CHAPTER XXIV

THE OVERTHROW OF RECONSTRUCTION

The Republican Party in 1874

The Republican party of Alabama went into the campaign of 1874 weakened by dissensions within its own ranks and by the lessening of the sympathy of the northern Radicals. During the previous six years the opposition to the radical Reconstruction policy had gradually gained strength. The industrial expansion that followed the war, the dissatisfaction with the administration of Grant, the disclosure of serious corruption on the part of public officials, and the revelations of the real conditions in the South--these had resulted in the formation of a party of opposition to the administration, which called itself the "Liberal Republican" party and which advocated home rule for the southern states. The Democratic party, somewhat discredited by its course during the war, had now regained the confidence of its former members by accepting as final the decisions of the war on the questions involved and by bringing out conservative candidates on practical platforms. By 1874 nine northern states had gone Democratic in the elections; from 1869 to 1872, five southern states returned to the Democratic columns. The lower house of Congress was soon to be safely Democratic and no more radical legislation was to be expected; the executive department of the government alone was in active sympathy with the Reconstruction régime in the southern states.

The divisions within the party in the state were due to various causes. In the first place, the action of the more respectable of the whites in deserting the party left it with too few able men to hold the organization well together. By 1874 all but about 4000 whites had forsaken the Republicans and returned to the Democrats. These whites were mainly in north Alabama, though there were some few in the Black Belt,--five, for instance, in Marengo County, and fifty in Dallas. A further source of weakness was the disposition of the black politician to demand more consideration than had hitherto been accorded to him. The blacks had received much political training of a certain kind since 1867, and the negro leaders were no longer the helpless dupes of the carpet-bagger and the scalawag. A meeting of the negro politicians, called the "Equal Rights Union," was held in Montgomery in January, 1874. The resolutions adopted demanded that the blacks have first choice of the nominations in black counties and a proportional share in all other counties. They expressed themselves as opposed to the efforts of the carpet-baggers to organize new secret political societies, "having found no good to result from such since the disbursement [_sic_] of the Union League."[2120] If the negroes should be able to obtain these demands, nothing would be left for the white members of the party. The rank and file of the blacks had lost much of their faith in their white leaders and were disposed to listen to candidates of their own color. Closely connected with the negroes' demands for office were their demands for social rights. The state supreme court had decided that whites and blacks might lawfully intermarry, and there had been several instances of such marriages between low persons of each race.[2121] Noisy negro speakers were demanding the passage of the Civil Rights Bill then pending in Congress. A Mobile negro declared that he wanted to drink in white men's saloons, ride in cars with whites, and go to the same balls. The white Radicals in convention and legislature were disposed to avoid the subject when the blacks brought up the question of "mixed accommodations." The negroes constantly reminded the white Radicals that the latter were very willing to associate with them in the legislature and in political meetings. The speeches of Boutwell of Massachusetts and Morton of Indiana in favor of mixed schools were quoted by the negro speakers, who now became impatient of the constant request of their leaders not to offend north Alabama and drive out of the party the whites of that region. Lewis, a negro member of the legislature, declared that they were weary of waiting for their rights; that the state would not grant them, but the United States would; and then they would take their proper places alongside the whites, and "we intend to do it in defiance of the immaculate white people of north Alabama.... Hereafter we intend to demand [our rights] and we are going to press them on every occasion, and preserve them inviolate if we can. The day is not far distant when you will find on the bench of the supreme court of the state a man as black as I am, and north Alabama may help herself if she can."[2122] An "Equal Rights Convention," from which white Radicals were excluded, met in Montgomery in June, 1874. The various speakers demanded that colored youths be admitted to the State University, to the Agricultural and Mechanical College, and to all other schools on an equal footing with the whites, "in order that the idea of the inferiority of the negro might be broken up." Several delegates expressed themselves as in favor of mixed schools, but advised delay in order not to drive out the white members of the party. A negro preacher from Jackson County said that he wanted to hold on to the north Alabama whites "until their stomachs grew strong enough to take Civil Rights straight."[2123] In 1867 and 1868 there had been some blacks who had opposed the agitation of social matters on the ground that their civil and political rights would be endangered, but these were no longer in politics. The result of the agitation in 1874 was to irritate the whites generally and to cause the defection of north Alabama Republicans.

Another cause of weakness in the Radical party was the quarrel among the Reconstruction newspapers of the state over the distribution of the money for printing the session laws of Congress. The _State Journal_ and the _Mountain Home_ lost the printing, which, by direction of the Alabama delegation in Congress, was given to the _Huntsville Advocate_ and the _National Republican_, "to aid needy newspapers in other localities for the benefit of the Republican party." The result was discord among the editors and a lukewarm support of the party from those dissatisfied.[2124]

In 1874 in each county where there was a strong Republican vote discord arose among those who wanted office. Every white Radical wanted a nomination and the negroes also wanted a share. The results were temporary splits everywhere in the county organizations, which were usually mended before the elections, but which seriously weakened the party. The Strobach-Robinson division in Montgomery County may be taken as typical. Strobach was the carpet-bag sheriff of Montgomery County, which was overwhelmingly black. There was reason to believe that Strobach was being purchased by the Democrats.[2125] The stalwarts accused him of conspiring with the Democrats to sell the administration to them. They charged that he would not allow the negroes to use the court-house for political meetings, that entirely too many Republicans were indicted at his instance, and that he summoned as jurors too many Democrats and "Strobach traitors" and too few Republicans. As leader of the regular organization Strobach had considerable influence in spite of these charges, and his enemies undertook to form a new organization. The leaders of the bolters, known as the Robinson faction, were Busteed, Buckley, Barbour, and Robinson. They made the fairest promises and secured the support of the majority of the negroes, though Strobach still controlled many. Between the two factions there was practically civil war during 1874. The bolters organized their negroes in the "National Guards," a semi-military society--5000 or 6000 strong. This body broke up the Strobach meetings, and serious disturbances occurred at Wilson's Station, Elam Church, and at Union Springs. At the latter place the bolters attempted to take forcible possession of the congressional nominating convention. The negroes, led by a few whites, invaded the town, firing guns and pistols and making threats until it seemed as if a three-cornered fight would result between the whites and the two factions of the blacks. Rapier, the negro congressman, made peace by agreeing to support the Robinson-Buckley faction provided they kept the peace and allowed him to receive the nomination for Congress from the other faction. They forced him to sign an agreement to that effect, which he repudiated a few days later. The bolters were not admitted to the state convention in 1874, and thus weakness resulted. During the summer and fall of 1874, ten or twelve negroes were killed and numbers injured in the fights between the factions.[2126]

The Democrats naturally did all that was possible to encourage such division in the ranks of the enemy. Bolting candidates and independent candidates, especially negroes, were secretly supported by advice and funds. Carpet-bag and scalawag leaders were purchased, and agreed to use their influence to divide their party. To some of them it was clear that the whites would soon be in control, and meanwhile they were willing to profit by selling out their party.[2127] For two or three years it had been a practice in the Black Belt for the Radical office-holders to farm out their offices to the Democrats, who appointed deputies to conduct such offices. The stalwarts now endeavored to cast these men out of the party, but only succeeded in weakening it.

The Negroes in 1874

In spite of all adverse influence, however, the great majority of the negroes remained faithful to the Republican party and voted for Governor Lewis in the fall elections. They missed the rigid organization of former years, and many of them were greatly dissatisfied because of unfulfilled promises made by their leaders; but the Radical office-holders, realizing clearly the desperate situation, made strong efforts to bring out the entire negro vote. The Union League methods were again used to drive negro men into line. They were again promised that if their party succeeded in the elections, there would be a division of property. Some believed that equal rights in cars, hotels, theatres, and churches would be obtained. Clothes, bacon and flour, free homes, mixed schools, and public office were offered as inducements to voters. In Opelika, A. B. Griffin told the negroes that after the election all things would be divided and that each Lee County negro would receive a house in Opelika. To one man he promised "forty acres and an old gray horse." Heyman, a Radical leader of Opelika, told the blacks that if the elections resulted properly, the land would be taxed so heavily that the owners would be obliged to leave the state, and then the negroes and northerners would get the land.[2128]

Promises of good not being sufficient to hold the blacks in line, threats of evil were added. Circulars were sent out, purporting to be signed by General Grant, threatening the blacks with reënslavement unless they voted for him. The United States deputy marshals informed the blacks of Marengo County that if they voted for W. B. Jones, a scalawag candidate who had been purchased by the whites, they would be reënslaved. Heyman of Opelika declared that defeat would result in the negroes' having their ears cut off, in whipping posts and slavery. Pelham, a white congressman, told the blacks that if the Democrats carried the elections, Jefferson Davis would come to Montgomery and reorganize the Confederate government. So industriously were such tales told that many of the negroes became genuinely alarmed, and it was asserted that negro women began to hide their children as the election approached.[2129]

The negro women and the negro preachers were more enthusiastic than the negro men, and through clubs and churches brought considerable pressure to bear on the doubtful and indifferent. They agreed that negro children should not go to schools where the teachers were Democrats. In Opelika a negro women's club was formed of those whose husbands were Democrats or were about to be. The initiate swore to leave her husband if he voted for a Democrat. This club was formed by a white Radical, John O. D. Smith, and the negroes were made to believe that General Grant ordered it. A similar organization in Chambers County had a printed constitution by which a member, if married, was made to promise to desert her husband should he vote for a Democrat, and a single woman promised not to marry a Democratic negro or to have anything to do with one. The negro women were used as agents to distribute tickets to voters. These tickets had Spencer's picture on them, which they believed was Grant's.[2130]

In the negro churches to be a Democrat was to become liable to discipline. Some preachers preferred regular charges against those members who were suspected of Democracy. The average negro still believed that it was a crime "to vote against their race" and offenders were sure of expulsion from church unless, as happened sometimes, the bolters were strong enough to turn the Republicans out. Nearly every church had its political club to which the men belonged and sometimes the women. Robert Bennett of Lee County related his experience to the Coburn Committee. He wanted to vote the Democratic ticket, he said, and for that offence was put on trial in his church. The "ministers and exhorters" told him that he must not do so, saying, "We had rather you wouldn't vote at all; if you won't go with us to vote with us, you are against us; the Bible says so.... We can have you arrested. We have got you; if you won't say you won't vote or will vote with us, we will have you arrested.... All who won't vote with us we will kick out of the society--and turn them out of church;" and so it happened to Robert Bennett.[2131]

