rate, 800.

Liège, anchylostomiasis at, 537.

Lightermen, accident death rate, 530.

Lighting of factories, 51.

Lignite mines (Germany), accidents in, 513–15, 518.

Lime, burns caused by, 785.

Lime dressers, 578.

Limes, use of, 175.

Limestone quarries, 498, 558, 562.

Limoges, and plumbism from transfer making, 366, 367; and its porcelain, 385; phthisis in works at, 386, 387.

Linen and flax, 691–701; process of manufacture, 693; bleaching, 695.

Linen and Hempen Manufacture of Ireland (1711), 692.

Linen rags, 644.

Linotyping and plumbism, 331, 332.

Liquor traffic, death rate in, 801.

Litharge, 287.

Litho-transfer works, 365–67.

Little Bolton, 76.

Littlejohn, Dr Harvey, 343, 345.

Liver diseases, in cutlers, 138; stone quarriers, 141; musicians, 151; hairdressers, tailors, 153, 154; drapers, 154; miners, 157, 161; occupied and unoccupied males, 164, 720; soldiers, 174; sailors, 183; publicans, 802.

Llewellyn, Mr, 363.

Lloyd, Dr J. H., _Occupation Diseases_, 442.

Lockerby & Wilson, 501.

Lockjaw, or tetanus, 240–42; its micro-organism, 241.

Locksmiths, death rate, 135, 755.

Locomotor ataxia, 802.

Loewenthal, R., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Logements Insalubres (Paris), Commission des, 293.

Loire River, 730.

Lombardy, anchylostomiasis endemic in, 743.

London, outbreak of anthrax in, 625.

London and North Western Railway Insurance Society for Drivers and Firemen, 796.

London Society of Compositors, 328; Mortality Tables of, 330.

Londonderry, Lord, 27.

Longmore’s guard, 228.

Longton potteries, 346.

Looms, 225.

Lorinser, of Vienna, 421.

Louis, Henry, translator of Schmeisser’s _Goldfields of Australia_, 509.

Louis, Professor, _Coal Mining_, 11, 282.

Lucifer Match Factories, Commission on, 417.

Lucifer match works, 35, 36, 43; fragility of bones of employés in, 425; Special Rules for, 859.

Lucifer matches, containing lead, 371; and phosphorus, 417–33; _safety_ and _strike-anywhere_, 419, 421, 422.

Ludlow, Harvey, 623.

Lumbago, in field workers, 232; jam-makers, 680.

Lunacy, in field workers, 234; lead-workers, 308, 309.

Lung disease due to dust (pneumoconiosis), 271; in cotton operatives, 721; brewers, 801.

Lyddite (picric acid, trinitrophenol), 599, 600, 609–11, 619.

Macaulay, Lord, 27.

MacCormac, Bart., Sir William, 699.

McDowall, Dr, Northumberland County Asylum, 799.

M’Keown, Dr W. A., _Treatise on Unripe Cataract_, 502.

M’Kinlay, Dr, 770.

M’Laren, B., _Preventible Colliery Accidents_, 516.

MacMunn, Dr, Wolverhampton, 484, 766.

Machine-makers, death rate, 755.

Machine tools, 212.

Machinery, its effect on workers, 116; safe-guarding of, 203–31; prime movers, 205–208; means of stopping, 212; accidents in agricultural, 236.

Machines, planing, 229.

Madrid, cigar factories in, 794.

Magitot, Dr, Paris, 424.

Magnus, Professor, 776.

Maize, 235.

_Mal chimique_, phosphorus necrosis, 418.

_Mal de montagnes_, 749.

Malakoff, Professor, 775.

Malaria, an old theory about, 174; and soldiers, 177, 180; sailors, 183; caused by mosquitoes, 180, 186.

Maljean, Dr, 750.

Malt liquor, the London dock labourers and, 114.

Manchester, indiarubber works in, 470.

Manchester warehousemen, death rate, 154.

Manganese mud, 574, 575.

Mann, Dixon, _Forensic Medicine_, 477, 482.

Manson, Professor, on beriberi, 187.

Manufacturers, their right of arbitration, 5; Special Rules for, 35, 827–64.

Marble quarries, 559.

Marie, Dr, 481.

Marine Service, health in the, 182–89.

Marl quarries, 558.

Marsh’s apparatus, 381.

Masons, death rate, 135; phthisis, etc., in, 273, 274; eye accidents to, 784, 785.

Massachusetts, anthrax in, 625.

Massicot, 287.

Match industry, and phosphorus necrosis, 20, 418–28.

Match Manufacturers Arbitration, 422.

Matches, _safety_ and _strike-anywhere_, 419, 421, 422.

Maternity _v._ factory labour, 77, 82; field work and, 81.

Mather & Platt (Salford), on work before breakfast, 8.

_Matin, le_, 257.

Mattress-makers, liable to anthrax, 244; their diseases, 789, 790.

Maxwell, Sir John Stirling, 14.

May, S. W., Factory Inspector, 354.

Mayence, glazed ware at, 807.

Meachem, F. G., 543.

Meakin, G. E., 363.

_Medical Chronicle_, 479.

Medical Department of the Privy Council, inquiries between 1859 and 1872 conducted by, 76.

Medical Society of London, 378, 379.

_Melbourne Argus_, 257.

Melier, Dr, 793.

Mercantile Marine, 182; cooks in, 189; accident death rate, 530.

Merchant Shipping Act, 182, 189.

Mercurial compounds, preparation of, 442.

Mercurial poisoning, 19, 22, 26; industries liable to, 435–41; mode of causation, 436; symptoms of, 437; preventive measures, 444; in mines, 538.

Mercury, and its salts, dangers in use of, 434–46.

Mercury, fulminate of, 559, 602, 603, 620.

Merganthaler linotype machine, 331.

Metadinitrobenzine, 475.

Metal hollow ware, Special Rules for tinning and enamelling of, 863.

Metallic dust, 273.

Metalliferous mines, regulation of, 38, 528; accidents in German, 513–15, 518; more unhealthy than coal, 534.

Metalliferous Mines (Isle of Man) Act (1891), 564.

Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts (1872 and 1875), 564.

Metallochrome powder, 365.

Metallurgical industry, causes of its decline in England, 5.

Meters, electrical, 440.

Methæmoglobin, 484.

Methane, fire-damp in mines, 546.

Metropolitan Meat Market, 245.

Metropolitan District Railway, air of the, 744.

Metz, cases of anthrax at, 625.

Meyhöfer, Dr, 806.

Middlesborough, North Eastern Steel Works, 390–94.

Midland Medical Association, 466.

Migerka, Dr, _Staubarten in Wort und Bild_, 274.

Military balloonists, 750.

Military explosives, 619.

Milkers’ spasm, 821.

Mill fever, in jute workers, 661; doffers, 699.

Mill-gearing and belts, 205, 208–11; shaftings, pulleys, couplings, etc., 209.

Millers, death rate, 505.

Millstone building, buhrstone used for, 405, 407; health of masons, 405, 406; eye accidents to, 784.

Millwrights, death rate, 755.

Miners, accidents to, 11; death rate, 156; subject to phthisis, bronchitis, pneumonia, 273, 535; nystagmus, 534; eye accidents to, 776.

Miners, lead, their health and surroundings, 282–86.

Miners’ Permanent Benefit Relief Fund, 11, 531, 776 (Germany), 512–18.

Miners’ Central Association, 531, 532.

Mines, explosions and explosives in, 26, 615–18; Acts, 28, 40; premature death in, 30; no protective legislation till 1842, 31; inquests not held on accidental deaths, _ibid._; legislation since 1860 for, 33, 37; the air of, 540–56.

Mines and Manufactures, Report of Commission (1843) on, 35.

_Mines Legislation in Germany, France, and Belgium_, Mr Tremenheere’s _Special Reports on_, 28.

Mining, 508–39.

Mining districts, 120.

Mining, Royal Commission (1841) on, 31.

_Ministére de l’Industrie et du Travail_, Brussels, 698.

Ministry of Labour needed in England, 23.

Minium, 287.

Miram, M., experiments in matches, 430.

Mirror-silvering, 435, 437, 440.

Mixers, in dinitrobenzol manufacture, 765.

Mixing and casting of brass and other alloys, Special Rules for, 464.

Mohair, 634.

Molten metal, and eye accidents, 781.

Monmouthshire, mines in, 158–60; tinplate works in, 681.

Mononitrobenzine, 475, 483.

Mononitrotoluene, 476.

Mont Cenis Tunnel, 737.

Montfils, Dr, 623.

Morgan’s “Patent Safety Catch,” 221, 231.

Morse instrument (telegraphy), 819.

Mortality, of occupations, 118–33; tables of, in dust-producing occupations, 135, 142, 274, 275; in unhealthy occupations, 149; occupied and unoccupied men, 162; in sailing- and steam-ships, 184, 188; in railwaymen, 200; from plumbism, 298, 351; from mining accidents, 513–32 _passim_; in different and certain occupations, 594, 595; from manufacture and use of explosives, 603, 605; chief explosions in England, 608, 609; explosions in coal mines, 617, 618; in cotton operatives, 718–21; in boilermakers and iron shipbuilders, 754.

Morveau, Guyton de, 293.

Mosquitoes, and malaria, 180, 186.

Mosso, Professor, Turin University, 105.

Motais, Dr, Paris, 327.

Motes in the eye, from steel-grinding, 777.

Mother-of-pearl grinding causes phthisis, 276.

Mothers in factories, employment of, 73 _et seq._

Motor cars, manufacture of, and plumbism, 322.

Moulton, Fletcher, 363.

Mountain climbers, and diminished atmospheric pressure, 749.

Moxon, Professor, 747.

Mules, self-acting, 223–25; in cotton spinning, 703.

Mungo rags, 644.

Murray, Dr William, Birmingham, _Chronic Brass Poisoning_, 466.

Muscarin, poisonous constituent in mushroom-poisoning, 237.

Muscular system, effect of dinitrobenzine poison on, 479.

Muscular work, means for measuring, 105.

Mushroom-poisoning, and field-workers, 237.

Musicians, death rate, 151.

