Concrete Construction: Methods and Costs

Aqueducts and sewers in concrete are of three kinds: (1) Continuous monolithic conduits, (2) conduits laid up with molded concrete blocks, and (3) conduits made up of sections o...

The construction problems in arch and girder bridges of moderate spans are simple, and with the exception of center construction and arrangement of plant for making and placing...

Floor, wall and roof work of structurally very simple character sum up the task of the constructor in reservoir and tank construction. The only intricacy involved lies in form d...

The construction problem in building concrete structures of massive form and volume is chiefly a problem of plant arrangement and organization of plant operations. In most such...

If we set aside concrete block construction, virtually all concrete used in building construction is reinforced; plain monolithic or mass concrete now, as in the past, is one of...

Two general methods of concrete pile construction are available for engineering work. By one method a hole is formed in the ground by driving a steel shell or by other special m...

Tunnel lining work is of two distinct classes: Lining work, done during original construction and relining of tunnels in service. The methods of work to be adopted and the cost...

Resistance to penetration by water is desirable in all concrete structures, and is essential in such structures as tanks, reservoirs, vaults, subways, basements and roofs. Concr...

In constructing a 9-story store at St. Paul, Minn., the concrete was hoisted by continuous bucket elevators. A lay-out of the construction plant is shown by Fig. 219. In the all...

The construction of piers and abutments for bridges is best explained by describing individual examples of such work. So far, in America, bridge piers have been nearly always of...

American engineers proportion concrete mixtures by measure, thus a 1-3-5 concrete is one composed of 1 volume of cement, 3 volumes of sand and 5 volumes of aggregate. In Contine...

The making and placing of concrete is virtually a manufacturing process. This process as performed by manual labor is discussed in the preceding chapter; it will be discussed he...

Concrete is an artificial stone produced by mixing cement mortar with broken stone, gravel, broken slag, cinders or other similar fragmentary materials. The component parts are...

Contractor's skill or want of skill in systematizing and managing labor counts as high in street work as in any class of concrete construction. As previously demonstrated, the c...

The making and placing of concrete by hand is divided into the following operations: (1) Loading the barrows, buckets, carts or cars used to transport the cement, sand and stone...

Culvert work is generally located on the line of a railway or a highway, so that the facilities for getting plant and materials onto the work are the best, and as culverts are i...

This chapter deals exclusively with the methods and cost of molding and erecting separately molded wall blocks, girders, columns and slabs. The structural advantages and disadva...

mixture. In cement walk work the cement is commonly measured loose, so that a barrel can be assumed to hold 4.5 cu. ft. of cement. If the barrel is assumed to hold 4.5 cu. ft.,...

same material over a second or third time, should be studied in this connection. The leading firms of engineering-contractors which both design and construct reinforced concrete...

~WALLS IN TRENCH.~--In canal excavation, in subway work in cities, and the like, it is often necessary to dig trenches and build retaining walls in them before excavating the co...

The following cost data comprise such miscellaneous items as do not properly come in the preceding chapters. They are given not as including all the miscellaneous purposes for w...

The safest rule for ornamental work is to leave its construction to those who make a specialty of such work. This is perfectly practicable in most concrete structures having orn...

Good design in concrete as well as in steel, masonry and wood, requires that the structure shall be good to look at. This means that the proportions must be good and that the su...

Reinforced concrete work may be done in freezing weather if the end to be gained warrants the extra cost. Laboratory experiments show beyond much doubt that Portland cement conc...

Mixed concrete if emptied loose and allowed to sink through water is destroyed; the cement paste is washed away and the sand and stone settle onto the bottom more or less segreg...

Stone---------- Class. Excess Mortar. 1¼-2. ½-1¼. 1/8-½. Sand. Cement. A 7.5% 1,500 661½ 333¼ 804 434 B 12.5 1,433-1/3 637 318 858½ 463 C 12.5 1,434 637 318½ 859 474 D 15 1,402...

Concrete retaining walls may for construction purposes be divided into two classes: Plain concrete walls of gravity section and reinforced concrete walls consisting of a thin sl...

Next to pavement foundations the most extensive use of concrete in street work is for cement walks and concrete curb and gutter. Usually the mixing and placing of the concrete i...

Two kinds of concrete which vary in composition and character from the common standard mixtures of cement, sand and broken aggregate are extensively employed in engineering cons...

The economics of form construction deserve the most serious attention of the engineer and contractor. It is seldom that form work, outside of very massive foundation constructio...

Concrete being a plastic material when deposited requires molds or forms to give it the shape required and to maintain it in that shape until it has hardened to sufficient stren...

Introduction--Molding Piles in Place; Method of Constructing Raymond Piles; Method of Constructing Simplex Piles; Method of Constructing Piles with Enlarged Footings; Method of...