The efforts made to hold the negroes under control indicate that numbers of them were becoming restless and desirous of change. This was especially the case with the former house-servant class and those who owned property. One negro, in accounting for his change of politics, said, "Honestly, I love my race, but the way the colored people have taken a stand against the white people ... will not do." Of the white Radicals he said, "They know that we are a parcel of poor ignorant people, and I think it is a bad thing for them to take advantage of a poor ignorant person, and I do not think they are honest men; they cannot be." He said that the Radicals promised much and gave little; that they never helped him. The Democrats gave him credit and paid his doctor's bills; so that it was to his interest to vote for the Democrats--"I done it because it was to my interest. I wanted a change." Another negro explained his change of politics by saying that bad government kept up the price of pork, and allowed sorry negroes to steal what industrious negroes made and saved--eggs, chickens, and cotton. When Adam Kirk, of Chambers County, was asked why be belonged to the "white man's party," he answered: "I was raised in the house of old man Billy Kirk. He raised me as a body servant. The class that he belongs to feels nearer to me than the northern white man, and actually, since the war, everything that I have got is by their aid and assistance. They have helped me raise up my family and have stood by me, and whenever I want a doctor, no matter what hour of the day or night, he is called in whether I have got a cent or not. I think they have got better principles and better character than the Republicans."[2132] There is no doubt that these represented the sentiments of several thousand negroes who had mustered up courage to remain away from the polls or perhaps to vote for the Democrats. And while in white counties the campaign was made on the race issue, in the Black Belt the whites, as Strobach said, "were more than kind" to negro bolters. They encouraged and paid the expenses of negro Democratic speakers, and gave barbecues to the blacks who would promise to vote for the "white man's party." Numerous Democratic clubs were formed for the negroes and financed by the whites. Of these there were several in each black county, but none in the white counties. Though safer than ever before since enfranchisement, negro Democrats still received rather harsh treatment from those of their color who sincerely believed that a negro Democrat was a traitor and an enemy to his race. Negro Democratic speakers were insulted, stoned, and sometimes killed. At night they had to hide out. Their political meetings were broken up; their houses were shot into; their families were ostracized in negro society, churches, and schools. One negro complained that his children were beaten by other children at school, and that the teacher explained to him that nothing better could be expected as long as he, the father, remained a Democrat. Some negro Democrats were driven away from home and others were whipped. Most of them found it necessary to keep quiet about politics; and the members of Democratic clubs were usually sworn to secrecy.[2133] The colored Methodist Episcopal Church, which was under the guardianship of the white Methodist Church, suffered from negro persecution; several of its buildings were burned and its ministers insulted.

The Democratic and Conservative Party in 1874

If the Republican party was weaker in this campaign than ever before, the Democrats, on the other hand, were more united and more firmly determined to carry the elections, peaceably if possible, by force if necessary. There are evidences that the state government in Alabama would have been overthrown early in 1874 if the Louisiana revolution of that year had not been crushed by the Federal government. The different sections of the state were now more closely united than ever before, owing to the completion of two of the railroads which had cost the state treasury so much. The people of the northern white counties now came down into central Alabama and learned what negro government really was, and it was now made clear to the Unionist Republican element of the mountain counties that while they had local white government they were supporting a state government by the negro and the alien, both of whom they disliked. In order to gain the support of north Alabama, the opposition of the whites in the Black Belt to a campaign on the race issue was disregarded, and the campaign, especially in the white counties, was made on the simple issue--Shall black or white rule the state?

It may be of interest here to examine the attitude of the whites toward the blacks since the war. In 1865, the whites would grant civil rights to the negro, but would have special legislation for the race on the theory that it needed a period of guardianship; by 1866, many far-sighted men were willing to think of political rights for the negro after the proper preparation; by 1867, there was serious thought of an immediate qualified suffrage for the black, the object being to increase the representation in Congress, to disarm the Radicals,--the native whites believing that they could control the negro vote. This shifting of position was checked by the grant of suffrage to the negroes by Congress, and during the campaigns of 1867 and 1868 the whites held aloof, meaning to try to influence the negro vote later, when the opportunity offered. From 1869 to 1872 there was an increasing tendency, especially in the Black Belt, to appeal to the negro for political support, but, though the former personal relations were to some extent resumed, the effort always ended in practical failure. The result was that by 1873-1874, the whites despaired of dividing the black vote and many of the Black Belt whites were willing to join those of the white counties in drawing the color line in politics.[2134]

The Democrats were aided in presenting the race issue to north Alabama by the attitude, above referred to, of the negroes in demanding office and social privileges and by the fact that a strong effort had been made in Congress and would again be made to enact a stringent civil rights law securing equal rights to negroes in cars, theatres, hotels, schools, etc. The Alabama members of Congress, who were Republicans, had voted for such a bill. The Democrats made the most of the issue. The speeches of Boutwell, Morton, and Sumner were circulated among the whites as campaign documents, and were most effective in securing the unionists and independents of north Alabama.[2135]

The following extracts from state papers will indicate the state of mind of the whites. The _Montgomery Advertiser_ of February 19, 1874, declared that "the great struggle in the South is the race struggle of white against black for political supremacy. It is all in vain to protest that the southern wing of the Radical party is not essentially a party of black men arrayed against their white neighbors in a close and bitter struggle for power. The struggle going on around us is not a mere contest for the triumph of this or that platform of party principles. It is a contest between antagonistic races and for that which is held dearer than life by the white race. If the negro must rule Alabama permanently, whether in person or by proxy, the white man must ultimately leave the state." "Old Whig" protested in the _Opelika Daily Times_ of June 6, 1874, against the rule of the mob of 80,000 yelling negroes who, at scalawag mandate, and in the name of liberty, deposited ballots against southern white men. Another writer declared that "all of the good men of Alabama are for the white man's party. Outcasts, libellers, liars, handcuffers, and traitors to blood are for the negro party." Pinned down by bayonets and bound by tyranny, the whites had been forced to silence and expedients and humiliation until wrath burned "like a seven-fold furnace in the bosom of the people." The negro must be expelled from the government. The white was a God-made prince; the black, a God-made subordinate. "What right hath Dahomey to give laws to Runnymede, or Bosworth Field to take a lesson from Congo-Ashan? Shall Bill Turner give laws to Watts, Elmore, Barnes, Morgan, and the many mighty men of the South?" "When Alabama goes down the white men of Alabama will go with her."[2136]

The whites who still remained with the negro party were subjected to more merciless ostracism than ever before. No one would have business relations with a Republican; no one believed in his honor or honesty; his children were taunted by their schoolmates; his family were socially ostracized; no one would sit by them at church or in public gatherings.[2137] In the white counties numerous conventions adopted a series of resolutions in regard to ostracism, known as the "Pike County Platform," which first was adopted in June, 1874, by the Democratic convention in Pike County. It read in part as follows: "Resolved that nothing is left to the white man's party but social ostracism of all those who act, sympathize, or side with the negro party, or who support or advocate the odious, unjust, and unreasonable measure known as the Civil Rights Bill; and that henceforth we will hold all such persons as the enemies of our race, and will not for the future have intercourse with them in any of the social relations of life."[2138]

With the changed conditions in 1874 appeared a considerable number of "independent" candidates and voters. These were (1) those whites who had wearied of radicalism, and, foreseeing defeat, had left their party, yet were unwilling to join the Democrats; (2) certain half-hearted Democrats who did not want to see the old Democratic leaders come back to power; (3) disappointed politicians, especially old Whigs of strong prejudices, who disliked the Democrats from ante-bellum days. These people, foreseeing the defeat of the Radicals, hastened to offer themselves as independent candidates and voters. They hoped to get the votes of the bulk of the Radicals and many Democrats and thus get into power. The Radicals, otherwise certain of defeat, showed some disposition to meet those people halfway, and a partial success was possible if the Democrats could not whip the "independents" into line. This was successfully done. The following dissertation on "independents" is offered as typical: The independent is the Brutus of the South, "the protégé of radicalism, the spawn of corruption or poverty, or passion, or ignorance, come forth as leaders of ignorant or deluded blacks, to attack and plunder for avarice. There may be no God to avenge the South, but there is a devil to punish independents." The independents are only the tools of the Radicals, they are like bloodhounds,--to be used and then killed, for no sooner than their work is done the Radicals will knife them. "Satan hath been in the Democratic camp and, taking these independents from guard duty, led them up into the mountains and shown them the kingdoms of Radicalism, his silver and gold, storehouses and bacon, and all these promised to give if they would fall down and worship him; and they worshipped him, throwing down the altars of their fathers and trampling them under their feet."[2139]

The Campaign of 1874

The Democrats nominated for governor George S. Houston of north Alabama, a "Union" man whose "unionism" had not been very strong, and the Republicans renominated Governor D. P. Lewis, also of north Alabama. The Democratic convention met in July, 1874, and put forth a declaration and a platform declaring that the Radicals had for years inflamed the passions and prejudices of the races until it was now necessary for the whites to unite in self-defence. The convention denied the power of Congress to legislate for the social equality of the races and denounced the Civil Rights Bill then pending in Congress as an attempt to force social union. Legislation on social matters was condemned as unnecessary and criminal. The Radical state administration was blamed for extravagance and corruption, and a declaration was made that fraudulent state debts would not be paid if the Democrats were successful.[2140]

The fact that the race issue was the principal one is borne out by the county platforms. In Barbour County the "white man's party" declared that the issue was "white _vs._ black"; that if the whites were defeated, the county would no longer be endurable and would be abandoned to the blacks; that a conflict of races would be deplorable, but that the whites must protect themselves, and that though in the past some had stayed away from the polls through disgust, those who did not vote would be reckoned as of the negro party; that the whites would be ready to protect themselves and their ballots by force if necessary. In Lee County the convention declared that the Democrats had long avoided the race issue, but that now it had been forced upon them by the Radicals; that "this county is the white man's and the white man must rule over it," and that whites or blacks who aid the negro party "are the political and social enemies of the white race." In the same county a local club declared that peace was wanted, but not peace purchased by "unconditional surrender of every freeman's privilege to fraud, Federal bayonets, and intimidation."[2141]

The Republican state convention in August pronounced itself in favor of the Civil Rights Bill and the civil and political equality of all men without regard to race, declared that the race issue was an invention of the Democrats which would result in war with the United States, and accused the Democrats of being responsible for the bad condition of the state finances. The Equal Rights convention and the Union Labor convention declared for the Civil Rights Bill and indorsed Charles Sumner and J. T. Rapier, the negro congressman.[2142]