Myrbane (nitro- and dinitrobenzine), 591.

Nail and chain making, 758.

Nail diseases in furriers, 270.

Naphtha, in indiarubber works, 470; in dry cleaning works, 491.

Naphthalene, 475.

Napias, M. le Docteur, 57.

Nasal septum ulceration, caused by bichromes, 451.

_Nature_, 252.

Navy, health of the, 184.

Naxos, Island of, emery stone quarries in, 813.

Necrosis, _see_ phosphorus necrosis.

Needle-grinding, dust from, 276.

Nervous diseases, in potters, etc., 136; cutlers, file-cutters, 138, 595; glass-makers, 139, 595; iron-workers, 141; lead-workers, 143, 595; brass-workers, 145; wool-workers, 148; printers, musicians, 151; tailors, drapers, 154; miners, 158, 161, 162; occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595, 720; due to dinitrobenzine, 480, 481; copper-workers, carpenters, earthenware makers, 595; agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720; blacksmiths, 757.

Neuritis, peripheral, in indiarubber workers, 472.

Neurosis, occupation or fatigue, 764, 815.

New Almaden mines, California, 538.

New Australian Electric Light Co. (Richmond), 257.

New South Wales, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Newcastle-on-Tyne, cases of plumbism at, 297–300; fireclay, 399, 400; copper-smelting at, 466.

Newcastle Asylum at Cox Lodge, 799.

Newcastle City Asylum, 800.

Newcastle Royal Infirmary, 298, 312, 336, 360, 732, 793, 799, 806, 808, 823.

Newett, Dr, Ligoneill, 695.

Newlands, Archibald, Factory Inspector, 814.

Niagara Falls, 498.

Nieden, Dr, 482, 764.

Nitrate, of mercury, 446; of silver, 441; of soda, 581.

Nitrate mixtures, 446; as explosives, 602.

Nitric acid, 442, 581.

Nitric peroxide, 555, 556.

Nitric oxide, 556.

Nitro-benzine, 591.

Nitro-cellulose, 600, 603, 614, 619.

Nitro-compounds, 483, 602.

Nitro-cotton, 600, 614.

Nitro-glycerine, 555, 600, 612; explosives, 536, 603, 605; physiological effects of, 613.

Nitro-powders, 599.

Nitrogen, and black-damp, 542, 543; and after-damp, 549.

Nitrous fumes, 581.

Nobel, Alfred, discovers blasting gelatine, 600, 614.

Noble, 611.

Non-textile industries, accidents in, 12; machinery in, 227–30.

North Eastern Steel Works, Middlesborough, 390.

Northamptonshire mines, 158–61.

Northumberland County Asylum, 799.

Northumberland and Durham Miners’ Permanent Relief Fund, 11, 532.

Northumberland Miners’ Mutual Confident Association, 9.

Northumberland mines, 158–61.

Norway, phosphorus necrosis in, 421.

Norwich, effect of electric shock on dogs at, 256.

Nottingham, annual meeting of British Medical Association at (1892), 87.

Nottinghamshire mines, 158–60.

Novgorod, Russia, anthrax at, 625.

Nuisance Removal Act, 29.

Nuremberg, mirror-silvering at, 435.

Nurserymen, mortality of, 129.

Nystagmus, miners’, 534, 761–64.

Oakeshott, Miss Grace, 795.

Occupation disease, its causation, 15, 16; difficulty of recognising, 17; dust as a cause of, 267–77; due to excessively repeated muscular actions, 815–25.

Occupations, mortality of, 118–33.

Occupied and unoccupied men, mortality of, 162, 594, 595, 719, 720.

Ocean Accident Insurance Co., 21.

Œdematous anthrax, 636.

Official Miners’ Permanent Relief Fund of the German Empire, 512–18.

Ogle, Dr, 120, 125, 128, 136, 137, 152, 535, 755, 800, 809.

Oil engines, 206; safety starting-gear for, 208.

Oligocythemia, 484.

Oliver, a sledge hammer, 759.

Oliver, Prof. Thomas, on death from electric shock, 258; _Lead Poisoning_ (Gulstonian Lectures), 304; on Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, 309, 477; his Report on Lead Compounds in Pottery, 351; _Acetylene, the New Illuminant, etc._, 502.

Olten, death from electric shock at, 253.

Omdurman, effect of lyddite shells at, 600.

Onimus, Dr (France), on telegraphists’ spasm--mal télégraphique, 819.

Openers, tinplate works, 681.

Ophthalmia, in flax workers, 698; hop pickers, 783; confectioners, 798.

_Ophthalmic Society of the United Kingdom, Transactions of_, 770.

Opiates, administered to infants, 78–80.

Opium, used in fen districts for ague, 234.

Oram, R. E. Sprague, Factory Inspector, 462.

Orange lead works, Special Rules for, 846.

Orthonitrobenzine, 475.

Osborn, Mr, Factory Inspector, 705, 716.

Osteo-arthritis, in field-workers, 232; quarriers, 564.

Osteomyelitis, 276.

Ostlers, subject to glanders and farcy, 238.

Ottawa, fire at Dominion Carbide Works, 501.

Overwork, on railways, 193.

Oxidation of iron pyrites causes black-damp, 541–43.

Oxide, lead, 287; of cobalt, 348.

Oxygen, and black-damp, 541–45; and fire-damp, 547; in explosives, 610.

Oxyhæmoglobin, 484.

Paardeberg, 178; lyddite fumes at, 611.

Pagliani, Professor, 112, 739.

Paint, manufacture of white, 313, 447; and colour factories, Special Rules for, 831.

Painters, and lead colic, 17; lead insanity in, 308; and plumbism, 333–38, 770; washing of their clothes, 369; eye troubles due to arsenic, 770.

Paints, use of inflammable or spirit, 494–96.

Palmar fascia, contraction of the (among gardeners), 233, 237.

Pantin-Aubervilliers, France, match works at, 421, 429–32; plumbism at, 429.

Paperhangers, eye troubles due to arsenic, 770.

Paper makers, 644.

Paraffin, cancer among workers in, 812.

Paralysis, in file-cutters, 343; electric treatment of, 374; treatment of divers’, 746, 748.

Paranitrobenzine, 475.

Paris, lead poisoning in, 311, 333, 334; tobacco factories in, 794.

Parkes and Kenwood, _Hygiene and Public Health_, 379.

Parsons, Dr, 647.

Pasteur, his treatment of hydrophobia, 243; of anthrax, 623; on disease-carrying germs, 797.

Pasteur-Chamberland bacterial filter, 175.

Paterson, Miss, Factory Inspector, 302.

Pathology and physiology of work and fatigue, 104–17.

Pattinson process for desilvering lead ore, 287.

Paul, M. Constantin, 302.

Peacock, Dr, 382.

Pearson _v._ Belgian Mills Company, 213.

Peel, Sir Robert, 191.

Pellagra (_malattia della miseria_), due to bad maize, 235.

Pembrey, Llanelly, dynamite explosion at, 608.

Pennsylvania, anthrax caused by tannery refuse in, 624.

Pens, and writers’ palsy, 815, 818, 819.

Percy, Dr, _Fuel_, 396.

Peripheral neuritis, caused by bisulphide of carbon in indiarubber works, 472; by dinitrobenzine, 486.

Perron, M., of Besançon, 468.

Perroncito, Professor, Turin, 743.

Persulphocyanic acid, 431.

Petroleum Acts (1871–1881), 499.

Phenylene-diamine, 483.

Philatelists, danger of stamp-licking, 804.

Philip, Dr, Edinburgh, 473.

_Philosophical Transactions_ (1665), 434.

Phosphorus, its use limited in Switzerland, Holland, and Belgium, 60; and lucifer matches, 417–33, 592.

Phosphorus necrosis (“phossy jaw,” _mal chimique_), 14, 16, 18–20, 22, 418, 420, 421, 424; its cause and prevention, 426–428; its treatment, 433.

Phossy-jaw, see phosphorus necrosis.

Photography, use of bichromes in, 448.

Phthisis, potters’, 15, 135, 136; its incidence, 131, 132; in dusty occupations, 135; earthenware makers, 135, 595; cotton operatives, 135, 720, 721; locksmiths, bakers, 135, 505; blacksmiths, 135, 505, 757; coopers, wood-turners, rope-makers, bricklayers, masons, carpet manufacturers, tin-workers, 135; cutlers, 135, 137, 595; file-cutters, 135, 139, 342, 595; glass-makers, 135, 595, 805; copper-workers, 135, 140, 595; gunsmiths, 135, 145; zinc, iron, and steel workers, 135, 141; stone quarriers, 135, 143, 562; lead-workers, 135, 143, 595; brass-workers, 135, 145; chimney sweeps, 135, 146; wool-workers, 135, 148; agriculturists, 135, 234, 720; textile workers, 147; in certain unhealthy occupations, 149; bookbinders, 150, 151; printers, 150, 151, 275; hatters, 152; tailors, 154; drapers, shoemakers, 155; miners, 157, 159, 161, 162, 535; in occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595, 720; soldiers, 168; sailors, 183; gardeners, 237; can be caused by dust, 272; in porcelain and cement makers, masons, 274; typographers, 275, 329, 330; mother-of-pearl grinders, 276; Durham lead miners, 284; at Limoges potteries, 386; indiarubber makers, 473; millers, 505; brewers, 595, 801; carpenters, chemical and flax workers, 595; laundresses, 669; boilermakers and shipbuilders, 754; upholsterers, 789; railwaymen, 796; publicans, 801; coal heavers and trimmers, 808.

Physiology and pathology of work and fatigue, 104–17.

Physique of working classes, 7.

Pianoforte-players’ cramp, 821.

Picklers, in tinplate works, 682; women as assistant, 684.

Picric acid, _see_ lyddite.

Pidoux, Dr, 327.

Piecing, of flax, 693.

Piedmont, anchylostomiasis endemic in, 743.

Pig-keepers, 249.

Pigments, manufacture of, 566.

Placers in potteries, 383.

Plague, seamen subject to, 183.

Planing machines, 229.

Plasterers, anthrax in, 244; eye accidents from lime to, 785.

Plate-glass factories in England, 804.

