Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten) A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology

Part I, pp. 175 f.

Chapter 73,839 wordsPublic domain

9. LIEBER, F. On the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgeman. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Washington, 1851, Vol. 2, Art 2, pp. 11 f. (Laura wrote her name: Bridgman.)

10. GARNER, R. L. The Speech of Monkeys. New York, Chas. Webster & Co., 1892, pp. 57 ff.

11. FERE, CHAS. Sensation et mouvement. Paris, F. Alcan, 1887, pp. 102 f.

12. JAMES, W. The Principles of Psychology. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1890, Vol. 2, pp. 372 and 381.

13. BEARD, G. M. The History of Muscle-Reading. Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, etc., London, 1881, Series 3, Vol. 3, p. 558 f.

14. LAURENT, L. Les procedes des liseurs de pensees. Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, Paris, 1905, second year, No. 6, pp. 489 f.

15. GUICCIARDI, G. e G. C. FERRARI. Il lettore del pensiero "John Dalton." Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria ecc., Reggio nell' Emilia, 1898, Vol. 24, p. 209.

16. TARCHANOFF, J. de. Hypnotisme, suggestion et lecture de pensees. Translated from the Russian by E. Jaubert, second edition. Paris, G. Masson, 1893, pp. 153 ff.

17. PREYER, W. Telepathie und Geisterseherei in England. Deutsche Rundschau, Berlin, 1886, Jahrg. 12, Heft 4, p. 40.

18. SOMMER, R. Dreidimensionale Analyse von Ausdrucksbewegungen. Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, Leipsic, 1898, Vol. 16, pp. 280 ff.

19. FRENKEL, H. Des secousses rhythmiques de la tete chez les aortiques et chez les personnes saines. Revue de Medecine, Paris, 1902, 22nd Year, No. 7, pp. 617 ff.

20. ZONEFF, P. and E. MEUMANN. Ueber Begleiterscheinungen psychischer Vorgaenge in Atem und Puls. Philosophische Studien, edited by W. Wundt, Leipsic, 1903, vol. 18, p. 3.

21. MUeLLER, G. E. and A. PILZECKER. Experimentelle Beitraege zur Lehre vom Gedaechtniss. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, Leipsic, 1900, Ergaenzungsband 1, pp. 58 ff.

22. KRAEPELIN, E. Der psychologische Versuch in der Psychiatrie. Psychologische Arbeiten, edited by the same, Leipsic, 1895, Vol. 1, pp. 50 ff.

23. AMBERG, E. Ueber den Einfluss von Arbeitspausen auf die geistige Leistungsfaehigkeit. Ditto, pp. 374 ff.

24. SHALER, N. S. Domesticated animals. London, Smith Elder & Co., 1896, pp. 143 ff.

25. COUPIN, H. L'esprit des animaux domestiques. La Revue, Paris, 1903, first quarter, Vol. 44, p. 586.

26. (LEBRUN, P.). Lettres qui decouvrent l'illusion des philosophes sur la baguette, et qui detruisent leurs systemes. Paris, J. Boudot, 1696, pp. 239 ff.

27. Notice sur un nouvel instrument, dont Mr. Ritter, membre de l'academie de Munich s'est servi dans les experiences qu'il a recemment faites avec Mr. Campetti etc. Bibliotheque Brittannique, Sciences et Arts, Geneva, 1807, Vol. 35, p. 91.

28. ZELL, TH. Tierfabeln und andere Irrtuemer in der Tierkunde. 2nd edition. Stuttgart, Kosmos (1905), p. 38.

29. THORNDIKE, E. L. Animal Intelligence. Psychological Review, Lancaster, Pa. and New York, 1898, Monograph Supplements, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 95.

30. VASCHIDE, N. et P. ROUSSEAU. Etudes experimentales sur la vie mentale des animaux. Revue scientifique, Paris, 1903, Series 4, Vol. 19, No. 25, p. 782.