In preparation for the fall elections the Radical members of Congress had secured the passage of a resolution by Congress appropriating money for the relief of the sufferers from floods on the Alabama, Warrior, and Tombigbee rivers. The floods occurred in the early spring; the appropriation became available in May, but as late as July the governor had not appointed agents to distribute the bacon which had been purchased with the appropriation. The members of Congress from the state met and agreed upon a division of the bacon without reference to flooded districts, but with reference to the political conditions in the various counties.[2143] Their agents were to distribute the bacon, but the governor was unable to get their names until August. The purpose was to hold the bacon until near the election. The governor and other Republican leaders were opposed to the use of bacon in the campaign, and the state refused to pay transportation; so the agents had to sell part of the bacon to pay expenses. In Lewis's last message to the legislature, he said pointedly, "Our beloved state has been free from pestilence, floods, and extensive disasters to labor."[2144] As a matter of fact, there had been the regular spring freshets, but there were no sufferers. The loss fell upon the planters, who were under contract to furnish food, stock, and implements to their tenants. In August, Captain Gentry of the Nineteenth Infantry was sent by the War Department, which was supplying the bacon, to investigate the matter of the "political" bacon. He found no suffering, and no one was able to tell him where the suffering was, though the members of Congress were positive that there was suffering. The crops were doing well. In Montgomery Captain Gentry found that the agents in charge of Congressman Rapier's share of the bacon were J. C. Hendrix and Holland Thompson (colored), both active politicians. Distribution had been delayed because Rapier thought that he had not received his share. Congressman Hays had bacon sent to Calera, Brierfield, and Marion, none of the places being near flowing water. He sent quantities to Perry, Shelby, and Bibb counties, but none to Fayette and Baker (Chilton). As he wrote to his agent, "Of course the overflowed districts will need more than those not overflowed." When the War Department discovered the use that had been made of the bacon, Captain Gentry was directed to seize the bacon in dry districts that was being held until the election. At Eufaula, 80 miles from the nearest flooded district, he seized 5348 pounds that Rapier had stored there; at Seale, 7638 pounds were seized; and at Opelika, 9792 pounds; but not all was discovered at either place.[2145]

An Opelika negro thus described the method of using the bacon: It was understood that only the faithful could get any of it. This negro was considered doubtful, but was told, "If you will come along and do right, you will get two or three shoulders." Bacon suppers were held at negro churches, to which only those were admitted who promised to vote the Republican ticket.[2146]

The use of bacon in the campaign injured the Republican cause more than it aided it; the supply of bacon was too small to go around, and the whites were infuriated because the negroes stopped work so long while trying to get some of it.

In previous campaigns the Republicans had used with success the "southern outrage" issue; stories of murder, cruelty, and fraud by the whites were carried to Washington and found ready believers, and Federal troops and deputy marshals were sent to assist the southern Republicans in the elections by making arrests, thus intimidating the whites and encouraging the blacks. In the campaign of 1874 such assistance was more than ever necessary to the black man's party in Alabama. The race line was now distinctly drawn and most of the whites had forsaken the black man's party. The blacks, many of them, were indifferent; the whites were determined to overthrow the Reconstruction rule.

The leaders of the whites were confident of success and strongly advised against every appearance of violence, since it would work to the advantage of the hostile party. There were some, however, who did not object to the tales of outrage, since they would cause investigation and the sending of Federal troops. These would, in the black districts, really protect the whites, and any kind of an investigation would result in damage to the Radical party.

Pursuing its plan of a peaceable campaign, the Democratic executive committee, on August 29, 1874, issued an address as follows: "We especially urge upon you carefully to avoid all injuries to others while you are attempting to preserve your own rights. Let our people avoid all just causes of complaint. Turmoil and strife with those who oppose us in this contest will only weaken the moral force of our efforts. Let us avoid personal conflicts; and if these should be forced upon us, let us only act in that line of just self-defence which is recognized and provided for by the laws of the land. We could not please our enemies better than by becoming parties to conflicts of violence, and thus furnish them plausible pretext for asking the interference of Federal power in our domestic affairs. Let us so act that all shall see and that all whose opinions are entitled to any respect shall admit that ours is a party of peace, and that we only seek to preserve our rights and liberties by the peaceful but efficient power of the ballot-box."[2147] There is no doubt but that the whites engaged in less violence in this campaign than in former election years and less than was to be expected considering their temper in 1874. But there is also no doubt that very little incentive would have been necessary to have precipitated serious conflict. The whites were determined to win, peaceably if possible, forcibly if necessary. This very determination made them inclined to peace as long as possible and made the opposite party cautious about giving causes for conflict.

The Republican leaders industriously circulated in the North stories of "outrages" in Alabama. The most comprehensive "outrage" story was that of Charles Hays, member of Congress, published in the famous "Hays-Hawley letter" of September 7, 1874. Hays had borne a bad character in Alabama while a slaveholder and had been ostracized for being cruel to his slaves, and as a Confederate soldier he had a doubtful record. Naturally, in Reconstruction he had sided against the whites, and the negroes, with few exceptions, forgot his past history. In order to get campaign material, Senator Joseph Hawley of Connecticut wrote to Hays to get facts for publication,--"I want to publish it at home and give it to my neighbors and constituents as the account of a gentleman of unimpeachable honor." Hays responded in a long letter, filled with minute details of horrible outrages that occurred within his personal observation. The spirit of rebellion still exists, he said; riots, murders, assassinations, torturings, are more common than ever; the half cannot be told; unless the Federal government interposes there is no hope for loyal men. The letter created a sensation. Senator Hawley sent it out with his indorsement of Hays as a gentleman. The _New York Tribune_, then "Liberal" in politics, sent "a thoroughly competent and trustworthy correspondent who is a lifelong Republican" to investigate the charges made by Hays. The charges of Hays were as follows: (1) for political reasons, one Allen was beaten nearly to death with pistols; (2) five negroes were brutally murdered in Sumter County, for no reason; (3) "No white man in Pickens County ever cast a Republican vote and lived after;" (4) in Hale County a negro benevolent society was ordered to meet no more; (5) masked men drove James Bliss, a negro, from Hale County; (6) J. G. Stokes, a Republican speaker, was warned by armed ruffians not to make another Radical speech in Hale County; (7) in Choctaw County 10 negroes had been killed and 13 wounded by whites in ambuscade; (8) in Marengo County W. A. Lipscomb was killed for being a Republican; (9) "Simon Edward and Monroe Keeton were killed in Sumter County for political effect;" (10) in Pickens County negroes were killed, tied to logs, and sent floating down the river with the following inscription, "To Mobile with the compliments of Pickens;" (11) W. P. Billings, a northern Republican, was killed in Sumter County on account of his politics, and Ivey, a negro mail agent, was also killed for his politics in Sumter; (12) there were numerous outrages in Coffee, Macon, and Russell counties; (13) near Carrollton, two negro speakers were hanged. Hays also declared that "only an occasional murder leaks out;" Republican speakers were always "rotten-egged" or shot at, while not a single Democrat was injured; the Associated Press agents were all "rebels and Democrats," and systematically misrepresented the Radical party to the North.

The _Tribune_ after investigation pronounced the Hays-Hawley letter "a tissue of lies from beginning to end." The correspondent sent to Alabama investigated each reported outrage and found that the facts were as follows: (1) Allen said that he was beaten for private reasons by one person with the weapons of nature; (2) three negroes were killed by negroes and two were shot while stealing corn; (3) since 1867 there had been white Republican voters and officials in Sumter County; (4) the negro societies in Hale County denied that any of them had been ordered to disband; (5) James Bliss himself denied that he had been driven from Hale County; (6) affidavits of the Republican officials of Hale County denied the Stokes story; (7) in regard to the "10 killed and 13 wounded" outrage, affidavits were obtained from the "killed and wounded" denying that the reported outrage had occurred (the truth was, a negro was beaten by other negroes, and when the sheriff had attempted to arrest them, they resisted and one shot was fired; the negroes swore that they had told Hays that none was injured); (8) Lipscomb in person denied that he had been murdered or injured; (9) Edward and Keeton lived in Mississippi and there was no evidence that either had been murdered; (10) the story of the dead negroes tied to floating logs was not heard in Pickens County before Hays published it, and no foundation for it could be discovered; (11) Billings was killed by unknown persons for purposes of robbery, and Republican officials testified that the killing of Ivey was not political; (12) nothing could be found to support the statement about outrages in Coffee, Macon, and Russell counties; (13) the hanging of the two negroes near Carrollton was denied by the Republicans of that district. The _Tribune_ correspondent asserted that Hays "knew that his statements were lies when he made them"; that the whites were exercising remarkable restraint; that they were trying hard to keep the peace; that counties in Hays's district were showing signs of going Democratic, and since his was the strongest Republican district, desperate measures were necessary to hold the Republicans in line; and that the administration press "had grossly slandered the people of the state." Governor Lewis and a few of the Republicans had opposed the "outrage" issue, and though troops were sent to the state it was against the wishes of Lewis.[2148]

The Washington administration readily listened to the "outrage" stories and prepared to interfere in Alabama affairs, though Governor Lewis could not be persuaded to ask for troops. President Grant wrote, on September 3, 1874, to Belknap, Secretary of War, directing him to hold troops in readiness to suppress the "atrocities" in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Early in September Attorney-General Williams began to encourage United States Marshal Healy to make arrests under the Enforcement Acts, and on September 29, 1874, he instructed Healy to appoint special deputies at all points where troops were to be stationed. He promised that the deputies would be supported by the infantry and cavalry. During October the state was filled with deputy marshals, agents of the Department of Justice and of the Post-office Department, and Secret Service men, most of them in disguise, searching for opportunities to arrest whites. Most of these men were of the lowest class, since only men of that kind would do the work required of them. The deputies were appointed, ten to twenty-five in each county, by Marshal Healy on the recommendation of the officials of the Republican party. Charles E. Mayer of Mobile, chairman of the Republican executive committee, nominated and secured the appointment of 217 deputy marshals, vouching for them as good Republicans, all except four Democrats who were warranted to be "mild, _i.e._ honest." Robert Barbour of Montgomery and Isaac Heyman of Opelika also nominated deputies.[2149]

The marshals did some effective work during October. In Dallas County, where the Democrats had encouraged a bolting negro candidate with the intention of purchasing his office from him, the negro bolter and General John T. Morgan were arrested for violation of the Enforcement Acts.[2150] In Sumter County, John Little, a negro who had started a negro Democratic club called the "Independent Thinkers," was arrested and the club was broken up.[2151] From Eufaula several prominent whites were taken, among them General Alpheus Baker, J. M. Buford, G. L. Comer, W. H. Courtney, and E. J. Black.[2152]

In Livingston, where a Democratic convention was being held in the court-house, the deputy marshals came in, pretended to search through the whole room, and finally arrested Renfroe and Bullock, whom, with Chiles, they handcuffed and paraded about the county, exposing them to insult from gangs of negroes. The jailer in Sumter County refused to give up the jail to the use of the deputy marshals and was imprisoned in his own jail.[2153] About the same time Colonel Wedmore, chairman of the Democratic county executive committee, was arrested with forty-two other prominent Democrats, thus almost destroying the party organization in Sumter County. Though there were three United States commissioners in Sumter County, Wedmore and others were carried to Mobile for trial before a United States commissioner there, and, instead of being carried by the shortest route, they were for political effect taken on a long détour _via_ Demopolis, Selma, and Montgomery. Those arrested were never tried, but were released just before or soon after the election.[2154] The whites were thoroughly intimidated in the black districts, but were not seriously molested in the white counties. The houses of nearly all the Democrats in the Black Belt were searched by the deputies and soldiers, and the women frightened and insulted. The officers of the army were disgusted with the nature of the work.[2155]