Platelayers, 195.

Plate wheels, 218.

Playfair, Lord, 80.

Pleurisy, in field-workers, 234; steel grinders, 410.

Pliny, _Natural History_, 63; “diseases of slaves,” 25.

“Plug and feather” method of using explosives in quarries, 559.

Plumbers, and white lead, 292; lead insanity, 308; plumbism, 333, 770.

Plumbism, 14, 16–19, 21, 22, 26; colic and kidney disease due to, 15; in potteries, 57, 58, 136, 351, 353, 360–62; among cutlers, 137, 595; file-cutters, 138, 341–43, 595, 770; glaziers, 142; lead-workers, 142, 595; painters, 142, 770; occupied and unoccupied males, 164, 595, 720; operatives in electric works (including motor cars and tramways), 259, 320, 322, 323; lead smelting works, 286; white lead works, 295–300; mortality tables, 297, 298, 371; and pregnancy, 301; its symptoms, 304; and alcoholism, 305, 310; encephalopathy (lead insanity), 307–309; preventive and curative treatment of, 310–15; in Paris, 311; due to soldering, 323; among typographers, 324–32; plumbers, 333, 770; house painters, 333–37; coach painters, 337; glass-workers, 339, 595; earthenware makers, 360, 595; in chromo-lithograph and transfer making, 366; tile-making, 368; produced by washing lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, 369; lead foil makers, shoe-finishers, 370; electric treatment of, 373–77; in mirror-silvering works, 441; among chemical workers, 595; its effect on the eyes, 770.

Pommata, Dr, Brigue, 741, 743.

Pneumatic chipper in steel works, 781, 783.

Pneumoconiosis, lung disease caused by dust, 268, 271; in quarriers, 563.

Pneumonia, in field-workers, 234; masons, porcelain and cement makers, 274; typographers, 329, 330; steel grinders, 410; millers, bakers, 505; miners, 535; jute workers, 660; agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720; boiler makers and shipbuilders, 754; engine drivers and firemen, 797; glass-makers, 805.

Poikilocytosis, 484.

Poincaré, Dr, 794.

Poisoning by dinitrobenzine, 477–86; acute, 477; subacute, 478; chronic, 479; precautions against, 487; treatment of, 489.

Poisonous substances, control of their use in manufacture, 42.

_Poisons Industriels_, Paris, 284, 302, 360, 794.

Poisson, Dr, 794.

Pol and Watelle, MM., on effects of compressed air at Douchy mine, 730.

Polishing of cutlery, 412.

Pollender, Professor, on the anthrax bacillus, 623.

Ponteau, M., experiments in matches, 430.

Pontypool, first tinplate works at, 681.

Poole, Dorset, fireclay working at, 400.

Poore, Vivian, 819.

Pope, Dr Walter, 26, 434.

Porcelain, diseases of workers, 274; three kinds of, 349; stoves, 367.

Porphyry quarries, 558.

Porter, Dr, 343.

Potassium and sodium bichromate, lesions resulting from manufacture and uses of, 447–54.

Potassium chlorate, 419.

Potassium, cyanide of, in glazed ware, 807.

Pott, Percivall, 237.

“Potteries,” the, 346.

Potters, phthisis of, 15, 389; death rate, 135.

Pottery manufacture, 4, 21, 25; use of lead in, 346–65.

Pottery Arbitration at Stoke-on-Trent, 21.

Pouce, flax dust, 697.

Power presses, 229, 230.

Precipitation process in white lead works, 291.

Pregnancy, and lead poisoning, 301; and tobacco, 794.

Prendergast, Dr Hanley, 384, 388.

Preservation of Health and Morals of Apprentices Act (1802), 827.

Prevost, Dr, Geneva University, 258.

Priest and Ashmore, opticians, Sheffield, 782.

Priestley, Dr, 280.

Prime movers, 205.

Printers, death rate, 150; and lead dust, 275; colic, 324; their cats suffer from plumbism, 327; subject to phthisis, 328–30; and to plumbism, 324–32.

Pröbsting, Dr, oculist, Cologne, 806.

Prospector, mining, 509, 510.

Protection necessary in factories, 64; Protection of Infant Life, Select Committee (1871) on, 79.

Protective legislation and Factory Acts, 32.

Proust, Dr, 322.

Pruritus (itchiness), 270.

Prussian Official Miners’ Relief Fund, 533.

Public Health Acts, 22, 29, 565.

_Public Health Journal_, 497.

_Public Health Engineer_, 504.

Publicans, death rate, 800.

Puddling furnacemen subject to heart disease, 756.

Pulleys, for mill-gearing, 209, 210; loose, 217.

Pulling room, for transformation of rabbit skins, 724.

Pulmonary anthracosis, in stokers, 797.

Pulmonary anthrax, “wool-sorter’s disease,” 637.

Pulmonary diseases, in china and earthenware makers, 382–89; blast furnacemen, 756; blacksmiths, 757; dressmakers, 805; chimney sweeps, 808.

Purdon, Dr C. P., 270, 695, 697.

Putty powder, frequent cause of plumbism, 339.

Pyroxiline, 792.

Quarriers, diseases of, 135, 143, 561–64; accidents, 560, 561; eye accidents, 784.

Quarries, 557–67.

Quarries Act (1894), 42, 557, 564.

Quarry Fencing Act, 565.

Quicksilver, mining of, 25, 434; extraction from cinnabar, 438.

Rabbit down and skins, 724–27.

“Racing the stone,” in wet-grinding, 412.

Rag-grinding, 645.

Rag-cleaning, dust from, 276.

Rag-sorters, liable to anthrax, 244; health of, 645.

Rags and their products in relation to health, 644–47.

_Railway Times_, 198.

Railways, 190–202; accidents on, 190 _et seq._, 530; Royal Commission (1865) on, 192; block system and automatic couplings, 193; overwork on, _ibid._; gases in underground, 744–45; employés’ risks, 796.

Railways Regulation Act (1871), 193; (1873), 192.

Rainhill, file-cutting at, 340.

Ramazini, Dr, _Diseases of Artificers_ (_De morbis artificium diatriba_), 24, 267, 434, 789.

Ransome, Dr, 80, 707.

Rasch, Professor, 368.

Rats and sequoia sawdust, 792.

Ravenal, Dr, Pennsylvania, 624.

Rawson, C., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Raymondaud, Professor, Limoges, 385.

Reachers (cotton-spinning), 703.

Read, Holliday, & Sons, 612.

Read-Holliday Acetylene Company, 497, 501.

Red lead, 287; Special Rules for manufacture of, 846.

Red, or amorphous phosphorus, 417–19.

Red oxide, 443.

Redgrave, Alexander, Factory Inspector, 29, 36.

Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, 729, 734.

Redwick Well, Gloucestershire, 545.

Reeling, measuring flax yarn into hanks, 695.

Regent’s Park, gunpowder explosion in, 607, 608.

Reitz, Dr J., _Ueber die giftigen Hutmacherbeizen und deren nachtheiligen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit_, 435.

Renk, Professor von, 436.

Resin, 619.

Respiratory diseases, _see_ phthisis.

Retting, or steeping pond, for jute, 651.

Return road (mines), 540.

_Revue d’Hygiène et de Police Sanitaire_, 431, 739.

Rex, Wilton, 363.

Reynolds, Dr, 482.

Rheumatic fever, in cotton operatives, 147, 720; wool-sorters, 148; drapers, 154; brewers, cutlers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware and glass makers, 595; occupied and unoccupied men, 595, 720; agriculturists, 720.

Rheumatism, in seamen, 183, 186; field-workers, 232; quarriers, 564; jute-workers, 660; jam-makers, 680; tinplate workers, 683; aerated water workers, 689; blast furnacemen, 756; sawyers, 791; drivers of public vehicles, 798.

Riders’ bone, bursæ, sprain, 245.

Ridley, Sir Matthew White, 69, 353.

Ring frame, in cotton-spinning, 703.

Ringworm, in cows, 247.

Ritchie, C. T., 72, 193, 197; his Railway Bills, 198, 202.

Rivers, Dr, 773.

Riveters, deafness in, 752.

_Rivista de Servizio Minerario_, 521.

Roads, “intake” and “return” (mines), 540.

Roberts, Sir William, 707.

Robertshaw, Dr, Stockbridge, 400.

Robertson, Dr John, Medical Health Officer, Sheffield, 340.

Robinson, Dr William, Sunderland, 284, 819.

Roburite, 555, 559, 619.

Roburite Company, 615.

Rochester Bridge, 731.

Rodgers, Mr, Factory Inspector, 591.

Rome, Jews as glass makers in, 804.

Romiée, Dr, 764.

Root’s blower, 570.

Rope-makers, death rate, 135.

Roques, _Mouvement Médical_, 303.

Roscoe, Sir H., 707.

Rose, Dr Frederick, Consul at Stuttgart, _Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the Carbide and Acetylene Industries in Germany_, 504.

Rosewood, 792.

Roslin, Edinburgh, gunpowder explosions at, 609.

Ross, Dr, 479.

Roughers, in flax works, 693; addicted to alcoholism, 697.

Roussel, Professor, 422.

Rove, twisted jute yarn, 653.

Roving frames, cotton spinning, 703.

Roving machines, flax works, 694.

Royal College of Surgeons, 809.

Royal Commission on:--Labour, 74, 83, 186; Mines (1841), 31; Railways (1865 and 1899), 192, 198.

Royal Institution, 737, 740.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 457.

Royal Society, 118.

_Royal Society of England, Transactions of_, 26, 27.

_Royaume de Belgique--Statistique de Mines, Minières, Carrières, etc._, 519.

Russell, Dr, 625.

Russell, Risien, 822.

Russell, Sir James, Edinburgh, 791.

Russia, factory inspectorate in, 49; ergotism in, 234.

Rye, spurred, 234.

S. S. Powder, 619.

Saccardo system, for ventilating St Gothard Tunnel, 738.

Sack-sewers (jute works), 652.

Safe-guarding of machinery, 203–31.

Safety lamps, in coal mines, 528.

Saggers, vessels in which earthenware is fired, 347, 383.

Sailing vessels, mortality incident in, 184.