31. ETTLINGER, M. Sind die Tiere vernuenftig? Hochland, Munich and Kempten, 1904, Jahrg, 2, Heft 2, p. 223.

32. ROMANES, G. J. On the Mental Faculties of the Bald Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus calvus). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1889, pp. 320 f.

33. KINNAMAN, A. J. Mental Life of two Macacus rhesus Monkeys in Captivity. American Journal of Psychology, Worcester, Mass., 1902, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 139 ff.

34. HIMSTEDT, FR. and W. A. NAGEL. Versuche ueber die Reizwirkung verschiedener Strahlenarten auf Menschen- und Tier-augen. Festschrift der Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universitaet in Freiburg zum 50 jaehrigen Regierungs-Jubilaeum Sr. Konigl. Hoheit des Groszherzogs Friedrich. Freiburg i. Br., C. A. Wagner, 1902, pp. 272 ff.

35. DAHL, F. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, Jena, 1905, New series, Vol. 4, No. 48, pp. 767 ff.

36. CORTE, CLAUDIO. Il cavallerizzo. Di nuove dall'auttore stesso corretto ed emendato. Venice, G. Ziletti, 1573, Book 1 Chap. 6, page 8. (I did not have access to the first edition of 1562, cf. Graesse, Tresor de livres rares, 1861, Vol. 2, p. 277.)

37. RIEGEL. Untersuchungen ueber die Ametropie der Pferde. Monatshefte fuer praktische Tierheilkunde, Stuttgart, 1904, Bd. 16, Heft 1, pp. 31 ff.

38. BERLIN, R. Ueber die Schaetzung der Entfernungen bei Tieren. Zeitschrift fuer vergleichende Augenheilkunde, Wiesbaden, 1891, Bd. 7, Heft 1, pp. 5 f.

39. THE SAME. Ueber ablenkenden Linsen-Astigmatismus und seinen Einfluss auf das Empfinden von Bewegung. Ditto, 1887, Bd. 5, Heft 1, pp. 7 ff.

40. SCHLEICH, G. Das Sehvermoegen der hoeheren Tiere. Tuebingen, F. Pietzcker, 1896, p. 24.

41. KOeNIGSHOeFER. Ueber das Aeugen des Wildes. Monatshefte des Allgemeinen Deutschen Jagdschutz-Vereins, Berlin, 1898, Jahrg. 3, No. 17, pp. 250 f.

42. ZUeRN, J. Vergleichend histologische Untersuchungen ueber die Retina und die Area centralis retinae der Haussaeugetiere. Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, Anatomische Abteilung, Leipsic, 1902, Supplementary volume, pp. 116 ff.

43. HIRSCHBERG, J. Zur vergleichenden Ophthalmoskopie. Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, Physiologische Abteilung, Leipsic, Jahrg. 1882, p. 96.

44. BERLIN, R., see 39, p. 4.

45. THE SAME. Ueber den physikalisch-optischen Bau des Pferdeauges. Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Augenheilkunde, Leipsic, 1882, Jahrg. 1, Heft 1, p. 32.

46. BAYER, J. Tieraerztliche Augenheilkunde. Vol. 5 of the "Handbuch der Tieraerztlichen Chirurgie und Geburtshilfe" by J. Bayer und E. Froehner. Vienna und Leipsic, W. Braumueller, 1900, p. 459.

47. THE SAME. Ditto, p. 475.

48. RIEGEL, see 37, p. 35.

48a. SCHWENDIMANN, F. Untersuchungen ueber den Zustand der Augen bei scheuen Pferden. Archiv fuer wissentschaftliche und praktische Tierheilkunde, Berlin, 1903, Bd. 29, Heft 6, p. 566.

48b. BERLIN, R. Refraktion und Refraktionsanomalien von Tieraugen. Tageblatt der 52. Versammulung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Baden-Baden, 1879, p. 348. See also 45, pp. 28 f. and 39, p. 13.