Such was the intimidation practised by the officials of the Federal government. The Republican state administration took little part in the persecutions, because it was weak, because it was not desirous of being held responsible, and because some of the prominent officials were certain that the intimidation policy would injure their party. In the white counties there was considerably less effort to influence the elections. But by no means was all of the intimidation on the Republican side. In the counties where the whites were numerous the determination was freely expressed that the elections were to be carried by the whites. There were few open threats, very little violence, and none of the kind of persecution employed by the other side. But the whites had made up their minds, and the other side knew it, or rather felt it in the air, and were thereby intimidated. Besides the silent forces of ostracism, etc., already described, the whites found many other means of influencing the voters on both sides. Where Radical posters were put up announcing speakers and principles, the Democrats would tear them down and post instead caricatures of Spencer, Lewis, Hays, or Rapier, or declarations against "social equality enforced by law." In white districts some obnoxious speakers were "rotten-egged," others forbidden to speak and asked to leave. One Radical speaker complained that whites in numbers came to hear him, sat on the front seats with guns across their knees, blew tin horns, and asked him embarrassing questions about "political bacon" and race equality under the Civil Rights Bill. "Blacklists" of active negro politicians were kept and the whites warned against employing them; "pledge meetings" were held in some counties and negroes strenuously advised to sign the "pledge" to vote for the white man's party. "The Barbour County Fever" spread over the state. This was a term used for any process for making life miserable for white Radicals. There was something like a revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the White Leagues or clubs whose members were sworn to uphold "white" principles. In many towns these clubs were organized as military companies. Some of them applied to Governor Lewis for arms and for enrolment as militia. But he was afraid to organize any white militia because it might overthrow his administration, and, on the other hand, he also refused to give arms to negro militia because he feared race conflicts. By private subscription, often with money from the North, the white companies were armed and equipped. They drilled regularly and made long practice marches through the country. They kept the peace, they made no threats, but their influence was none the less forcible. The Democratic politicians were opposed to these organizations, but the latter persisted and several companies went in uniform to Houston's inauguration. The Republicans found cause for anxiety in the increasing frequency of Confederate veterans' reunions, and it is said that cavalry companies and squadrons of ex-Confederates began to drill again, much to the alarm of the blacks.[2156] In truth, some of the whites were exasperated to the point where they were about ready to fight again. As one man expressed it: "The attempt to force upon the country this social equality, miscalled Civil Rights Bill, may result in another war. The southern people do not desire to take up arms again, but may be driven to desperation."[2157]

The feelings of the poorer whites and those who had suffered most from Radical rule are reflected in the following speeches. A negro who was canvassing for Rapier, the negro congressman, was told by a white: "You might as well quit. We have made up our minds to carry the state or kill half of you negroes on election day. We begged you long enough and have persuaded you, but you will vote for the Radical party." Another white man said to negro Republicans, "God damn you, you have voted my land down to half a dollar an acre, and I wish the last one of you was down in the bottom of hell."[2158]

The Democratic campaign was managed by W. L. Bragg, an able organizer, assisted by a competent staff. The state had not been so thoroughly canvassed since 1861. The campaign fund was the largest in the history of the state; every man who was able, and many who were not, contributed; assistance also came from northern Democrats, and northern capitalists who had investments in the South or who owned part of the legal bonds of the state. The election officials were all Radicals and with Federal aid had absolute control over the election. If inclined to fraud, as in 1868-1872, they could easily count themselves in, but they clearly understood that no fraud would be tolerated. To prevent the importation of negroes from Georgia and Mississippi guards were stationed all around the state. To prevent "repeating," which had formerly been done by massing the negroes at the county seat for their first vote and then sending them home to vote again, the whites made lists of all voters, white and black, kept an accurate account of all Democratic votes cast, and demanded that the votes be thus counted. So well did the Democrats know their resources that a week before the election an estimate of the vote was made that turned out to be almost exactly correct. In Randolph County, several days before the election, the Democratic manager reported a certain number of votes for the Democrats; on election day two votes more than he estimated were cast.

Tons of campaign literature were distributed mainly by freight, express, and messengers, the mails having proved unsafe, being in the hands of the Radicals. For the same reason political messages were sent by telegraph. Every man who could speak had to "go on the stump." Toward the close of the campaign a hundred speeches a day were made by speakers sent out from headquarters. The lawyers did little or no business during October; it is said that of seventy-five lawyers in Montgomery all but ten were usually out of the city making speeches.[2159]

The Election of 1874

The election of 1874 passed off with less violence than was expected; in fact, it was quieter than any previous campaign. The Democrats were assured of success and had no desire to lose the fruits of victory on account of riots and disorder. So the responsible people strained every nerve to preserve the peace. A regiment of soldiers was scattered throughout the Black Belt and showed a disposition to neglect the affairs of the blacks. But here, in the counties where the numerous arrests had been made, the blacks voted in full strength. In fact, with few exceptions, both parties voted in full strength, and, as regards the counting of the votes, it was the fairest election since the negroes began to vote. There were instances in white counties of negroes being forced to vote for the Democrats, while in the Black Belt negro Democrats were mobbed and driven from the polls. But the negro Democrats resorted to expedients to get in their tickets. In one county where the Democratic tickets were smooth at the top and the negro tickets perforated, the Democrats prepared perforated tickets for negro Democrats which went unquestioned. In other places special tickets were printed for the use of negro Democrats with the picture of General Grant or of Spencer on them and these passed the hurried Radical inspection and were cast for the Democrats. In Marengo County the Democrats purchased a Republican candidate, who agreed for $300 that he would not be elected. By his "sign of the button," sent out among the negroes, the latter were instructed to vote a certain colored ticket which did not conform to law and hence was not counted. Other candidates agreed not to qualify after election, thus leaving the appointment to the governor.

In the Black Belt, now as before, the negroes were marshalled in regiments of 300 to 1500 under men who wrote orders purporting to be signed by General Grant, directing the negroes to vote for him. In Greene County 1400 uniformed negroes took possession of the polls, and excluded the few whites.[2160] A riot in Mobile was brought on by the close supervision over election affairs, which was objected to by a drunken negro who wanted to vote twice, and who declared that he wanted "to wade in blood up to his boot tops." The negro was killed. A conflict at Belmont, where a negro was killed, and another at Gainesville were probably caused by the endeavor of the whites to exclude negroes who had been imported from Mississippi. By rioting the Republicans had everything to gain and the Democrats everything to lose, and while it is impossible in most cases to ascertain which party fired the first shot or struck the first blow, the evidence is clear that the desperate Radical whites encouraged the blacks to violent conduct in order to cause collisions between the races and thus secure Federal interference. In Eufaula occurred the most serious riot of the Reconstruction period that occurred in Alabama. The negroes came armed and threatening to the polls, which were held by a Republican sheriff and forty Republican deputies. Judge Keils, a carpet-bagger, had advised the blacks to come to Eufaula to vote: "You go to town; there are several troops of Yankees there; these damned Democrats won't shoot a frog. You come armed and do as you please." The Democrats were glad to have the troops, who were disgusted with the intimidation work of the previous month. Order was kept until a negro tried to vote the Democratic ticket and was discovered and mobbed by other blacks. The whites tried to protect him and some negro fired a shot. Then the riot began. The few whites were heavily armed and the negroes also. The deputies, it was said, lost their heads and fired indiscriminately. When the fight was over it was found that ten whites were wounded, and four negroes killed and sixty wounded. The Federal troops came leisurely in after it was over, and surrounded the polls. The course of the Federal troops in Eufaula was much as it was elsewhere. They camped some distance from the polls, and when their aid was demanded by the Republicans the captain either directly refused to interfere, or consulted his orders or his telegrams or his law dictionary. At last he offered to _notify_ the white men wanted by the marshal to meet the latter and be arrested. Another commander, who took possession of the polls in Opelika in order to prevent a riot, was censured by General McDowell, the department commander. The troops were weary of such work, and their orders from General McDowell were very vague.[2161] After the election, as was to be expected, an outcry arose from the Radicals that the troops had in every case failed to do their duty.

When the votes were counted, it appeared that the Democrats had triumphed. Houston had 107,118 votes to 93,928 for Lewis. Two years before Herndon (Democrat) had received 81,371 votes to 89,868 for Lewis. The presidential campaign in 1872 had assisted Lewis. Grant ran far ahead of the Radical state ticket. The legislature of 1874-1875 was to be composed as follows: Senate, 13 Republicans (of whom 6 were negroes) and 20 Democrats; House, 40 Republicans (of whom 29 were negroes) and 60 Democrats.[2162]

The whites were exceedingly pleased with their victory, while the Republicans took defeat as something expected. There were, of course, the usual charges of outrage, Ku Kluxism, and the intimidation of the negro vote, but these were fewer than ever before. There was considerable complaint that the Federal troops had sided always with the whites in the election troubles. The Republican leaders knew, of course, that for their own time at least Alabama was to remain in the hands of the whites. The blacks were surprisingly indifferent after they discovered that there was to be no return to slavery, so much so that many whites feared that their indifference masked some deep-laid scheme against the victors.

The heart of the Black Belt still remained under the rule of the carpet-bagger and the black. The Democratic state executive Committee considered that enough had been gained for one election, so it ordered that no whites should contest on technical grounds alone the offices in those black counties. Other methods gradually gave the Black Belt to the whites. No Democrat would now go on the bond of a Republican official and numbers were unable to make bond; their offices thus becoming vacant, the governor appointed Democrats. Others sold out to the whites, or neglected to make bond, or made bonds which were later condemned by grand juries. This resulted in many offices going to the whites, though most of them were still in the hands of the Republicans.[2163]

Houston's two terms were devoted to setting affairs in order. The administration was painfully economical. Not a cent was spent beyond what was absolutely necessary. Numerous superfluous offices were cut off at once and salaries reduced. The question of the public debt was settled. To prevent future interference by Federal authorities the time for state elections was changed from November, the time of the Federal elections, to August, and this separation is still in force. The whites now demanded a new constitution. Their objections to the constitution of 1868 were numerous: it was forced upon the whites, who had no voice in framing it; it "reminds us of unparalleled wrongs"; it had not secured good government; it was a patchwork unsuited to the needs of the state; it had wrecked the credit of the state by allowing the indorsement of private corporations; it provided for a costly administration, especially for a complicated and unworkable school system which had destroyed the schools; there was no power of expansion for the judiciary; and above all, it was not legally adopted.[2164]

The Republicans declared against a new constitution as meant to destroy the school system, provide imprisonment for debt, abolish exemption from taxation, disfranchise and otherwise degrade the blacks. By a vote of 77,763 to 59,928, a convention was ordered by the people, and to it were elected 80 Democrats, 12 Republicans, and 7 Independents. A new constitution was framed and adopted in 1875.[2165]

Later Phases of State Politics

From 1875 to 1889 neither national party was able to control both houses of Congress. Consequently no "force" legislation could be directed against the white people of Alabama, who had control and were making secure their control of the state administration. The black vote was not eliminated, but gradually fell under the control of the native whites when the carpet-bagger and scalawag left the Black Belt. In order to gain control of the black vote, carpet-bag methods were sometimes resorted to, though there was not as much fraud and violence used as is believed, for the simple reason that it was not necessary; it was little more difficult now to make the blacks vote for the Democrats than it had been to make Republicans of them; the mass of them voted, in both cases, as the stronger power willed it. The Black Belt came finally into Democratic control in 1880, when the party leaders ordered the Alabama Republicans to vote the Greenback ticket. The negroes did not understand the meaning of the manoeuvre, did not vote in force, and lost their last stronghold. A few white Republicans and a few black leaders united to maintain the Republican state organization in order that they might control the division of spoils coming from the Republican administration at Washington. Most of them were or became Federal officials within the state. It was not to their interest that their numbers should increase, for the shares in the spoils would then be smaller. Success in the elections was now the last thing desired.