Sailors, health of, 182–89; food and habits of, 183; diseases due to employment, habits, and climate, 184, 185; to insanitary conditions and environment, 186; accident death rate, 530.

St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 237, 245, 809.

St Gothard Tunnel, 738.

St Helens, copper-smelting at, 466; chemical works at, 571, 579, 582, 584, 596; plate-glass works at, 804.

St Yriex, near Limoges, kaolin found at, 385.

Salt, electrolysis of, 583.

Salt cake, or sulphate of soda, 570, 573; hours of work, etc., of makers of, 586.

Salt mines (Cheshire), 508; accidents in German, 513–15.

Saltash, use of caissons at, 731.

Saltpetre, 600, 611.

Sand quarries, 558.

Sandstone, dust, 274; quarries, 558.

Sanitary Act, 29, 36.

Sanitary Commissions, 29.

Sanitary Condition of Labouring Population, Report (1838) on, 45.

Sanitary Congress, Newcastle, 808.

Sanitary measures in Factory Act of 1864, 35.

Sanitary State of the People of England (1858), 76.

Saturnine poisoning, _see_ encephalopathy.

Saws, circular, 227.

Sawyers, subject to rheumatism, bronchitis, and asthma, 791.

Saxony, mines, 518; cancer of lung in smaltite miners, 538; secret of tinplate making brought from, 681.

Scale tang cutlery, 412, 413.

Scapula’s _Lexicon_, 232.

Scarlet fever caused by cows’ milk, 247.

Schaefer, Dr H., _Die Spiegelberger_, 441.

Scheele, Dr, Berlin, 805.

Scheele’s green, 379.

Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australia_, 509.

Schmidt, Dr, 340.

Schölberg, H. A., his chemical analysis of a ganister miner’s lung, 404.

Schonbein, Professor, 419.

Schröter of Vienna, discovers red or amorphous phosphorus, 418.

Schultze powder, 619.

Schutte, Landsberg, & Co., 492.

Schweinfurt or Vienna green, 379.

Schweinitz, Professor de, _Toxic Amblyopias_, 769, 770.

Sciatica in field-workers, 232.

Scissors-makers, death rate, 137.

Scotch Fishery Board, 674.

Scotland, match works in, 419; bichrome factories in, 449; fish-curing a staple industry in, 674.

Scott, Dr Alexander, Glasgow, 796.

Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, 801.

Scottish Council for Women’s Trades, 98.

Scouring china, 384.

Screws, set (mill-gearing), 209, 214.

Scriveners’ palsy, or spasm, 815–17.

Scroll- or draw-bands, 225.

Scurvy, in sailors, 183, 187.

Scutch mills, flax, 692, 694, 698.

Seamstresses’ cramp, 821.

Self-acting mules, 223–25.

Septum, ulceration of the nasal, 450–52.

Sequoia wood, effect of its sawdust, 791.

Serpentine quarries, 558.

Servants, domestic, liable to stomach ulceration, 798.

Sesquisulphide of phosphorus, 421, 430–32.

Set-screws (mill-gearing), 209, 214.

Setters, in ganister works, 398.

Severn Tunnel, nitro-glycerine fumes in, 613.

Sewing-machine workers, their ailments, 802.

Seymour, Lord, his Railway Act, 191.

Shaft ends, 217.

Shaftesbury, Lord, 38.

Shafting, for mill-gearing, 209, 210.

Shafts, downcast and upcast (mines), 540.

Shale quarries, 558.

Shanghai hides, 629.

Shears, Professor, 769.

Sheep, and anthrax, 624.

“Sheep dip,” arsenic in, 378.

Sheep’s wool, 634.

Sheet-glass factories, 804.

Sheffield, mother-of-pearl grinding in, 276; file-cutters, 340; high mortality in, 344, 345; snuff, 769.

Sheffield Royal Infirmary, 777, 779, 781.

Shennan, Dr, Edinburgh, 778.

Shepherds and sheep diseases, 244, 247, 248.

Sherwin, J., 363.

Ship painters, 494.

Shipwrights, death rate, 596, 754.

Shoddy, 646.

“Shoddy fever,” in rag-grinders, 645.

Shoe-finishing and staining by lead compounds, plumbism and, 370.

Shoemakers, death rate, 155, 824; spasm (idiopathic tetany), 822; instance of chest deformity in, 823.

Shoreditch, cases of anthrax in, 627.

Shunters, railway, a perilous trade, 195–97.

Sicily, effects of fatigue in, 112.

Sick Insurance Fund, Germany, 55, 58.

Sidemoor, nail-making at, 760.

Siderosis, lung disease due to metallic dust, 273.

Siemens-Martin furnace, 756.

Siemens metal, heat of, 772.

Sierra de Gador, lead mines of, 284.

Sieve mills, ganister works, 398.

Sighters of aerated water, 787; eye accidents to, 786.

Silicate of cotton, 788.

Silicosis, or chalicosis, lung disease due to stone-dust, etc., 273.

Silk-dust, its effect on workers, 26.

Silver and gold extraction, 440.

Silver finishers or burnishers, eye affection, of, 771.

Silvering of mirrors, 440.

Simon, Sir John, Medical Officer to the Privy Council, 24, 26, 29, 76, 77, 81, 84.

Simon, Dr R., 144.

Simplon Tunnel, 739.

Size in cotton, its effects on health, 705, 706; constituents of, 715.

Skin and hides, Special Rules for dry-salting, 856.

Skin disease due to dust (pneumoconiosis), 268; in flax workers, 260.

Slag, basic, 276, 390–95.

Slate quarries, 558.

Slaughterers liable to anthrax, 244; and erysipelas, 245.

Sledge hammer, or Oliver, 759.

Sledging, in ganister crushing, 397.

Slip-makers (pottery), 383.

Slips, in mill-gearing, 225.

Slubbing frames (cotton spinning), 703.

Smallpox, allied to cowpox and horsepox, 247; caused by rags in papermaking, 644; upholsterers liable to, 789.

Smaltite, causes lung cancer, 538.

Smelting works (Germany), accidents in, 513–15.

Smith, Dr Andrew, New York, 731, 735.

Smith, Angus, _Air and Rain_, 543.

Smith, Sir Frederick, Inspector General, Board of Trade, 191.

Smith, Commander Hamilton, 277, 767.

Smith, Lorrain, 544, 550.

Smith, Sidney, Factory Inspector, 591.

Smoke in mines, carbonic acid, its poisonous constituent, 553, 554.

Smyrna, emery rock imported from, 813.

Snaefell colliery accident, 554.

Snell, Dr Simeon, 482, 488, 730.

Snuff, manufacture of, 767.

Social Science Congress (1865), 411.

Society of Arts, 501.

Society of File-Cutters by Hand in Sheffield, 345.

Soda, 581, 583.

Sodium, manufacture of, 447–54; Special Rules for, 844.

Sodium nitrate, 581.

Soft rags, 644.

Soldering, and plumbism, 323.

Soldiers, diseases of, 166–81; their barracks, 168; tight-fitting uniforms abolished, 169; “irritable heart” and tobacco, _ibid._; night-guard, 170; life in hot dry climates, 171; in hot moist climates, 173; specific diseases of campaigns, 177.

Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, 439.

Soot merchants, death rate, 145.

Soot, its effects on the skin, 808; and cancer, 810.

Soot warts, 810.

South London, fur-pullers in, 726.

South Wales, mines, 158–60; tinplate works, 681.

Southwark, cases of anthrax in, 627.

Spain, employment of women after childbirth in, 54; pellagra in, 235.

Spanish lead ore, 283.

Spanton, W. D., 354.

Spear, Mr, Local Government Board, 625, 626, 630–32.

Special Rules, in Germany and England, 55, 59; France, 57; and Arbitration, 65–71; in potteries, 361, 365; under Factory Acts, 829–64.

Spiegel iron, 758.

Spike nails, 759.

Spindle ends, 217.

Spinners (flax), phthisis among, 696–98.

Spirit or inflammable paints, use of, 494–96.

Splenic fever, _see_ anthrax.

Sporting explosives, 619.

Spragging, in coal mines, 527.

Spur wheels, 216.

Squire, Miss, 442, 671.

Stablemen, subject to glanders and farcy, 238.

Staffordshire, infant mortality in artisan towns of, 73; wages of male and female workers, 88; mines in, 158–61; home of the pottery industry, 346; earthenware and china makers in, 350, 351.

Stagnant and compressed air, diseases due to working in, 728–48.

“Stamp-lickers’ tongue,” 803.

Stannington clay, 397.

Starch, 619.

Starting-gear for gas and oil engines, 208.

_Statistik der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche Reich_, 512.

_Statistique de l’Industrie Minérale en France et en Algerie_, 520.

_Statisque de Mines, etc., Royaume de Belgique._

Steam engines, 206.

Steam laundries, machinery in, 665.

Steamers, mortality incident in, 184.

Steel and iron industries, 756–60.

Steel-melters’ composition, 400.

Steel-workers, death rate, 135, 140; eye diseases, 771–75; eye accidents, 776–83.

Steel works, use of converters in, 757.

Steel grinding, 408–16.

Steel pens, and writers’ palsy, 815, 818, 819.

Steeping or retting pond, for jute, 651; for flax, 652.

Stephenson, George, 191.

Stephenson, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Blackburn, 706.

Stereotyping, 331.

Stevenson, Dr, 460, 461.

Stive room, in basic slag works, 391.

Stockman, Professor, Glasgow, 426.

Stoke-on-Trent, Pottery Arbitration at, 21, 363; potteries at, 554.

Stokers, railway, pulmonary anthracosis in, 797.

Stokes, Mr, Report on Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.

Stomach ulceration, domestic servants liable to, 798.

Stone, racing the (wet-grinding), 412.

Stone, workers in (cutters, masons, quarriers, etc.), eye accidents to, 784.

Stone-quarriers, death rate, 135, 143.

Stooping gait (kyphosis), in field-workers, 133.

Stourbridge fireclay, 399, 400.

Strap forks, 217.

Strasburg Bridge, Rhine, 731.

Strassmann and Strecker, 482, 486.

Strick of flax, 693.