49. THE SAME, see 39, p. 9.

50. BAYER, J., see 46, pp. 460 f.

51. ZUeRN, J., see 42, p. 114.

52. CHIEVITZ, J. H. Ueber das Vorkommen der Area centralis retinae in den vier hoeheren Wirbeltierklassen. Archiv fuer Anatomie und Physiologie, Anatomische Abteilung, Leipsic, 1891, Heft 4-6. p. 329.

53. ZUeRN, J., see 42, p. 140.

54. KOeNIGSHOeFER, see 41, pp. 251 ff.

55. TENNECKER, S. V. Bemerkungen und Erfahrungen ueber den Charakter und das Temperament, sowie ueber die geistigen Eigenschaften des Pferdes ueberhaupt. Beitraege zur Natur- und Heilkunde, von Friedreich und Hesselbach, Wuerzburg, 1825, Vol. 1, pp. 110 f.

56. ZBORZILL, E. Die mnemonische Dressur des Hundes. Berlin, S. Mode (1865), p. 21.

57. MUeLLER, AD. und K. Tiere der Heimat. 3rd Edition, Cassel, Th. Fischer, 1897, Book 1, p. 70.

58. HUTCHINSON, W. N. Dog Breaking. 6th Edition, London, J. Murray, 1876, pp. 105 f.

59. HUGGINS, LADY M. Kepler: a Biography. Cited by Sir J. Lubbock, On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals. London, Kegan Paul, Trench and Co., 1888, pp. 284 f. (The original was published privately and never put on the market. Hence it was not accessible for me.)

60. LUBBOCK, SIR J. Ditto, p. 285.

61. ROUHET, G. L'entrainement complet et experimental de l'homme avec etude sur la voix articulee, suivi de recherches physiologiques et pratiques sur le cheval. Paris, Libraires associes, and Bordeaux, Feret et fils, 1902, pp. 517 ff.

62. LIPPS, TH. Zur Psychologie der Suggestion. Leipsic, J. A. Barth, 1897, pp. 5 f.

63. ZELL, TH. See 1, pp. 40 f.

64. ZBORZILL, E. See 56, p. 23.

65. BEARD, G. M. Physiology of Mind-Reading. Popular Science Monthly, New York, February 1877. Vol. 10, p. 472. Reprint in the Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology, etc., London, 1881, Series 3, Vol. 3, p. 418.

66. BABINET. Les tables tournantes au point de vue de la mecanique et de la physiologie. Revue des deux mondes, Paris, 1854, Twenty-fourth year, Vol. 5, pp. 409 f.

67. TOLSTOI, L. N. Anna Karenina.

68. GOLDBECK. Besitzen die Tiere, speziell Hunde, Verstand oder nicht? Deutsche tieraerztliche Wochenschrift, Hannover, 1902, Jahrg. 10, No. 20, p. 202.

69. MENAULT, E. L'intelligence des animaux. 4th Edition, Paris, Hachette et Cie., 1872, p. 233.

70. LEBON, G. L'equitation actuelle et ses principes. 3rd Edition, Paris, Firmin-Didot et Cie., 1895, pp. 120 and 288.

71. LOISET, B. Praktischer Unterricht in Kunstdarstellungen mit Pferden. New edition. Stuttgart, Schickhardt u. Ebner, 1884, pp. 69 f. and 98 ff.

72. BAUCHER, F. Dictionnaire raisonne d'equitation. 2nd Edition, Paris, chez l'auteur, 1851, pp. 291 ff.

73. ARNIM, V. Praktische Anleitung zur Bearbeitung des Pferdes an der Longe. 2nd Edition, Leipsic, Zuckschwerdt und Co., 1896, pp. 18 f. and 39 f.

74. MEEHAN, J. The Berlin "Thinking" Horse. Nature, London. 1904, Vol. 70, No. 1825, p. 602.

75. SPOHR. Die Logik in der Reitkunst. Part 2. Pamphlet No. 32 in the Series: "Unsere Pferde." Stuttgart, Schickhardt und Ebner, 1904, p. 29 f.