This clique of office-holders was almost destroyed by the two Democratic administrations under Cleveland, and has been unhappy under later Republican administrations; but the Federal administration in the state is not yet respectable. Dissatisfaction on the part of the genuine Republicans in the northern counties resulted in the formation of a "Lily White" faction which demanded that the negro be dropped as a campaign issue and that an attempt be made to build up a decent white Republican party. The opposing faction has been called "The Black and Tans," and has held to the negro. The national party organization and the administration have refused to recognize the demands of the "Lily Whites"; and it would be exceedingly embarrassing to go back on the record of the past in regard to the negro as the basis of the Republican party in the South. In consequence the growth of a reputable white party has been hindered.

The Populist movement promised to cause a healthy division of the whites into two parties. But the tactics of the national Republican organization in trying to profit by this division, by running in the negroes, resulted in a close reunion of the discordant whites, the Populists furnishing to the reunited party some new principles and many new leaders, while the Democrats furnished the name, traditions, and organization.

To make possible some sort of division and debate among the whites the system of primary elections was adopted. In these elections the whites were able to decide according to the merits of the candidate and the issues involved. The candidate of the whites chosen in the primaries was easily elected. This plan had the merit of placing the real contest among the whites, and there was no danger of race troubles in elections. In the Black Belt the primary system was legalized and served by its regulations to confine the election contests to regularly nominated candidates, and hence to whites, the blacks having lost their organization.

The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments in their operation gave undue political influence to the whites of the Black Belt, and this was opposed by whites of other districts. It also resulted in serious corruption in elections. There was always danger in the Black Belt that the Republicans, taking advantage of divisions among the whites, would run in the negroes again. There were instances when the whites simply counted out the negro vote or used "shotgun" methods to prevent a return to the intolerable conditions of Reconstruction. The people grew weary of the eternal "negro in the woodpile," and a demand arose for a revision of the constitution in order to eliminate the mass of the negro voters, to do away with corruption in the elections and to leave the whites free. The conservative leaders, like Governors Jones and Oates, were rather opposed to a disfranchising movement. The Black Belt whites were somewhat doubtful, but the mass of the whites were determined, and the work was done; the stamp of legality was thus placed upon the long-finished work of necessity, and the "white man's movement" had reached its logical end.[2166]

* * * * *

The mistakes and failures of Reconstruction are clear to all. Whether any successes were achieved by the Congressional plan has been a matter for debate. It has been strongly asserted that Reconstruction, though failing in many important particulars, succeeded in others. The successes claimed may be summarized as follows: (1) there was no more legislation for the negro similar to that of 1865-66, that following the Reconstruction being "infinitely milder"; (2) Reconstruction gave the negroes a civil status that a century of "restoration" would not have accomplished, for though the right to vote is a nullity, other undisputed rights of the black are due to the Reconstruction; the unchangeable organic laws of the state and of the United States favor negro suffrage, which will come the sooner for being thus theoretically made possible; (3) Reconstruction prevented the southern leaders from returning to Washington as irreconcilables, and gave them troubles enough to keep them busy until a new generation grew up which accepted the results of war; (4) by organizing the blacks it made them independent of white control in politics; (5) it gave the negro an independent church; (6) it gave the negro a right to education and gave to both races the public school system; (7) it made the negro economically free and showed that free labor was better than slave labor; (8) it destroyed the former leaders of the whites and "freed them from the baleful influence of old political leaders"; in general, as Sumner said, the ballot to the negro was "a peacemaker, a schoolmaster, a protector," soon making him a fairly good citizen, and secured peace and order--the "political hell" through which the whites passed being a necessary discipline which secured the greatest good to the greatest number.[2167]

On the other hand, it may be maintained (1) that the intent of the legislation of 1865-1866 has been entirely misunderstood, that it was intended on the whole for the benefit of the negro as well as of the white, and that it has been left permanently off the statute book, not because the whites have been taught better by Reconstruction, but because of the amendments which prohibit in theory what has all along been practised (hence the gross abuses of peonage); (2) that the theoretical rights of the negro have been no inducement to grant him actual privileges, and that these theoretical rights have not proven so permanent as was supposed before the disfranchising movement spread through the South; (3) that the generation after Reconstruction is more irreconcilable than the conservative leaders who were put out of politics in 1865-1867--that the latter were willing to give the negro a chance, while the former, able, radical, and supported by the people, find less and less place for the negro; (4) that if the blacks were united, so were the whites, and in each case the advantage may be questioned; (5) that the value of the negro church is doubtful; (6) that as in politics, so in education, the negro has no opportunities now that were not freely offered him in 1865-1866, and the school system is not a product of Reconstruction, but came near being destroyed by it; (7) that negro free labor is not as efficient as slave labor was, and the negro as a cotton producer has lost his supremacy and his economic position is not at all assured; (8) that the whites have acquired new leaders, but the change has been on the whole from conservatives to radicals, from friends of the negro to those indifferent to him. In short, a careful study of conditions in Alabama since 1865 will not lead one to the conclusion that the black race in that state has any rights or privileges or advantages that were not offered by the native whites in 1865-1866.

For the misgovernment of Reconstruction, the negro, who was in no way to blame, has been made to suffer, since those who were really responsible could not be reached; so politically the races are hostile; the Black Belt has had, until recently, an undue and disturbing influence in white politics; the Federal official body and the Republican organization in the state have not been respectable, and the growth of a white Republican party has been prevented; the whites have for thirty-five years distrusted and disliked the Federal administration which, until recent years, showed little disposition to treat them with any consideration;[2168] the rule of the carpet-bagger, scalawag, and negro, and the methods used to overthrow that rule, weakened the respect of the people for the ballot, for law, for government; the estrangement of the races and the social-equality teachings of the reconstructionists have made it much less safe than in slavery for whites to reside near negro communities, and the negro is more exposed to imposition by low whites.

In recent years there have been many signs of improvement, but only in proportion as the principles and practices that the white people of the state understand are those of Reconstruction are rejected or superseded. To the northern man Reconstruction probably meant and still means something quite different from what the white man of Alabama understands by the term. But as the latter understands it, he has accepted none of its essential principles and intends to accept none of its so-called successes.

In destroying all that was old, Reconstruction probably removed some abuses; from the new order some permanent good must have resulted. But credit for neither can rightfully be claimed until it can be shown that those results were impossible under the régime destroyed.

APPENDIX I

PRODUCTION OF COTTON IN ALABAMA. 1860-1900

(_a_) Typical black counties with boundaries unchanged. (_b_) Typical white counties.

====================================================================== COUNTY | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 ----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|--------- | bales | bales | bales | bales | bales Autauga | 17,329 | 7,965 | 7,944 | 10,431 | 14,348 Baker (Chilton) | ---- | 1,360 | 3,534 | 6,233 | 9,932 Baldwin | 2,172 | 87 | 638 | 1,663 | 531 Barbour (_a_) | 44,518 | 17,011 | 26,063 | 33,440 | 29,395 Bibb | 8,303 | 3,973 | 4,843 | 5,216 | 6,535 Blount (_b_) | 1,071 | 950 | 4,442 | 9,748 | 11,449 Bullock | ---- | 17,972 | 22,578 | 30,547 | 31,774 Butler | 13,489 | 5,854 | 11,895 | 18,200 | 21,147 Calhoun | 11,573 | 3,038 | 10,848 | 11,504 | 11,554 Chambers | 24,589 | 7,868 | 19,476 | 27,276 | 30,676 Cherokee (_b_) | 10,562 | 1,807 | 10,777 | 11,870 | 12,767 Choctaw (_a_) | 17,252 | 6,439 | 9,054 | 13,586 | 13,091 Clarke (_a_) | 16,225 | 5,713 | 11,097 | 16,380 | 16,594 Clay (_b_) | ---- | 1,143 | 4,973 | 8,250 | 10,459 Cleburne (_b_) | ---- | 873 | 3,600 | 5,389 | 5,035 Coffee (_b_) | 5,294 | 2,004 | 4,788 | 11,791 | 16,747 Colbert | ---- | 3,936 | 9,012 | 3,956 | 9,234 Conecuh (_b_) | 6,850 | 1,539 | 4,633 | 8,167 | 9,801 Coosa | 13,990 | 3,893 | 8,411 | 10,141 | 11,370 Covington (_b_) | 2,021 | 689 | 1,158 | 2,740 | 5,969 Crenshaw (_b_) | ---- | 4,638 | 8,173 | 13,442 | 18,909 Cullman (_b_) | ---- | ---- | 378 | 5,268 | 9,374 Dale (_b_) | 7,836 | 4,273 | 6,224 | 16,259 | 17,868 Dallas (_a_) | 63,410 | 24,819 | 33,534 | 42,819 | 48,273 De Kalb (_b_) | 1,498 | 205 | 2,859 | 4,573 | 9,860 Elmore (_b_) | ---- | 7,295 | 9,771 | 16,871 | 18,458 Escambia | ---- | 605 | 94 | 462 | 1,131 Etowah (_b_) | ---- | 1,383 | 6,571 | 8,482 | 11,651 Fayette (_b_) | 5,462 | 1,909 | 4,268 | 6,141 | 9,128 Franklin | 15,592 | 2,072 | 3,603 | 2,669 | 6,047 Geneva (_b_) | ---- | 420 | 1,112 | 7,158 | 9,813 Greene (_a_) | 57,858 | 9,910 | 15,811 | 20,901 | 23,681 Hale | ---- | 18,573 | 18,093 | 28,973 | 28,645 Henry (_b_) | 13,034 | 7,127 | 12,573 | 23,738 | 27,281 Jackson (_b_) | 2,713 | 2,339 | 6,235 | 5,358 | 5,602 Jefferson (_b_) | 4,940 | 1,470 | 5,333 | 4,829 | 7,044 Lamar (Sanford) | | | | | (_b_) | ---- | 1,825 | 5,015 | 6,998 | 10,118 Lauderdale | 11,050 | 5,457 | 9,270 | 5,156 | 9,708 Lawrence | 15,434 | 9,243 | 13,791 | 9,248 | 12,541 Lee | ---- | 11,591 | 13,189 | 18,332 | 22,431 Limestone | 15,115 | 7,319 | 15,724 | 8,093 | 14,887 Lowndes (_a_) | 53,664 | 18,369 | 29,356 | 40,388 | 39,839 Macon (_a_) | 41,119 | 11,872 | 14,580 | 19,099 | 20,434 Madison | 22,119 | 12,180 | 20,679 | 13,150 | 20,842 Marengo (_a_) | 62,428 | 23,614 | 23,481 | 31,651 | 38,392 Marion (_b_) | 4,285 | 463 | 2,240 | 4,454 | 6,309 Marshall (_b_) | 4,931 | 2,340 | 5,358 | 8,118 | 13,318 Mobile | 440 | 317 | 1 | 24 | 116 Monroe (_a_) | 18,226 | 6,172 | 10,421 | 15,919 | 17,101 Montgomery (_a_)| 58,880 | 25,517 | 31,732 | 45,827 | 39,202 Morgan (_b_) | 6,326 | 4,389 | 6,133 | 6,227 | 9,313 Perry (_a_) | 44,603 | 13,449 | 21,627 | 24,873 | 29,690 Pickens (_a_) | 29,843 | 8,263 | 17,283 | 18,904 | 21,485 Pike (_b_) | 24,527 | 7,192 | 15,136 | 25,879 | 34,757 Randolph (_b_) | 6,427 | 2,246 | 7,475 | 10,348 | 17,148 Russell (_a_) | 38,728 | 20,796 | 19,442 | 20,521 | 21,174 Shelby (_b_) | 6,463 | 2,194 | 6,643 | 7,308 | 10,193 St. Clair (_b_) | 4,189 | 1,244 | 6,028 | 7,136 | 9,411 Sumter (_a_) | 36,584 | 11,647 | 22,211 | 25,768 | 31,906 Talladega | 18,243 | 5,697 | 11,832 | 15,686 | 21,563 Tallapoosa (_b_)| 17,399 | 5,446 | 14,161 | 20,337 | 24,955 Tuscaloosa | 26,035 | 6,458 | 11,137 | 13,008 | 20,041 Walker (_b_) | 2,766 | 928 | 2,754 | 3,211 | 4,746 Washington | 3,449 | 1,803 | 1,246 | 2,030 | 2,213 Wilcox (_a_) | 48,749 | 20,095 | 26,745 | 32,582 | 35,005 Winston (_b_) | 352 | 205 | 568 | 1,464 | 3,686 |----------|----------|----------|----------|--------- Totals | 989,955 | 429,482 | 699,654 | 915,210 |1,093,697 ======================================================================