Strong’s “Standard Guard” for engine fly-wheels, 207.

Stühler, Dr, Berlin, 325, 333.

Stumpf, Dr, 325.

Subchloride of mercury (calomel), 442, 443.

Suffit, Dr Courtois-, 431.

Sugar and alcohol, as muscular food, 114.

Suicide, in file-cutters, 138; chimney sweeps, 146; bookbinders, printers, musicians, 151; hatters, 152; drapers, 154, 155; shoemakers, 155; ironstone miners, 161; occupied and unoccupied men, 164; publicans, 802.

Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, 570, 573.

Sulphide of lead (galena), 348, 538.

Sulphide of mercury (vermilion), 438, 443.

Sulphur, 581, 582.

Sulphur dioxide, 580, 581.

Sulphuretted hydrogen, 555, 582.

Sulphuric acid, 570; manufacture of, 580.

Sulser-Ziegler, Mr, Director of Brandt, Brandau et Cie., Zurich, 740.

Sunderland, 360.

Sunderland Infirmary, 808.

Sunstroke, 171, 175, 180.

Sutton, H., 363.

Swan, Joseph Wilson, 5.

Swansea, copper smelting at, 466, 467.

Sweating System, House of Lords’ Committee on the, 40.

Sweden, factory inspectorate in, 47; ergotism in, 234; lucifer match industry in, 422.

Swift, or drum for rag-grinding, 645.

Swine and anthrax, 624.

Switzerland, factory inspectorate in, 47; employment of women after childbirth, 53, 88, 685; use of white phosphorus limited, 60; yellow phosphorus prohibited, 422; phosphorus necrosis in, 428; chimney sweeping in, 811.

Sydney, week’s work of forty-four hours in coal mines and factories, 8; death from electric shock in, 257.

Syphilis, sailors and, 184.

Tailors, death rate, 153.

Talamon, Dr, 320.

Tanners, death rate, 244, 245.

Tannery refuse, and anthrax, 624.

Tanquerel, Dr, 327.

Tar, cancer among workers in, 812.

Tardien, M., 303.

Tasmania, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Tatham, Dr John, _Decennial Supplements to Registrar-General’s Reports_, 118, 345, 389, 593, 596, 717, 719, 801, 809.

Taylor, Dr Frederick, 746.

Tea lead rollers, lead insanity among, 308.

Teagles, 221.

Telegraphists’ spasm or cramp, 819.

Telfer, Councillor, Edinburgh, 791.

Templeman, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Dundee, 82.

Tennant, H. J., M.P., 14.

Terra-cotta, 348.

Terrier, Professor, 775.

Tetanus, or lockjaw, 240–42; its micro-organism, 241; in quarrymen, 564; jute-workers, 659; idiopathic (shoemakers’ spasm), 822.

Textile factories, accidents in, 12; limitation of hours in, 35; death rate of workers in, 147; machinery in, 225, 226.

Thackrah, Dr, _Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions on Health and Longevity_, 458.

Thermometer-making, 439.

Thomas, Dr, Limehouse, 280.

Thomas Gilchrist process, in steel manufacture, 390.

Thomson, Captain, Inspector of Explosives, 502.

Thorpe, Professor T. E., 350–53, 355, 357–61, 363, 364, 368, 417, 419, 803.

Thread mills, 803.

Threshing, eye accidents in, 783.

Throstles (cotton spinning), 703.

Throwing (potteries), 383.

Tile making, and manufacture of porcelain stoves, 367.

Tillmanns, Professor, Leipzig, 812.

_Times_, 362.

Tin-houses, in tinplate works, 685.

Tin-miners, death rate, 162, 535.

Tinplate works, processes of manufacture in, 681; women’s labour in, 681–86; risks to health, 683.

Tinker and Holliday, Huddersfield, 501.

Tinley, Dr, 234.

Tinning and enamelling of hollow ware, 319; Special Rules for, 848, 863.

Tizzoni, Professor, the tetanus bacilli, 241, 242; on hydrophobia, 244.

Tobacco, soldiers use of, 169; manufacture of, 768, 793; toxic amblyopia in workers, 768; pregnancy and, 794.

Todmorden, cotton sizing at, 705.

Tolindene, 591.

Toluene, 475.

Tonite (cotton powder), 555, 559, 611, 620.

Tools, machine, 212.

Toothed wheels, 216, 217.

Torticollis, or wry-neck, 762.

Tow, flax, 673; sliver-yarn, 694.

Towing (pottery), 383.

Toxic hysteria, caused by bisulphide of carbon, 473.

Trade, Grand Committee (1902) on, 43.

Trade Accident Associations (Germany), 55.

Trade Unions, 2.

Trades Union Congress (1882), 705.

Tramways, electric, 323.

_Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers_, 508, 516, 517, 541, 543.

_Transactions of Ophth. Society of the United Kingdom_, 770.

_Transactions of the Royal Society of England_, 26, 27.

Transfer making and chromo-lithographic works, 365; Special Rules for, 840.

Transformer stations, electric, 250.

Tremenheere, Mr, Inspector of Mines, 28.

Triamidobenzine, 483.

Trichinosis, 249.

Triger, M., French engineer, 730.

Trinitrobenzine, 476, 483.

Trinitrophenol, or picric acid, 619.

Trinitrotoluene, 476.

Tropical diseases, in sailors, 185.

Tuberculosis, common disease in cows, 247; in typographers, 275, 329, 330.

Tunnels, dangers of making and working in, 737–43.

Tunstall potteries, 346.

Turbines, 208.

Turin, Congress of Hygiene at, 288.

Tuyere holes (steel works), 758.

_Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine_, 442, 819.

Tyler, Captain, Board of Trade Inspecting Officer, 193.

Tyneside, decay of chemical industry on, 6; lead insanity in, 283; plumbism, 312.

Typhoid fever, 174, 177, 179; among field-workers, 234; in Dundee, 662; among boilermakers and shipbuilders, 754.

Type-setters’ spasm, 821.

Typographers (type founders and setters) and lead dust, 275; and plumbism, 324–32.

Typographical Associations, 328; Mortality Tables, 329, 330.

Tyrol, milkers’ spasm in cowherds of the, 821.

Ulceration of the nasal septum, due to bichromes, 451; of the stomach in domestic servants, 798.

Underground railways, gases in, 744–45.

Unhealthy trades, Dr Guy’s classification of, 130.

United Alkali Co., 570, 579.

United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, 754.

Unoccupied and occupied men, mortality of, 162, 594, 595, 719, 720.

Upcast shaft (mines), 540.

Upholsterers, and flocks, 466; subject to respiratory troubles, smallpox, erysipelas, etc., 789.

Urinary diseases, in potters, 136; cutlers, 137, 595; file-cutters, 138, 595; glass-makers, 139, 595; copper-workers, 140, 595; iron-workers, 141; lead-workers, 143, 595; brass-workers, 145; chimney sweeps, 146; wool-workers, 148; bookbinders, 150; printers, musicians, 151; miners, 158, 161, 162; occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595; caused by dinitrobenzine, 482–85; among brewers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware makers, 595; publicans, etc., 802.

Urobilin, 483.

Uttley, Stuart, 345.

Vaccinia, or cowpox, cowmen and dairymaids subject to, 246.

Van der Borght, Dr, his definition of industrial disease, 15.

Van Giesson, 401.

Van Leyden, 747.

Varicocele, in carpenters, 791; engine drivers, 796.

Varicose veins, 19.

Vegetable dyes, 317.

Velten in Brandenburg, plumbism among glazed tile makers, 368.

Venereal diseases, in soldiers, 177; sailors, 183, 185.

Ventilation of factories, 51.

Vermilion (sulphide of mercury), 443.

Verhægen, Arthur, 14, 16–18.

Vernati, Sir Philberto, 26.

Veterinary surgeons, 238, 244, 247, 248.

Victor guard, 228.

Victoria, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Vienna, epidemic of idiopathic tetany in, 822.

Violinists’ cramp, 821.

Viper bites, in field-workers, 236.

Vitriol makers, hours of work, etc., 586.

Vitriol, oil of, 570.

Volante, Dr, Medical Officer at Iselle (Simplon Tunnel), 741, 743.

Volts, 252, 253.

Vulcanisation of indiarubber, 768; Special Rules for, 855.

Wadsworth’s “Self-landing and Delivering Hoist,” 222.

Wages, effect of home work on, 103.

Wall papers, arsenic in, 379.

Walmsley, J. H., Factory Inspector, Stoke-on-Trent, 352, 354.

Walsrode (sporting powder), 619.

Ward, Thomas, _The Subsidences in and around the Town of Northwich in Cheshire_, 508.

Warpers, flax, 695; cotton spinning, 703.

Washers, in tinplate works, 682; of aerated water bottles, 688.

Washing of lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, plumbism caused by, 369.

Water, importance of its source and purity, 177, 185, 188.

Water-born diseases, enteric and cholera, 178, 179, 185, 188.

Water-gauges on boilers, eye accidents due to bursting of, 787.

Water-gilding, 440.

Water-wheels, 208.

Watson, Mr, Secretary, Miners’ Permanent Benefit Fund, 776.

Weavers, flax, phthisis and bronchial troubles in, 696–98; eye accidents to, 785.

Weavers’ Association, 707.

Weaving sheds (cotton spinning), 704.

Weber, Professor H. F., his electric experiments, 252.

Wedgewood, 347.

Wegner, Professor, experiments with phosphorus, 425.

Weldon process, in bleach powder making, 575, 576, 580.

Well-sinkers, eye accidents to, 542.

West coast of Africa, 173.

West Riding, Yorkshire, mines, 160; wool industry in, 634.

Westphalia, mining laws in, 537; anchylostomiasis in, 537.

Westphalite, for blasting, 619.

Wet-grinders, 411–16; phthisis in, 412.

Weyl’s _Handbuch der Hygiene_, 441.

Wheat-cleaning, dust from, 276; dirt in imported, 506.

Wheels (in mill-gearing), bevel, 212, 217; toothed, 216, 217; spur, 216, 226; plate, 218; carriages, 225; balance, 226.

Whinstone, or basalt, quarries, 558.