76. REDDING, T. B. The Intelligence of a Horse. Science, New York, 1892, Vol. 20, No. 500, pp. 133 f.

77. SPOHR. Die naturgemaesze Gesundheitspflege der Pferde. 4th Edition, Hannover, Schmorl u. v. Seefeld Nachf., 1904, p. 164.

78. DECROIX, E. Projet de langage phonetique universel pour la conduite des animaux. Bulletin de la Societe nationale d'Acclimatation de France, Paris, 1898, Forty-fourth Year, pp. 241 ff.

79. NOIZET, GENERAL. Etudes philosophiques. Paris, H. Plon, 1864, Vol. 1, pp. 471 ff.

80. BEARD, G. M. See 65, Vol. 10, p. 471.

81. LEBON, G. See 70, p. 120.

82. FLUeGEL, O. Das Seelenleben der Tiere. 3rd Edition, Langensalza, H. Beyer und Soehne, 1897, pp. 50 f.

83. LANDOIS, H. Ueber das musikalische Gehoer der Pferde. Zeitshrift fuer Veterinaerkunde, Berlin, 1889, Jahrg. 1, No. 6. pp. 237 ff.

84. FOVEAU DE COURMELLES. Les facultes mentales des animaux, Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1890, p. 142.

85. ZUeRN, F. A. Die intellektuellen Eigenschaften (Geist und Seele) der Pferde. Pamphlet 8 of the Series: "Unsere Pferde." Stuttgart, Schickhardt und Ebner, 1899, p. 26.

86. FILLIS, J. Tagebuch der Dressur. Translated from the French by J. Halperson and G. Goebel. Stuttgart, Schickhardt und Ebner, 1906, pp. 322 f.

87. ATHENAEUS. Dipnosophistae. Book 12, 520 c. Edited by G. Kaibel. Leipsic, B. G. Teubner, 1890, Vol. 3, pp. 148 f.

88. AELIANUS, CL. De natura animalium. Book 16, 23. Edited by R. Hercher. Leipsic, B. G. Teubner, 1864, Vol. 1, p. 401.

89. JULIUS AFRICANUS, S. [Greek: Kestohi], chapter 14. In: Veterum Mathematicorum Opera. Paris, Typographia Regia, 1693, P. 293.

90. GUENON, A. Influence de la musique sur les animaux et en particulier sur le cheval. (Chalons-sur-Marne), 1898, pp. 83 ff.

91. LEPINAY. L'hypnotisme chez le cheval. Revue de l'hypnotisme, Paris, 1903, Eighteenth Year, No. 5, pp. 152 f.

92. FILLIS, J. Grundsaetze der Dressur und Reitkunst. Translated from the French by G. Goebel. 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Schickhardt und Ebner, 1905, pp. 10 f.

93. MANOUVRIER, L. Mouvements divers et sueur palmaire consecutifs a des images mentales. Revue philosophique, Paris, 1886, Vol. 22, pp. 204 ff.

94. GASPARIN, CTE A. DE. Des tables tournantes, du surnaturel en general et des esprits. 2nd Edition, Paris, E. Dentu, 1855, Vol. 1, Part 1.

95. RIVERS, W. H. R. and E. KRAEPELIN. Ueber Ermuedung and Erholung. Psychologische Arbeiten, edited by E. Kraepelin, Leipsic, 1895, Vol. 1, pp. 636f.

96. (CARPENTER, W. B.). Spiritualism and its Recent Converts. Quarterly Review, London, 1871, Vol. 131, No. 262, p. 312.

97. DARWIN, CHAS. See 7, p. 48.

98. SAINT-ANGE, DE. Cours d'hippologie. 2nd Edition, Paris, chez Dumaine et chez Leneveu and Saumur, chez Mlle. Niverlet et chez Mlle. Dubosse, 1854, Vol. 1, p. 101.

99. FRANZIUS, G. Die Wuenschelrute. Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, Berlin, 1905, Jahrg. 25, No. 74, pp. 461 f.