APPENDIX II

REGISTRATION OF VOTERS UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION

============================================== | MALES OF VOTING |REGISTERED VOTERS | AGE IN 1900 | IN 1905 |----------------------------------- COUNTY | White | Black | White | Black ----------|--------|--------|--------|-------- Autauga | 1,524 | 2,311 | 1,554 | 35 Baldwin | 2,096 | 991 | 1,390 | 206 Barbour | 2,889 | 4,201 | 2,846 | 46 Bibb | 2,701 | 1,598 | 2,725 | 59 Blount | 4,401 | 417 | 3,182 | -- Bullock | 1,415 | 5,168 | 1,291 | 14 Butler | 2,766 | 2,617 | 2,739 | 2 Calhoun | 5,390 | 2,380 | 4,892 | 130 Chambers | 3,441 | 3,380 | 3,098 | 28 Cherokee | 3,896 | 702 | 3,004 | 27 Chilton | 2,852 | 707 | 2,970 | 1 Choctaw | 1,697 | 1,929 | 1,496 | 29 Clarke | 2,652 | 3,103 | 2,485 | 158 Clay | 3,220 | 393 | 3,501 | -- Cleburne | 2,565 | 181 | 2,280 | -- Coffee | 3,508 | 996 | 3,334 | -- Colbert | 2,927 | 2,030 | 2,233 | 22 Conecuh | 2,110 | 1,608 | 2,079 | 7 Coosa | 2,338 | 942 | 2,134 | -- Covington | 2,803 | 786 | 2,857 | 3 Crenshaw | 3,062 | 1,156 | 2,982 | -- Cullman | 3,359 | 5 | 4,641 | 4 Dale | 3,492 | 1,002 | 3,021 | 11 Dallas | 2,360 | 9,871 | 2,419 | 52 De Kalb | 4,819 | 226 | 4,388 | -- Elmore | 3,202 | 2,758 | 3,030 | 54 Escambia | 1,628 | 821 | 1,676 | 46 Etowah | 5,140 | 1,031 | 4,186 | 39 Fayette | 2,698 | 338 | 2,563 | 7 Franklin | 2,989 | 634 | 2,600 | 12 Geneva | 3,355 | 981 | 2,873 | 30 Greene | 852 | 4,344 | 739 | 104 Hale | 1,358 | 5,370 | 1,362 | 92 Henry } | 4,904 | 2,933 | 2,072 | -- Houston } | (new county) | 2,757 | -- Jackson | 5,939 | 731 | 4,704 | 73 Jefferson | 21,036 | 18,472 | 18,315 | 352 Lamar | 2,715 | 592 | 2,356 | 7 Lauderdale| 4,235 | 1,586 | 3,305 | 76 Lawrence | 2,761 | 1,426 | 2,367 | 49 Lee | 2,988 | 3,472 | 2,652 | 12 Limestone | 2,832 | 2,050 | 2,722 | 28 Lowndes | 1,121 | 6,455 | 1,085 | 57 Macon | 1,042 | 3,782 | 917 | 65 Madison | 5,788 | 4,397 | 4,479 | 112 Marengo | 2,095 | 6,143 | 2,043 | 302 Marion | 2,735 | 144 | 2,698 | 25 Marshall | 4,595 | 333 | 4,251 | -- Mobile | 7,934 | 7,371 | 7,295 | 193 Monroe | 2,307 | 2,570 | 2,178 | 40 Montgomery| 5,087 | 11,429 | 4,995 | 53 Morgan | 4,987 | 1,713 | 4,506 | 60 Perry | 1,574 | 5,028 | 1,659 | 90 Pickens | 2,408 | 2,846 | 2,217 | 111 Pike | 3,598 | 2,611 | 3,126 | 26 Randolph | 3,457 | 978 | 3,363 | 13 Russell | 1,433 | 3,961 | 1,170 | 191 Shelby | 3,611 | 1,672 | 3,712 | 19 St. Clair | 3,777 | 712 | 3,340 | 50 Sumter | 1,391 | 5,304 | 1,244 | 57 Talladega | 3,934 | 3,814 | 3,303 | 81 Tallapoosa| 4,185 | 2,056 | 4,166 | 33 Tuscaloosa| 5,100 | 3,413 | 4,153 | 165 Walker | 4,582 | 1,351 | 4,894 | 1 Washington| 1,386 | 1,179 | 1,339 | 53 Wilcox | 1,686 | 5,967 | 1,522 | 41 Winston | 1,884 | 3 | 1,833 | 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- Totals |224,212 |181,471 |205,278 | 3,654 ==============================================

Number of whites of voting age not registered, estimated at 45,000.

Number of blacks of voting age not registered, estimated at 190,000.

Foreign whites of voting age, 8082.

Number of whites registered but unable to comply with other requirements for voting, estimated at 60,000.

INDEX

Abolition sentiment in Alabama, 10.

Agriculture, during the war, 232; since the war, 710-734.

Alabama, admitted to Union, 7; secedes, 36; readmitted, 547.

Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, 591-600.

American Missionary Association and negro education, 459, 462, 463, 617, 620.

Amnesty proclamation of President Johnson, 349; published by military commanders in Alabama, 409.

Amusements during the war, 241.

Andrew, Bishop, and the separation of the Methodist church, 22.

Anti Ku Klux, 690.

Anti-slavery sentiment in Alabama, 10.

Applegate, A. J., lieutenant-governor, 736.

Army, U. S., and the civic authorities, 410; in conflict with Federal court, 414; relations with the people, 417-420; used in elections, 694-701, 746, 756, 789, 794.

Athens sacked by Colonel Turchin, 63.

Bacon used to influence elections, 785.

Banks and banking during the war, 162.

Baptist church, separation of, 22; declaration in regard to the state of the country, 222; during Reconstruction, 639; relations with negroes, 642.

"Barbour County Fever," 709.

Bingham, D. H., mentioned, 346, 350, 402; in convention of 1867, 526; in Union League, 557.

Birney, James G., mentioned, 10.

Black Belt, during slavery, 710; at the end of the war, 713; share system in, 722; decadence of, during Reconstruction, 726.

"Black Code," or "Black Laws," 378.

"Black Republican" party arraigned, 20.

Blockade-running, 183.

Bonded debt of Alabama, 580-586.

Bonds, of state, 580; of counties and towns, 580, 581; fraudulent issues, 581, 582; of railroads, 587-607; fraudulent indorsements, 596-606.

Boyd, Alexander, killed by Ku Klux, 686.

Bragg, W. L., Democratic campaign manager, 793.

Brooks, William M., president of convention of 1861, 28; letter to President Davis, 112; advocates limited negro suffrage, 388.

Brown, John, plans negro uprising in Alabama, 18.

Buchanan, Admiral Franklin, at battle of Mobile Bay, 69.

Buck, A. E., carpet-bagger, in convention of 1867, 518; elected to Congress, 750.

Buckley, C. W., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen's Bureau, 426, 437, 440, 448, 458; in convention of 1867, 518; elected to Congress, 737; on Ku Klux Committee, 702; sides with the Robinson faction, 774.

Bulger, M. J., in secession convention, 29, 31, 33, 38; candidate for governor, 372; in politics, 513.

Busteed, Richard, Federal judge, on Fourteenth Amendment, 394; in Radical politics, 511, 744, 774.

Byrd, William M., "Union" leader, 15.

Calhoun Democrats, 11.

Callis, John B., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen's Bureau, 426; in Union League, 557; elected to Congress, 738.

Campaign, of 1867, 503-516; of 1868, 493, 747; of 1870, 751; of 1872, 754; of 1874, 782-797.

Carpet-bag and negro rule, 571 _et seq._

Carpet-baggers, in convention of 1867, 517, 518, 530; in Congress, 738, 749, 754, 761. _See also_ Republicans.

Chain gang abolished, 393.

Charleston convention of 1860, 18.