White, Dr Sinclair, 343.

White, Walter, _Month in Yorkshire_, 644.

White lead, 288; is there a substitute for? 293–295.

White Lead Commission (1893), 259, 286, 289, 293, 298, 313, 318, 369.

White lead poisoning, _see_ plumbism.

White lead works, 36, 39, 42; blue and white beds in, 289; different methods of manufacture in, 291, 292; plumbism in, 295 _et seq._; displacement of female by male labour, 297; Special Rules for, 829.

White or yellow phosphorus, 417–19, 421; a substitute for, 429, 432.

White-damp, 554.

Whitelegge, Dr A., Chief Inspector of Factories, 12, 419, 464, 626.

Whittaker, J. L., 363.

Whittingham Asylum, Preston, Lancashire, 800.

Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.

Whymper, Mr, on tinplate works, 682.

Wiesbaden, plumbism in electric accumulators works at, 320.

Wigan, railway accident at, 192.

Wildmark, Professor, 775.

Wilkin, Dr, Dresden, 363.

Wilks, Sir Samuel, 421.

Williams, G. J., Mines Inspector, 554.

Williams, W., Factory Inspector, 713, 714, 716.

Wilson, H. J., Factory Inspector, 277, 299, 659, 756.

Winches, cranes, etc., 221.

Winders, flax, 695; cotton, 703.

Windmills, 208.

_Windsor Magazine_, 497, 498.

Winlaton, manufacture of nails, locks, and angle iron at, 759.

Wire-drawing, eye accidents in, 785.

Wirers, aerated water, 687.

Wollner, Dr, 441.

Wolverhampton, iron-plate enamelling industry at, 317; hollow ware, 319.

Women, Factory Acts first extended to, 32; appointed Factory Inspectors (1893), 41; limitation of employment after childbirth, 53, 54; as dust sorters, 278–81; more susceptible to plumbism than men, 296, 318; effects of mercurial poisoning on, 438; in tinplate works, 681–86; in aerated water works, 687–90; in tobacco and cigar factories, 794, 795.

Women’s Industrial Council of London, 98, 795.

Wood turners, death rate, 135.

Woodhouse and Mitchell’s guard, 229.

Wool and worsted workers, death rate, 135, 148; and anthrax, 244, 634–43; Special Rules for, 851–54, 857.

“Wool-sorters’ disease,” pulmonary anthrax, 637.

Woollen rags, 644.

Woolwich Arsenal adopts eight hours’ day, 8.

Woolwich Testing Station, 616.

Worcester Porcelain Company, 360.

Work and fatigue, physiology and pathology of, 104–117.

Working classes, and factory legislation, 3; physique of, 7; physical, moral, and economical evils of, 25; indifference to the health of, 27; divided into artisans and labourers, 111; and the use of alcohol, 113.

Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 9–13, 19, 20, 565.

Workshop Regulation Act of 1867, amended 1870, 36.

Workshops, survey of legislation for, 44–62.

Wrecks, 184.

Wright, G. F., Factory Inspector, 370.

“Wrist drop,” 306; in file-cutters, 343.

Writers’ palsy, or cramp, 815–19.

Wry-neck, or torticollis, 762.

Wutzdorff, Dr, _Die in Chromatfabriken, etc._, 320, 448, 449, 453.

Yarn, jute, 652; flax, 694.

Yellow fever in sailors, 183, 186.

Yellow lead works, Special Rules for, 847.

Yellow or white phosphorus, 417–19, 421; a substitute for, 429, 432, 433.

Ygonin, Professor, 794.

Yolk, or grease, in wool of animals, 636.

Yorkshire, efforts of labour employers in, 82; child-labour in, 92; mines, 161.

Youatt, Mr, on influenza in horses, 244.

Young, Ralph, 9, 11.

_Zeitschrift Deutsche Milit._, 751.

_Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, Deutsche_, 812.

_Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im Preussischen Staate_, 518, 537.

Ziegler, Sulser-, Mr, 740.

Zinc chloride, in sizing, 715.

Zinc poisoning in brass-works, 460.

Zinc white, a substitute for white lead? 293–295.

Zinc-workers, death rate, 135, 141.

Printed by Oliver & Boyd Edinburgh

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See also Prof. Louis’ paper, “Coal Mining,” where this subject is dealt with at greater length.

[2] As an outcome of suggestions made at the Pottery Arbitration at Stoke-on-Trent (November 1901), a scheme is being formulated by a committee of employers, representatives of the operatives, and the Ocean Accident Insurance Company, under which all workers in dangerous processes in potteries will be able to insure against lead poisoning, the premiums to be supplemented by contributions from the manufacturers.

[3] For example: “The accidents which happen to the workmen are: Immediate pain in the stomach, with exceeding contortions in the guts, and costiveness that yields not to cathartics; ... next a vertigo or dizziness in the head with continual great pain in the brows, blindness, stupidity, and paralytic affections; loss of appetite, sickness and frequent vomiting to the extremest weakness of the body.”--_Transactions of the Royal Society_, Abridged Edition, vol. ii., p. 576; paper by Sir Philberto Vernati).

[4] The same volume, papers by Dr Walter Pope and Dr Ed. Brown.

[5] Ramazzini: see passages I have quoted, with comparisons, in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1898, pp. 171–2.

[6] _Transactions of the Royal Society_, vol. ii.

[7] See especially, Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. Printed by W. Clowes & Sons for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1842, pp. 256–261, 409–444, etc.

[8] See more particularly, Special Reports on Mines Legislation in Germany, France, Belgium, by Her late Majesty’s Mines Inspector, Mr Tremenheere, in 1848 and 1849.

[9] “Defects of ventilation are in theory dealt with under the Nuisance Removal Act.... In practice these powers are hitherto almost unapplied; partly because the magnitude of the evil is but most imperfectly appreciated either by local authorities and justices, or by the slowly suffering artisans themselves; and perhaps still more ... for another reason. In any proceedings ... an official complainant should be ready to state in precise terms what remedy he asks the justices to apply. Now, to describe suitable ventilation for a workplace there must be a fair amount of intelligence and discrimination.... An average inspector of nuisances cannot dictate ventilation off-hand, as he would direct the clearance of a dust-bin. Justices acting without skilled advice cannot themselves order in detail particular means of ventilation.... Thus it seems, the evil is left unabated.... Against the other sources of disease to which the report has referred, no law yet pretends to make provision.”--_Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council_, 1861, p. 29.

[10] Except for prohibition of underground employment of women and girls, and limitation of employment of boys (1842), metalliferous mines were unregulated until 1872.

[11] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1862, p. 31.

[12] When legislation followed the terrible revelations of the Royal Commission of 1841.

[13] Intervening Acts had extended the general principle of protection to young workers in cotton mills other than apprentices.

[14] The principles of organised inspection and reporting of fatal accidents had been already secured by a short Act of 1850. Both this and the Act of 1855 were to continue for five years only in force; later Acts were permanent in form.

[15] It should be noted that in 1862–3 skilled observations were being made and valuable reports presented by Dr Bristowe and others, under the Medical Officer to the Privy Council, on industries in which lead, phosphorus, arsenic and mercury were used, and the precautions necessary for health.

[16] In the Report of the Commissioners of 1875, this industry was especially named as needing closer regulation.

[17] Report by Alexander Redgrave, Esq., C.B., on white lead poisoning, November 1882, p. 12.

[18] I set aside entirely consideration of the otherwise important educational, wages, and employment sections of this code, as beyond the scope of this article.

[19] Hitherto touched only by the employment limitations of Lord Shaftesbury’s Act of thirty years before, and the first five sections of the Act of 1860 relating to age and certificates of boys, and prohibition of employment of youths under eighteen in charge of machinery for raising and lowering persons at the pit.

[20] “Such special rules for the guidance of the persons employed ... as may appear best calculated to enforce the use by them of the requirements provided under this Act, and generally to prevent injury to health in the course of their employment,” 46 and 47 Vict., ch. 53, sect. 7.

[21] Mention may be made of manufacture of lucifer matches, extraction of arsenic, manufacture of earthenware, enamelling of iron plates, quarries, chemical works, lead smelting, flax mills, and linen factories.

[22] For example, by control of structural conditions, ventilation and cleanliness of workrooms, and of modes of handling dangerous substances, and condition of appliances and machinery used; of provision for cleanliness of workers, and maintenance of their general health by periodical examination and suspension; and, not least important, by exclusion of young workers.

[23] For example, such publications as the _Bulletin de l’Inspection du Travail_ of France, and the _Annuaire de la Législation du Travail_ of Belgium.

[24] A matter first dealt with by section 12 of the Government Factory Bill, which passed its second reading June 1901.

[25] See Report prefacing the Royal Decree of 27th December 1886, for the beginning of this tendency.

[26] Similar, though much fewer in number, are the special regulations in Austria and in Hungary.

[27] The result of another year’s inquiry is given on p. 87 by Dr Reid.

[28] See Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages for 1899.

[29] See _infra_, p. 77.

[30] See Report of Lady Assistant Commissioners, 1893.

[31] See Report in the _British Medical Journal_ of 17th November 1894 of the Deputation organised by the Parliamentary Bills Committee of the British Medical Council, which waited upon Mr Asquith to urge greater legislative restriction of the employment of mothers in factories.

[32] _English Sanitary Institutions_, p. 298.

[33] Papers relating to the Sanitary State of the People of England, 1858.

[34] This is the period of abstention from work prescribed since 1891 under the Factory Act.

[35] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council.

[36] For the first two influences see quotation on p. 76, from the Report made to the General Board of Health.

[37] The prohibition of employment within a month of childbirth, enacted in 1891.

[38] Royal Commission on Labour. Reports of Lady Assistant Commissioners, p. 102.

[39] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1861.

[40] The deafness of a stupid boy or girl is not usually the result of a defect in the organ--but rather of brain-organisation. It requires intelligence and often training to hear well--that is to say, to receive impressions and interpret them rapidly.

[41] The question as to whether alcohol is a food is too large to discuss here. There is nothing to show that alcohol itself contributes to the building up of the body. Breaking down in the system into carbonic acid and water, it supplies warmth, thereby aiding the vital force; and by sparing the fat which should perform this function, and allowing it to be deposited in the tissues, it adds to the body weight, and is therefore indirectly a food.