100. MENESTRIER, CL. FR. La philosophie des images enigmatiques. Lyon, J. Guerrier, 1694, pp. 483 f.

101. (LEBRUN, P.). Histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses, qui ont seduit les peuples et embarasse les scavans. Paris (et Amsterdam), 1702, p. 42.

102. AGRICOLA, G. De re metallica libri XII, eiusdem de animantibus subterraneis liber. Basel, Froben, 1556, Book 2, pp. 27 f.

103. SCHOTT, C. Magia universalis naturae et artis. Wuerzburg, J. G. Schoenwetters Erben, 1659, Part 4, Book 4, p. 430.

104. THE SAME. Physica curiosa, sive mirabilia naturae et artis. Wuerzburg, 1662, Part 2, Book 12, p. 1532.

105. ZEIDLER, J. G. Pantomysterium, oder das Neue vom Jahre in der Wuenschelruthe, etc. Hall in Magdeburg (Halle a. S.), Renger, 1700, Chap. 2. p. 47.

106. BARRETT, W. F. On the so-called Divining Rod, or Virgula Divina. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, London, 1897, Vol. 13, pp. 177 f.

107. THEOPHANES. Chronographia. Paris, Typographia Regia, 1655, pp. 189 f.

108. YOUATT, W. The Dog. London, Ch. Knight and Co., 1845, pp. 108 ff.

109. TARADE, E. DE. Traite de l'elevage et de l'education du chien. Paris, E. Lacroix (1866), pp. 113 ff.

110. HACHET-SOUPLET, P. Die Dressur der Tiere. Translated from the French by O. Marschall v. Bieberstein, Leipsic, O. Klemm, 1898, pp. 36 f.

111. LUBBOCK, SIR J. See 59, pp. 280 f.

112. LEONARD, A. Essai sur l'education des animaux, le chien pris pour type. Lille, Leleux, 1842, pp. 81-185.

113. MEEHAN, J. See 74, p. 602.

114. FRANCONI (GAeRTNER). Die Dressur der Kunstpferde. Jahrbuch fur Pferdezucht, Pferdekenntnis, Pferdehandel usw. auf das Jahr 1835, Weimar und Ilmenau, 1835, Jahrg. 11, p. 329.

115. LOISET, B. See 71, p. 130.

116. HACHET-SOUPLET, P. See 110, p. 91.

117. KNICKENBERG, F. Der Hund und sein "Verstand." Coethen (Anhalt), P. Schettlers Erben, 1905, pp. 129 f.

118. LANG, R. Geheimnisse zur kuenstlichen Abrichtung der Hunde, revised edition. Augsburg and Leipsic, A. Baeumer, pp. 46 f.

119. FRANCONI (GAeRTNER). See 114, pp. 326 f.

120. TENNECKER, S. V. Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. Altona, I. F. Hammerich, 1838, Vol. 1, pp. 21 f. (The name of the author is erroneously given on the title page as F. v. Tennecker.)

121. LOISET, B. See 71, p. 132.

122. D----. Ueber die Abrichtung der kleinen Kunstpferde zu dem Zaehlen mit dem Fusse, Kopfschuetteln und dgl. Zeitung fuer die Pferdezucht, den Pferdehandel, die Pferdekenntnis usw., Tuebingen, 1804, Vol. 4, p. 51.

123. LANG, R. See 118, pp. 52 f.

124. BUFFON, CTE DE, et L. DAUBENTON. Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere. Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1753, Vol. 4, p. 169.

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Transcriber's Notes

Illustrations have been moved near the relevant section of the text.

Inconsistent use of spacing has been retained for page numbers followed by "f" or "ff", and for "i.e." / "i. e.", "e.g." / "e. g.", and "c.f." / "c. f." Inconsistent use of commas following "i.e.", "e.g.", and "c.f." has also been retained. Inconsistent use of single and double quotes around words and the placing of punctuation either within or external to quotes has been left as-is. Capitalization inconsistencies and grammatical errors relating to subject/verb agreement were also retained.