Introduction--Construction, Erection and Removal of Forms: Column Forms; Rectangular Columns; Polygonal Columns; Circular Columns; Ornamental Columns--Slab and Girder Forms; Sla...

Introduction--Forms and Centers--Concreting--Reinforced Conduit, Salt River Irrigation Works, Arizona--Conduit, Torresdale Filters, Philadelphia, Pa.--Conduit, Jersey City Water...

Introduction--Mixtures Employed--Distribution of Stock Piles--Hints on Hand Mixing--Methods of Machine Mixing--Foundation for Stone Block Pavement, New York, N. Y.--Foundation f...

Introduction--Fortification Work: Gun Emplacement, Staten Island, N. Y., Mortar Battery Platform, Tampa Bay, Fla., Emplacement for Battery, Tampa Bay, Fla.; U. S. Fortification...

Introduction--Lowering the Freezing Point of the Mixing Water; Common Salt (Sodium Chloride):--Freezing Temperature Chart--Heating Concrete Materials; Portable Heaters; Heating...

Introduction--Capitol Hill Tunnel, Pennsylvania R. R., Washington, D. C.--Constructing Side Walls in Relining Mullan Tunnel--Lining a Short Tunnel, Peekskill, N. Y.--Cascade Tun...

Introduction--Conveying and Hoisting Devices--Unloading with Grab Buckets--Inclines--Trestle and Car Plants--Cableways--Belt Conveyors--Chutes--Methods of Charging Mixers--Charg...

Introduction--~Cement Sidewalks:~ General Method of Construction--Bonding of Wearing Surface and Base--Protection of Work from Sun and Frost--Cause and Prevention of Cracks--Cos...

Introduction--Centers--Mixing and Transporting Concrete; Cableway Plants; Car Plant for 4-Span Arch Bridge; Hoist and Car Plant for 21-Span Arch Viaduct; Traveling Derrick Plant...

Introduction--Small Covered Reservoir--500,000 Gallon Covered Reservoir, Ft. Meade, So. Dak.--Circular Reservoir, Bloomington, Ill.--Standpipe at Attleborough, Mass.--Gas Holder...

~Cement:~ Portland Cement--Natural Cement--Slag Cement--Size and Weight of Barrels of Cement--Specifications and Testing. ~Sand:~ Properties of Good Sand--Cost of Sand--Washing...

Introduction--Box Culvert Construction, C., B. & Q. R. R.--Arch Culvert Costs, N. C. & St. L. Ry.; 18-ft. Arch Culvert; Six Arch Culverts 6 to 16-ft. Span; 14-3/4-ft. Arch Culve...

~Voids:~ Voids in Sand; Effect of Mixture--Effect of Size of Grains--Voids in Broken Stone and Gravel; Effect of Method of Loading; Test Determinations; Specific Gravity; Effect...

Introduction--Rubble Concrete: Chattahoochee River Dam; Barossa Dam, South Australia; other Rubble Concrete Dams, Boonton Dam, Spier Falls Dam, Hemet Dam, Small Reservoir Dam, B...

Introduction--Rectangular Pier for a Railway Bridge--Backing for Bridge Piers and Abutments--Pneumatic Caissons, Williamsburg Bridge--Filling Pier Cylinders--Piers, Calf Killer...

Impervious Concrete Mixtures--Star Stetten Cement--Medusa Waterproofing Compound--Novoid Waterproofing Compound--Impermeable Coatings and Washes: Bituminous Coatings; Szerelmey...

Introduction--Drilling and Blasting Concrete--Bench Monuments, Chicago, III.--Pole Base--Mile Post--Bonding New Concrete to Old--Dimensions and Capacities of Mixers--Data for Es...

Introduction--Column, Girder and Slab Construction: Warehouses, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Factory, Reading, Pa.; Kilnhouse, New Village, N. J.--Hollow Block Wall Construction: Factory Bu...

Introduction--Depositing in Closed Buckets; O'Rourke Bucket; Cyclopean Bucket; Steubner Bucket--Depositing in Bags--Depositing Through a Tremie; Charlestown Bridge; Arch Bridge...

Imperfectly Made Forms--Imperfect Mixing and Placing--Efflorescence--Spaded and Troweled Finishes--Plaster and Stucco Finish--Mortar and Cement Facing--Special Facing Mixtures f...

Introduction--Comparative Economy of Plain and Reinforced Concrete Walls--Form Construction--Mixing and Placing Concrete--Walls in Trench--Chicago Drainage Canal--Grand Central...

Introduction--Effect of Design on Form Work--Kind of Lumber--Finish and Dimensions of Lumber--Computation of Forms--Design and Construction--Unit Construction of Forms--Lubricat...