[42] _Decennial Supplement to the 55th Report of the Registrar-General_, Part II. By John Tatham, M.A., M.D. Eyre and Spottiswoode.

[43] _Hygiene and Diseases of Occupations_, by Dr Arlidge, p. 306. Percival & Co.

[44] These figures relate exclusively to Lancashire, which is the seat of the cotton industry.

[45] Dr Ogle’s Decennial Supplement to the 45th Report of the Registrar-General.

[46] There is also the opinion that beriberi is nothing else than arsenical poisoning, but this awaits confirmation. T. O.

[47] Note that in all cases I have given the nearest round figures in order to avoid encumbering the figures with fractions.

[48] By the addition of the words “or other appliance” to the definition of “mill-gearing,” the Act of 1901, Sec. 156, would now appear to include all belts by which the first moving power is communicated to any machine in the expression “mill-gearing.”

[49] To show the importance of following this injunction, it is only necessary to mention an accident recorded in the _Electrical Review_. While a man was cleaning an electric street lamp at Boston he received a shock and was killed, his body being suspended from the wires. A man who endeavoured to remove the body came in contact with it, and was dashed to the ground with such violence that he died shortly afterwards.

[50] _Metals_, Huntington and M’Millan, p. 124.

[51] This process is more fully described on p. 313.

[52] _Bulletin de l’Inspection du Travail_, 1901, No. 1., p. 77.

[53] According to the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1897, there were 370 cases of plumbism reported as having occurred during 1897 in white lead works. The average number of persons employed in such works was, in 1896, 2499, and of these some were engaged in the manufacture of red and yellow lead. One person out of seven of those employed in white lead works suffered from plumbism during that year. For 1898 the statistics as indicated below did not show any abatement, a circumstance which led to a communication being sent from the Home Secretary to the manufacturers as to the desirability of replacing the old stoves by others of newer design, and the introduction of other mechanical and structural arrangements with effective precautions.

Month. Males. Females. Total. January 14 31 45 February 22 14 36 March 13 24 37 April 14 19 33 May 18 28 46 June 21 9 30 July 28 9 37 August 31 5 36 September 67 1 68 October 38 2 40 November 34 1 35 December 46 1 47

This table shows the transference of the incidence of plumbism from female to male operatives. Since the introduction of new stoves for drying, also other methods of mixing white lead, plumbism has considerably decreased.

[54]

NUMBER OF PERSONS, male and female, employed in white lead manufacture in the Newcastle-upon-Tyne district during two years previous to the abolition of female labour, 1898, and two years since. Supplied by Mr H. J. Wilson, H.M. Inspector of Factories.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+ |Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.|Males. | Females.| | 328 | 565 | 329 | 571 | 648 | 350 | 741 | 227 | 769 | 231 | | \ | / | \ | / | \ | / | \ | / | \ | / | | 893 | 900 | 998 | 968 | 1000 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Instead, therefore, of the number of hands employed in the white lead industry in this district having diminished since the abolition of female labour in the dangerous processes, the total number employed is greater now than five years ago.

[55] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories, 1897, p. 53.

[56] _Journal of Hygiene_, vol. i., p. 104, quoted by Dr Morison Legge.

[57] “Lead Poisoning.” Gulstonian Lectures, delivered at Royal College of Physicians, by Thomas Oliver, M.D. Published by Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh.

[58] _British Medical Journal_, 22nd September 1900.

[59] Oliver, in Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, vol. ii., “Lead Poisoning.”

[60] Combe’s method in use in Paris, see p. 290.

[61] Messrs Locke, Blackett & Co.

[62] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories, 1900, p. 313.

[63] “Die in electrisch. akkumulator fabriken”; Dr Wutzdorff--_Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte_, 1898.

[64] _Encycloped. d’Hygiène_, p. 546.

[65] Quoted by Arlidge in _Diseases of Occupations_.

[66] “Dust from rafters contained 2.64 per cent. metallic lead; top of stock, 14.82, and 22.28 per cent.; from floor under the stock, 2.63, and 4.37 per cent.”--Dangerous Trades Committee’s Fourth Interim Report, p. 29.

[67] Lead Compounds in Pottery: Report to Secretary of State for Home Department, by Professor T. E. Thorpe, F.R.S., and Professor T. Oliver, M.D., 1899.

[68] By the term fritted lead is meant a compound of raw lead, silica, and boric acid, etc., fused together at a very high temperature. The product resembles glass in appearance, and is sparingly soluble in acids. It is this substance which, when pulverised and mixed with water and fine clay, can be used as a glaze for coating earthenware. (See p. 349.)

[69] This was written before the Arbitration Meeting at Stoke-on-Trent in November 1901.

[70] In a Parliamentary paper published in February 1902, the number of cases of lead poisoning occurring in earthenware and china works is stated to be 106, _i.e._, 94 less than in the previous year.

[71] Dr MacAldowie, Senior Physician to the North Staffordshire Infirmary, does not regard lead poisoning in the Potteries as the serious malady it is generally believed to be. From 1891 to 1900 the in-patients of the Infirmary numbered 19,505: of these, 213 were lead poisoned patients, of whom 6 died. During the same period there were 91,748 out-patients, of whom 353 were lead poisoned; all recovered. Dr MacAldowie is of opinion that lead poisoning is a curable malady and seldom fatal. Also, that there is greater danger to health by the operatives being exposed to minute than large quantities of lead. Dealing with the low standard solubility of the fritt recommended in our Report, he says: “The proposed extreme reduction in solubility may be fraught with grave danger in the operatives. Where there is prolonged and continuous exposure to the action of lead its toxic effects are aggravated rather than minimized by minute doses.”

[72] “Ueber Bleivergiftungen der Arbeiten in Kachelofen-Fabriquen,” by Rasch. (_Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesund_, 1898, xiv., p. 81.)

[73] Factories and Workshops: Annual Reports for 1899 and 1900.

[74] Included in other Industries.

[75] _Hygiene and Public Health_, London, 1901.

[76] _Our Domestic Poisons_, London, 1879.

[77] _Hygiene Diseases and Mortality of Occupations_, London, 1872.

[78] See also Dr Tatham’s Remarks and Tables, p. 136, etc.

[79] Published by Messrs Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1899.

[80] _Use of Phosphorus in the Manufacture of Lucifer Matches_, 1899, published by Eyre & Spottiswoode.

[81] Holland passed a law, dated 28th May 1901, prohibiting the manufacture of phosphorus matches. This law, which came into force on 1st July 1901, not only prohibits the manufacture of phosphorus matches, but makes it illegal to convey or import them in larger quantity than 100 grammes, or to hold more than this quantity for sale. After January 1902 no such matches are to be kept in stock.

[82] _Hygiène des Professions et des Industries_ (Layet), p. 111.

[83] _British Medical Journal_, 1899, vol. ii., p. 270.

[84] As showing the extreme sensitiveness of the human mouth to phosphorus, I recite the following: Into the rather wide canal of the pipe of a friend who is a smoker there by chance entered a wax vesta, with its head pointing to the mouthpiece. Shortly after smoking the pipe my friend experienced a most unpleasant taste and disagreeable odour. He continued smoking. Next day he had violent toothache. On the second day so severe was the toothache that, on account of the suppurating gums, tender teeth, and painful jawbone, the dentist was obliged to extract five teeth. Although the teeth on their removal were slightly carious, there had been no toothache until the smoking of the pipe on the particular day. The acutely developed pain and rapid destruction of the gums must in this case have been principally caused by phosphorus fume.

[85] Extract from Dr T. Oliver’s Report to the Home Secretary, 20th January 1899.

[86] _Revue d’Hygiène et de Police Sanitaire._ Oct. 1899.

[87] In May 1901 I visited the match works at Pantin, near Paris, and found that as lucifer matchmaking was now regarded as a healthy employment, the regulations previously insisted upon had been very materially relaxed. Since the substitution of sesquisulphide for yellow phosphorus, there has been no illness among the workpeople traceable to their employment.

[88] _Histoire de l’Académie royale des Sciences pour l’Année_ 1719, Paris, 1721, p. 359.

[89] _Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journ._, vol. viii., 1812, p. 376.

[90] _Untersuchungen über dem constitutionellen Mercurialismus_, by Adolf Kussmaul, Würzburg, 1861.

[91] “Ueber die giftigen Hutmacherbeizen und deren nachtheiligen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit,” by Dr J. Reitz.--_Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde_, 1829, p. 381.

[92] For description of the machine, see Third Interim Report of the Dangerous Trades Committee, p. 15: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1898.

[93] _Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte_, vol. v., p. 113.

[94] A. J. Kunkel, _Handbuch der Toxikologie_, p. 123.

[95] Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, p. 502.

[96] See Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories for 1899, p. 138.

[97] Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, p. 312.

[98] Quoted from _Die Spiegelbeleger_, by Dr H. Schaefer, p. 991, of vol. viii. of Weyl’s _Handbuch der Hygiene_.

[99] For a full description of the processes, see a report by Miss Deane and Miss Squire in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1898, p. 167.

[100] “Dangers du sécretage des poils par le mercure,” _Annales d’Hygiène_, December 1892.

[101] Reference will be found to this source of mercurial poisoning in America in the article on “Occupation Diseases,” by J. H. Lloyd, M.D., in _Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine_, vol. iii., p. 350.

[102] _Gefahren und Krankheiten in der chemischen Industrie_, by Ch. Heinzerling, vol. i., p. 212.

[103] _Manual of Dyeing_, by E. Knecht, C. Rawson, and R. Lœwenthal: C. Griffin, 1893.

[104] _Annales d’Hygiène publique_, vol. xx., p. 83.

[105] _Lancet_, 1854, i., p. 152.

[106] “Mémoire sur les accidents auxquels sont soumis les ouvriers employés à la fabrication des chromates,” _Annales d’Hygiène publique_, 1869, p. 5; and 1876, pp. 5 and 193.

[107] Report on the Condition of Labour in Chemical Works, the Dangers to Life and Health of the Workpeople Employed therein, and the Proposed Remedies: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1893.