Churches, separation of, 21-24; during the war, 222; seized by the Federal army and the northern churches, 227; condition after the war, 325, 326; attitude toward negro education and religion, 225, 457, 641; during Reconstruction, 636-652.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866, 393.

Civil War in Alabama, 61-78; seizure of the forts, 61; operations in north Alabama, 62; Streight's Raid, 67; Rousseau's Raid, 68; operations in south Alabama, 69; Wilson's Raid, 71; destruction by the armies, 74.

Clanton, Gen. James H., organizes opposition to Radicals, 508, 512; on negro education, 625, 630; on the religious situation, 638.

Clay, Senator C. C., speech on withdrawal from U. S. Senate, 25; arrested by Federals, 262.

Clayton, Judge Henry D., charge to the Pike County grand jury on the negro question, 385.

Clemens, Jere (or Jeremiah), in secession convention, 29, 34, 47; mentioned, 64, 111; deserter, 125, 127, 143; advocates Reconstruction, 125, 144, 145.

Clews & Company, financial agents, 592, 596, 597.

Cloud, N. B., superintendent of public instruction, 610-632.

Cobb, W. R. W., "Union" leader, 16; disloyal to Confederacy, 139.

Colleges during the war, 212.

Colonies of negroes, 421, 444.

Color line in politics, 779.

Commercial conventions, 25.

Commissioners sent to southern states, 46, 48.

Composition of population of Alabama, 3, 4.

Concentration camps of negroes, 421, 422, 444.

"Condition of Affairs in the South," 311.

Confederate property confiscated, 285.

Confederate States, established, 39-42; Congress of, 130; enrolment laws, 92, 98; finance in Alabama, 162-183.

Confederate text-books, 217.

Confiscation, proposed in secession convention, 48; by United States, 284 _et seq._; frauds, 284, 290; of cotton, 290; of lands, 425; supports Freedmen's Bureau, 431; belief of negroes in, 446, 447; for taxes, 578.

Congress, C. S., Alabama delegation to, 130.

Congress, U. S., rejects Johnson's plan, 377, 405; imposes new conditions, 391; forces carpet-bag government on Alabama, 547-552; members of, from Alabama, 737, 749, 754, 761.

"Conquered province" theory of Reconstruction, 339.

Conscription, 92-108; enrolment laws, 92-98; trouble between state and Confederate authorities, 96-98.

Conservative party, 398, 401, 512. _See also_ Democratic party.

Constitution, of 1865, 366, 367; of 1868, 535, vote on, 538, rejected, 541; imposed by Congress, 547-552, 797; of 1875, 797; of 1902, 800.

Contraband trade, 189.

"Convention" candidates in 1868, 493, 530.

Convention, of 1861, 27; of 1865, 359; of 1867, 491, 517; of 1875, 797.

Coöperationists, 28; policy of, in secession convention, 30; speeches of, 32 _et seq._

"Cotton is King," 184.

Cotton, exported through the lines, 187, 191-193; confiscated, 290 _et seq._; agents prosecuted for stealing, 297, 413; cotton tax, 303; production of, in Alabama, 710-734, 804.

County and local officials during Reconstruction, 742, 743, 753, 761, 796.

County and town debts, 580, 581, 604, 605.

Crowe, J. R., one of the founders of Ku Klux Klan, 661.

Curry, J. L., M., in Confederate Congress, 131; defeated, 134; on negro education, 457, 467, 468, 625, 631.

Dargan, E. S., in secession convention, 29, 40, 41; on impressment, 175.

Davis, Nicholas, in Nashville convention, 14; in secession convention, 29, 33, 38, 54; in Radical politics, 403, 511; opposed by Union League, 564; opinion of Rev. A. S. Lakin, 612.

"Deadfalls," 769.

Debt commission, work of, 583-586.

Debt of Alabama, 580-586.

Democratic party, ante-bellum, 7 _et seq._; reorganized, 398, 401; during Reconstruction, 748, 750, 755, 778; Populist influence, 799.

Department of Negro Affairs, 421.

Deserters, 112-130; outrages by, 119; prominent men, 124; numbers, 127.

Destitution, during the war, 196-205; after the war, 277.

Destruction of property, 74, 253.

Disaffection toward the Confederacy, 108-130, 136, 137.

Disfranchisement of whites, 489, 524, 806; of negroes, 801, 806.

"Disintegration and absorption" policy of the northern churches, 636.

Domestic life during the war, 230-247.

Drugs and medicines, 239.

Economic and social conditions, 1861-1865, 149-247; in 1865, 251; during Reconstruction, 710-734, 761-770.

Education, during the war, 212; during Reconstruction, 579, 606-632, 684; discussion of, in convention of 1867, 522; of the negro, 456-468, 624.

Election, of Lincoln, 19, 20; of 1861, 131; of 1863, 134; of 1865, 373-375; of 1867, 491; of 1868, 493, 747; of 1870, 750; of 1872, 754; of 1874, 793; of 1876, 796; of 1880, 798; of 1890, 799; of 1902, 800.

Election methods, 748, 751, 754, 755. _See also_ Union League.

Emancipation, economic effects of, 710-734.

Emigration of whites from Alabama, 769.

Enforcement laws, state, 695; Federal, 697.

Enrolment of soldiers from Alabama, 78-87; laws relating to, 92, 95.

Episcopal church, divided, 24; closed by the Federal army, 325; loses its negro members, 646.

Eufaula riot, 794.

Eutaw riot, 686.

Exemption from military service, 101-108; numbers exempted, 107.

Expenditures of the Reconstruction régime, 574, 575, 577.

Factories during the war, 149-162.

Farms and plantations during the war, 232.

Federal army closes churches, 226.

Federal courts and the army, 413.

Finances during the war, 162-183; banks and banking, 162; bonds and notes, 164; salaries, 168; taxation, 169; impressment, 174; debts, stay laws, sequestration, 176; trade, barter, prices, 178; during Reconstruction, 571-606.

Financial settlement, 1874-1876, 583-586.

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, in Nashville convention, 14; arrested, 262; president of convention of 1865, 360.

Florida, negotiations for purchase of West Florida, 577.

Force laws, state and Federal, 695, 697.

"Forfeited rights" theory of Reconstruction, 341.

Forsyth, John, on Fourteenth Amendment, 394; mayor of Mobile, 430.

"Forty acres and a mule," 447, 515.

Fourteenth Amendment, proposed, 394; rejected, 396, 397; adopted by reconstructed legislature, 552.

Fowler, W. H., estimates of number of soldiers from Alabama, 78, 81.

Freedmen, _see_ Negroes.

Freedmen's aid societies, 459.

Freedmen's Bureau, 392, 421-470; organization of, in Alabama, 423-427; supported by confiscations, 431; character of agents of, 448; native officials of, 428, 429; relations with the civil authorities, 427; administration of justice, 438-441; the labor problem, 433-438; care of the sick, 441; issue of rations, 442; demoralization caused, 444; effect on negro education, 456-468; connection with the Union League, 557, 567, 568.

Freedmen's codes, 378.

"Freedmen's Home Colonies," 422, 439, 444.

Freedmen's Savings-bank, 451-455; bank book, 452; good effect of, 453; failure, 455.

General officers from Alabama in the Confederate service, 85.

Giers, J. J., tory, 119, 147.

Gordon, Gen. John B., speech on negro education, 625.

Grant, Gen. U. S., letter on condition of the South, 311; elected President, 747; orders troops to Alabama, 789.

Haughey, Thomas, scalawag, deserter, elected to Congress, 488.

Hayden, Gen. Julius, in charge of Freedmen's Bureau, 426.

Hays, Charles, scalawag, in Eutaw riot, 686; member of Congress, 749, 754; letter to Senator Joseph Hawley on outrages in Alabama, 786-788.

Herndon, Thomas H., candidate for governor, 754.

Hilliard, Henry W., "Union" leader, 15.

Hodgson, Joseph, mentioned, 512; superintendent of public instruction, 631.

Home life during the war, 230-247.

Houston, George S., "Union" leader, 16; elected to U. S. Senate, 374; on Debt Commission, 582; elected governor, 782, 795.

Humphreys, D. C., deserter, 126, 143, 350.

Huntsville parade of Ku Klux Klan, 686.

Immigration to Alabama, 321, 717, 734; not desired by Radicals, 769.

Impressment by Confederate authorities, 174.

"Independents" in 1874, 781.

Indian question and nullification, 8, 9.

Indorsement of railroad bonds, 596-606.

Industrial development during the war, 149-162, 234; military industries, 149; private enterprises, 156.

Industrial reconstruction, 710-734, 804.

Intimidation, by Federal authorities, 789; by Democrats, 791.

"Iron-clad" test oath, 369.

Jemison, Robert, in secession convention, 28, 29, 40, 49, 54; elected to Confederate Senate, 134.

Johnson, President Andrew, plan of restoration, 337; amnesty proclamation, 349; grants pardons, 356, 410; interferes with provisional governments, 375, 419; his work rejected by Congress, 377, 405, 406.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction, report on affairs in the South, 313.

Jones, Capt. C. ap R., at the Selma arsenal, 152.

Juries, of both races ordered by Pope, 480; during Reconstruction, 745.

Keffer, John C., mentioned, 506, 518, 524, 554, 737, 751.

Kelly, Judge, in Mobile riot, 481, 509.

"King Cotton," confidence in, 184.

Knights of the White Camelia, 669, 684. _See also_ Ku Klux Klan.

Ku Klux Klan, causes, 653; origin and growth, 660; disguises, 675; warnings, 678; parade at Huntsville, 685; Cross Plains or Patona affair, 685; drives carpet-baggers from the State University, 612-615; burns negro schoolhouses, 628; table of alleged outrages, 705; Ku Klux investigation, 701; results of the Ku Klux revolution, 674.

Labor laws, 380, 381.

Labor of negroes and whites compared, 710-734.

Labor regulations of Freedmen's Bureau, 433-438.

Lakin, Rev. A. S., Northern Methodist missionary, 637, 639, 648, 650; in Union League, 557; elected president of State University, 612; Davis's opinion of, 612.

Lands confiscated for taxes, 578.

Lane, George W., Unionist, Federal judge, 125, 127.

Lawlessness in 1865, 262.

Legislation, by convention of 1861, 49; of 1865, 366; of 1867, 528; about freedmen, 379.

Legislature during Reconstruction, 738-741, 752, 755-795.

Lewis, D. P., in secession convention, 29; deserter, 126; repudiates Union League, 563; elected governor in 1872, 754.

Life, loss of, in war, 251.

Lincoln, effect of election of, 20; his plan of Reconstruction, 336.

Lindsay, R. B., taxation under, 573-576; action on railroad bonds, 594-600; elected governor, 1870, 751.

Literary activity during the war, 211.

Loss of life and property, 251.

"Loyalists," during the war, 112, 113; after the war, 316.

McKinstry, Alexander, lieutenant-governor, assists to elect Spencer, 756-760.