Inconsistent hyphenation, accents, and use of separate words have been retained for "any one" / "anyone", "arm movement" / "arm-movement", "backstep" / "back-step", "blind spot" / "blind-spot", "by the way" / "by-the-way", "counting machine" / "counting-machine", "divining rod" / "divining-rod", "ear movements" / "ear-movements", "eye movement(s)" / "eye-movement(s)", "eyebrows" / "eye-brows", "first rank" / "first-rank", "four fifths" / "four-fifths", "Hans problem" / "Hans-problem", "head jerk" / "head-jerk", "head movement(s)" / "head-movement(s)", "hoped for" / "hoped-for", "memory images" / "memory-images", "movement impulse" / "movement-impulse", "movement responses" / "movement-responses", "number concepts" / "number-concepts", "number terms" / "number-terms", "psychophysical" / "psycho-physical", "some one" / "someone", "sound waves" / "sound-waves", "thought processes" / "thought-processes", "tieraugen" / "tier-augen", "time measurements" / "time-measurements", "training process" / "training-process", "vaudeville stage" / "vaudeville-stage", "well disposed" / "well-disposed", "well known" / "well-known", "well trained" / "well-trained" "zoologist" / "zooelogist", "Zoological" / "Zooelogical".

There is no direct reference to Table of Reference item 105 or 112 within this book.

Here is a list of the minor typographical corrections made:

- Bracket removed following "1904" on Page vii - "VI" changed to "IV" on Page vii - Hyphen added between "September" and "Commission" on Page vii - "vice versa" italicized on Page 20 - Double quote added after "'Hans'?" on Page 36 - "elasping" changed to "elapsing" on Page 50 - Bracket removed following "utility." on Page 58 - "Futhermore" changed to "Furthermore" on Page 67 - "wtih" changed to "with" on Page 77 - Comma removed after "Problems" on Page 78 - Comma removed after "errors" on Page 82 - Comma removed after "errors" on Page 82 - "reponse" changed to "response" on Page 83 - Comma changed to period after "one" on Page 83 - Period added after "Mr" on Page 89 - Comma added after "continuously" on Page 91 - "preceive" changed to "perceive" on Page 98 - Double quote added before "Inhalt" on Page 115 - "concrn" changed to "concern" on Page 116 - "of" changed to "is" on Page 122 - "is" changed to "of" on Page 122 - Period removed after "I" on Page 127 - "to to" replaced by "to" on Pages 135 and 136 - Period added after "50cm" on Page 138 - Double quote added after "you?" on Page 146 - Double quote removed after "Perseverationstendenz" on Page 150 - Comma removed from before "continued" on Page 154 - "proceesses" changed to "processes" on Page 156 - em-dash changed to hyphen between "soixante" and "six" on Page 159 - "baguette")" changed to "baguette)"" on Page 160 - "role" changed to "role" on Page 161 - "asociate" changed to "associate" on Page 162 - "taks" changed to "takes" on Page 162 - em-dash changed to hyphen before "lens" on Page 170 - Double quote added before "streifenfoermige" on Page 173 - "satisfactury" changed to "satisfactory" on Page 174 - "thought" changed to "though" on Page 174 - "explantion" changed to "explanation" on Page 179 - Comma added after "Another" on Page 188 - "53" changed to "73" on Page 192 - Apostrophe changed to comma between "84" and "85" on Page 198 - "detail" changed to "details" on Page 206 - "Ostens'" changed to "Osten's" on Page 209 - "expectpectantly" changed to "expectantly" on Page 216 - Comma changed to period after "stimuli" on Page 224 - "suppossed" changed to "supposed" on Page 231 - Double quote added after "himself" on Page 235 - "diminshingly" changed to "diminishingly" on Page 240 - "acounts" changed to "accounts" on Page 243 - Single quote moved from before "twice," to after it on Page 250 - Double quote removed from before "How" on Page 251 - "af" changed to "of" on Page 255 - Period removed after "found?" on Page 258 - "Von" changed to "von" on Page 263 - Period removed after "Stuttgart" on Page 272 - Comma changed to period after "Botany" on Page 279