[108] “Die in Chromatfabriken beobachtet an Gesundheitsschädigungen und die zur Verhütung derselben erforderlichen Massnahmen,” _Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichem Gesundheitsamte_, vol. xiii.

[109] “The Subsidences in and around the Town of Northwich in Cheshire,” by Thomas Ward, _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p. 241.

[110] Karl Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australia_, translated by Henry Louis.

[111] _Statistik der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche Reich_, Berlin, 1897.

[112] _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p. 21.

[113] _Trans. Inst. Min. Eng._, vol. xix., p. 27.

[114] _Berichte über die Verwaltung der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft_, Berlin.

[115] _Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im Preussischen Staate._

[116] _Jahrbuch für das Berg- und Hütten-wesen im Königreiche Sachsen._

[117] _Royaume de Belgique--Statistique de Mines, Minières, Carrières, etc._

[118] _Statistique de l’Industrie Minérale en France et en Algérie._

[119] _Rivista del Servizio Minerario._

[120] _The Mineral Industry_, 1898, p. 719.

[121] See also the Annual General Reports upon the Mineral Industry of the United Kingdom and Ireland for the years 1894, 1895, and 1896.

[122] Figures calculated from those given in the “Supplement to the Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,” 1897. These figures refer to the years 1891–93.

[123] “Supplement to the Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General.”

[124] From statistics kindly supplied by the Secretary of the Association.

[125] Actuarial Report on the Northumberland and Durham Miners’ Permanent Relief Fund, 1897.

[126] _Loc. cit._

[127] In the Mines and Quarries Reports it is given as only 1.63, the difference being mainly due to the fact that in the Registrar-General’s returns, accidents not caused by the miners’ occupation are also included.

[128] _Annales des Mines de Belgique_, vol. v., p. 318. Bergassessor Hundt, “Die Bekämpfung der Wurmkrankheit (Ankylostomiasis) im Oberbergamtsbezirke Dortmund,” _Zeitschrift f. Berg. Hütt. u. Salinen-Wesen im Preussischen Staate_, 1898, p. 184.

[129] J. W. Hiene, “On the Effects of Copper on the Human Body,” _Brit. Ass. Rept._, 1900, p. 697.

[130] Dr Harting and Dr Hesse (quoted by C. Le Neve Foster, _Ore and Stone Mining_, p. 686).

[131] Report of Board of Inquiry at Broken Hill, Sydney, 1893.

[132] _Eleventh Census of the United States_, p. 238.

[133] _Trans. Inst. of Mining Engineers_, vol. xvi., 1899.

[134] _Air and Rain_, p. 167.

[135] See Haldane and Lorrain Smith, _Journal of Pathology_, vol. i., p. 168.

[136] See Clowes, _Detection of Inflammable Gas_, 1896.

[137] Report to the Home Secretary on the Causes of Death in Colliery Explosions and Fires: Parliamentary Paper, 1896.

[138] On the action of carbonic oxide, see papers by the writer in the _Journal of Physiology_, vol. xviii., pp. 200, 430; vol. xx., p. 497; vol. xxii., p. 231; vol. xxv., p. 225; also the above-mentioned Report to the Home Secretary, and Lorrain Smith, _British Medical Journal_, 1889, vol. i., p. 780.

[139] See the very interesting Report on the Snaefell Fire by Professor Le Neve Foster: Parliamentary Paper, 1897.

[140] See Mr Stokes’ Official Report: Parliamentary Paper, 1898.

[141] According to the last Annual Report of H.M. Twelve Inspectors of Mines and Quarries, over 61,000 individuals are engaged as quarry employés inside the quarry, _i.e._, inside the actual pit, hole, or excavation, and over 32,000 outside the quarry, _i.e._, outside the actual pit, hole, or excavation. In some districts a few females are engaged in quarry work.

[142] See Act to provide for the better regulation of quarries: Quarries Act, 1894.

[143] In giving the output of the various explosives, I have been most careful so to classify them as to avoid disclosures which might by any possibility be objected to by those members of the Explosives Trade to whose courtesy I owe the information. For instance, I have not even differentiated between gunpowder and high explosives, owing to the fact that the gunpowder trade is now concentrated in the hands of three or four firms.

[144] In the year 1899 alone 146 accidents with gunpowder in mines killed 15 persons and injured 148 others. Few, if any, of these were reported, and if multiplied by 10 and added to the casualties due to this explosive, the figures under heading No. 1 would be enormously increased.

[145] This is exclusive of accidents in factories which did not cause death or personal injury.

[146] The question as to whether electric firing should be rendered compulsory in dangerous mines is at present _sub judice_, and any expression of opinion on the matter would therefore be out of place, but it goes without saying that the means of firing should be as free from risk as practicable.

[147] Prior to the year 1893, horses, asses, and mules were not included in the definition of the word “animals” in the Orders relating to Anthrax.

[148] Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1900.

[149] Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1900.

[150] In giving the figures showing the proportion of cases to the total number of patients, any fractions have been omitted for the sake of clearness.

[151] Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories for 1896.

[152] The age is raised to twelve by the Factory Act, 1901.

[153] _Vide_ Dr Gilbert’s Photographs of Dermatoconioses, page 269.

[154] Mr Williams, in his annual report to the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1900, gives the results of his examination of air from thirty-five weaving-sheds before and after the ventilation had been improved so as to comply with this regulation. The average of the amounts of carbonic acid found in the air of the sheds before the improvement of the ventilation was 13 per 10,000, and after the improvement 7.9 per 10,000. If the usual amount of carbonic acid in the outside air of towns (4 per 10,000) be deducted, the amount of impurity due to respiration is seen to be in the one case 9 parts, and in the other only 3.9 parts per 10,000.

[155] To the above a note might be added, bearing upon the dangers to health in the manufacture of felt hats from the prepared fur. In the process of manufacture known in the trade as “carotting,” _i.e._, where the rabbits’ skins are brushed with a solution of nitrate of mercury, the workmen are exposed to the inhalation of mercurial and nitrous vapours (a point alluded to by Dr T. M. Legge, p. 442), and as a consequence the teeth become blackened and fall out early. The men who are employed in the post-carotting processes, and who are designated cutters, blockers, and pelt-shakers, often suffer from muscular tremors (hatters’ shakers). In the _British Medical Journal_, February 15, 1902, Dr Charles Porter, formerly Medical Officer of Health for Stockport, and at present County Medical Officer of Health for Shropshire, describes the processes of manufacture and hygiene of felt hat making, and gives illustrations of the rugged, loosened, and discoloured finger nails of plaukers and blockers, as well as of the callosities which form upon the thenar and hypo-thenar eminences of the hands.

T. O.

[156] Now Mr H. B. Fawcus, M.B., Royal Army Medical Corps.

[157] 1 kilometre = ⅝ English mile.

[158] A metre = 1 yard 3 inches.

[159] “The Great Alpine Tunnels,” Francis Fox, _Proceedings, Royal Institution, Great Britain_ (November 1901), p. 422.

[160] Since this was written there has occurred a large inrush of water from the superincumbent calcareous strata into the tunnel, at the Iselle end, which has seriously delayed operations.

[161] See p. 537, Anchylostomiasis in coal miners.

[162] See also Dr Haldane’s remarks _re_ carbonic acid and carbon monoxide gases, “The Air of Mines,” p. 544.

[163] Extracted from the Returns of the Registrar-General.

[164] Mr H. J. Wilson, H.M. Inspector of Factories, informs me that a short while ago a healthy workman while charging a Siemens-Martin furnace was struck on the ear by a spark of molten steel. The particle rebounded off the external meatus and penetrated the drum of the ear, setting up a purulent otitis, which was followed by meningitis, fatal on the ninth day. The particle of steel was found after death in the middle ear.

[165] Report of Dangerous Trades Committee of Home Office, published by Messrs Eyre & Spottiswoode.

[166] _Miners’ Nystagmus_, Snell, 1892.

[167] _British Medical Journal_, vol. i., 1892.

[168] _Des Amblyopias et Amauroses Toxiques_, 1897, page 47.

[169] _British Medical Journal_, 1884, vol. i., page 202.

[170] “Influence of Tobacco on Vision; some Investigations made in Tobacco Manufactories of Cincinnati,” _Cinn. Lancet Clinic_, 29th October 1892.

[171] _Toxic Amblyopias_, De Schweinitz, 1896.

[172] _Trans. of Ophth. Soc. of the United Kingdom_, 1886, vi., p. 144.

[173] Brose, _Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, March 1894.

[174] Rivers, _Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, March 1894.

[175] By Priest & Ashmore, opticians, Sheffield.

[176] The interference with sight is not greater than that occasioned by many ladies’ veils.

[177] Report by Dangerous Trades Committee.

[178] _Vide_ also Report, by myself, for the Home Office, and published in the _Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories_, 1901.

[179] Prof. Alexander Ogston, of Aberdeen, _Lancet_, Feb. 22, 1902, gives details of burns caused by the ignition of celluloid combs and collars. He suggests that celluloid should be rendered incombustible by the addition of some chemical.

[180] See “Eye Diseases and Eye Accidents in Relation to Industrial Occupations,” p. 769.

[181] See Final Report of the Dangerous Trades Committee, Appendix.

[182] _Bulletin médical_, 16th December 1899, p. 1126.

[183] _Annales d’Hygiène_, April 1900, p. 358.

[184] See Mr Simeon Snell’s paper, “Eye Accidents,” etc., p. 773.

[185] “On Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney Sweeps and Others”: Butlin. Reprinted from _Brit. Med. Journal_, 1892.

[186] _Deutsche Zeitschr. für Chirurgie_, xiii., 519, 1880.

[187] Final Report of the Dangerous Trades Committee, 1899.

[188] At the quarries in the Island of Naxos 300 men are employed. Emery stone is too hard to be dug out or even blasted. It is one of the hardest substances known. Large fires are kept blazing round the huge blocks until the natural cracks expand with the heat, when levers are inserted to prise them apart. The process is repeated until the blocks are reduced in size to masses of a cubic foot or less, in which form it is exported. It is estimated that there are still 20,000,000 tons of emery available in Naxos.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.