McTyeire, Bishop H. N., on negro education, 457, 467.

Meade, Gen. George G., in command of Third Military District, 493; his administration, 493-502; installs the reconstructed government, 552.

Medicines and drugs in war time, 239.

Methodist church, separation, 22; during Reconstruction, 637; favors negro education, 648.

Military commissions, _see_ Military government.

Military government, 1865-1866, 407-420; trials by military commissions, 413-415; objections to, 416-417.

Military government under the Reconstruction Acts, 473-502; Pope's administration, 473-493; Meade's administration, 493-502; control over the civil government, 477, 495; Pope's trouble with the newspapers, 485; trials by military commissions, 487, 498.

Militia system during the Civil War, 88-92; during Reconstruction, 746.

Miller, C. A., carpet-bagger, agent of the Freedmen's Bureau, 425, 426; in convention of 1867, 518; elected secretary of state, 737.

Mitchell, Gen. O. M., 62-65.

Mobile Bay, battle of, 69.

Mobile riot, 481, 509.

Mobile schools during Reconstruction, 617.

Moore, A. B., governor, calls secession convention, 27; orders forts seized, 61; objects to blockade-running, 184; arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Morgan, John T., in secession convention, 29, 40, 42, 49.

Morse, Joshua, scalawag, attorney-general, 737.

Mossbacks, tories, and unionists, 112, 113; numbers, 127.

Nashville convention of 1850, 14.

"National Guards," a negro organization, 774.

National Union movement, 400, 401.

Negro Affairs, Department of, 421. _See also_ Freedmen's Bureau.

Negro criminality, 762, 763; negro labor, 710-734; family relations, 763; church in politics, 777; women in politics, 776.

Negro education, favored by southern whites, 457, 626, 627; native white teachers, 463; Freedmen's Bureau teaching, 456-468; opposition to, 628; character of, 464, 465, 625-630.

Negroes during the war, 205-212; in the army, 86, 87, 205; on the farms, 209; fidelity of, 210; in the churches, 225; home life, 243.

Negroes under the provisional government, test their freedom, 269; suffering among them, 273; colonies of, 421, 444; civil status of, 383, 384; insurrection feared, 368, 412; not to be arrested by civil authorities, 411; attitude of army to, 410-413; negro suffrage in 1866, 386.

Negroes during Reconstruction, controlled by the Union League, 553-568; first vote, 514; in the convention of 1867, 518, 521, 530; in the campaign of 1874, 775, 776; negro Democrats, 777, 778; punished by Ku Klux Klan, 682; negro juries, 480, 745; disfranchised, 801, 806.

Negroes, social rights of, allowed in street cars, 393; not allowed at hotel table, 417; demand social privileges, 522, 764, 780, 783.

Negroes and the churches, 642, 777.

Newspapers, during the war, 218; under Pope's administration, 485.

Nick-a-Jack, a proposed new state, 111.

Nitre making, 152.

Non-slaveholders uphold slavery, 10, 11.

Norris, B. W., carpet-bagger, agent Freedmen's Bureau, 426; elected to Congress, 738.

North Alabama, anti-slavery sentiment in, 10; in secession convention, 53; during the Civil War, 109; during Reconstruction, 403, 404, 748, 770, 779.

Northern men, treatment of, 318, 400.

Nullification, on Indian question, 8, 9; divides the Democratic party, 11.

Oath, "iron-clad," 369; prescribed for voters, 475, 527.

Ordinance of Secession, 36, 37; declared null and void, 360.

Painted stakes sold to negroes, 448.

Pardons by President Johnson, 356, 410.

Parsons, L. E., obstructionist and "Peace Society" man, 143, 147, 343; provisional governor, 350, 353; elected to U. S. Senate, 374; speaks in the North, 392, 401; advises rejection of Fourteenth Amendment, 396; originates "White Man's Movement," 536; Radical politician, 735, 751, 755-760.

Parties in the Convention of 1861, 28; of 1865, 359.

Patona, or Cross Plains, affair, 686.

Patton, R. M., mentioned, 281; elected governor, 373; vetoes legislation for blacks, 378, 379; on the Fourteenth Amendment, 395-397; advises Congressional Reconstruction, 502.

Peace Society, 137-143.

Pike County grand jury, Judge Clayton's charge to, 384.

"Pike County Platform," 781.

"Political bacon," 783-785.

Political beliefs of early settlers, 7.

Politics, during the war, 130-148; 1865-1867, 398; 1868-1874, 735 _et seq._

Pope, General John, in command of Third Military District, 473-475; his administration, 473-493; quarrel with the newspapers, 485; removed, 492.

Population, composition of, 3, 4.

Populist movement, 799.

Presbyterian church, separation, 22, 23, 24; during Reconstruction, 640; attitude toward negroes, 645.

Prescript of Ku Klux Klan, 664, 665.

President's plan of reconstruction, 333 _et seq._; rejected by Congress, 377; fails, 405, 406.

Prices during the war, 178.

Property, lost in war, 251; decreases in value during Reconstruction, 578.

Provisional government, 351, 376.

Pryor, Roger A., debate with Yancey, 17.

Public bonded debt, 580-586.

Publishing-houses during the war, 221.

Race question, in convention of 1867, 521; in the campaign of 1874, 679-782.

Races, segregation of, _see maps in text_.

Radical party organized, 505. _See also_ Republican party.

Railroad legislation and frauds, 587-606.

Railroads aided by state, counties, and towns during Reconstruction, 591-606.

Railroads, built during the war, 155; destroyed, 259.

Randolph, Ryland, a member of Ku Klux Klan, 612, 667, 668; expelled from legislature, 741.

Rapier, J. T., negro member of Congress, mentioned, 488, 521, 523, 524; supports Robinson-Buckley faction, 774.

Rations issued by Freedmen's Bureau, 442, 445.

Reconstruction, sentiment during the war, 143-148; theories of, 333-339; early attempts at, 341; Reconstruction Acts, 473-475, 490; Reconstruction Convention, 491, 517-530; constitution rejected, 494; completed by Congress, 531, 550-552; its successes and failures, 801.

Reconstruction, and education, 606-632; and the churches, 637-653.

Registration of voters, 488, 491, 493.

Regulators, _see_ Ku Klux Klan.

Reid, Dr. G. P. L., on Knights of the White Camelia, 684.

Religious conditions, during the war, 222-230; in 1865, 324; during Reconstruction, 637-653.

Republican party in Alabama, organized, 402-405; numbers, 735, 765; in the legislature, 738, 752, 755; divisions in, 771, 775; "Lily Whites" and "Black and Tans," 799.

"Restoration," by the President, 349 _et seq._; convention, 358; completed, 367; rejected, 377.

Restrictions on trade in 1865, 284.

Riot, at Eufaula, 794; at Eutaw, 686; at Mobile, 481, 509.

Roddy, Gen. P. D., mentioned, 62, 68.

Roman Catholic church and the negroes, 646.

Rousseau's Raid, 68.

Salt making, 158.

Sansom, Miss Emma, guides General Forrest, 67.

Savings-bank, Freedmen's, 451-455.

Scalawags, in convention of 1867, 518, 529, 530. _See also_ Republicans.

Schools, _see_ Education.

Schurz's report on the condition of the South, 312.

Secession, 14, 15, 19, 27-57; convention called, 27, 28; ordinance passed, 36, 37; debate on, in 1865, 360.

Secession convention, parties in, 23, 29; political theories of members, 34; slave trade prohibited, 42; sends commission to Washington, 48; legislation, 49-53.

Secessionists, 28; policy in secession convention, 30.

Secret societies, _see_ Union League _and_ Ku Klux Klan.

Segregation of races, 710-734. _See also the maps in the text._

Seibels, J. J., favors coöperation, 15; obstructionist, 143, 147, 343.

Sequestration of enemies' property, 176.

Share system of farming, 723.

Sheets, C. C., tory, 115, 126; in convention of 1865, 365; visited by Ku Klux Klan, 681.

Shorter, John G., elected governor, 131; defeated, 134; arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Slaveholders and non-slaveholders, location of, 6.

Slavery, and politics, 10-14; upheld by non-slaveholders, 10-11; abolished, 362.

Slaves, _see_ Negroes.

Slave trade prohibited by secession convention, 42.

Smith, William H., deserter, 350, 510, 534; a registration official, 488; first Reconstruction governor, 735; indorses railroad bonds, 591, 595, 601; opinion of Senator Spencer, 692.

Smith, William R., "Union" leader, 16; coöperationist leader in secession convention, 29, 33, 43, 49; candidate for governor, 372; president of State University, 612.

Social and economic conditions, during the war, 149-247; in 1865, 251 _et seq._; during Reconstruction, 710-734, 761 _et passim_.

Social effects of Reconstruction, on whites, 767; on blacks, 761 _et seq._; on carpet-baggers, 766.

Social rights for negroes, 523, 772, 775.

Soldiers from Alabama, numbers, character, organization, 78-87.

Southern Aid Society, 23.

"Southern outrages," 399, 555, 786.

"Southern theory" of Reconstruction, 334.

"Southern Unionists'" convention, 1866, 402.

Speed, Joseph H., superintendent of public instruction, 633.

Spencer, G. E., carpet-bagger, election to U. S. Senate, 737, 755, 760; Governor Smith's opinion of, 691.

State Rights Democrats, 11, 12; led by Yancey, 12, 13.

"State Suicide" theory of Reconstruction, 338.

Statistics of cotton frauds, 279.

Status, of freedmen, 384; of the provisional government, 376.

Steedman and Fullerton's report on the Freedmen's Bureau, 449.

Stevens's plan of Reconstruction, 339.

Streight, Col. A. D., raids into Alabama, 67.

Strobach-Robinson division in the Radical party, 774.

Suffrage for negroes in 1866, 387.

Sumner's plan of Reconstruction, 338.

Swayne, Gen. Wager, assistant commissioner of Freedmen's Bureau, 424, 425; on the temper of the people, 315; opinion of the laws relating to freedmen, 379, 380, 384; fears negro insurrection, 369; in command of Alabama, 407, 476; attitude toward civil authorities, 428, 439; forces negro education, 459; enters politics, 404, 511; removed, 492.

Sykes, F. W., in Radical politics, 510; elected to U. S. Senate, 757, 760.

Taxation during the war, 169; during Reconstruction, 571-579; amounts to confiscation, 578.

Temper of the people after the war, 308.

Test oath, iron-clad, 369, 370, 527.

Text-books, Confederate, 217; Radical, 624.

Theories of Reconstruction, 333 _et seq._

Third Military District, under the Reconstruction Acts, 473-502.

Thomas, Gen. G. H., mentioned, 325, 407, 408, 474.

Tories and deserters, 108-430; in north Alabama, 109; definition, 112, 113; outrages by, 119; numbers, 127.

Trade through the lines, 189.

Treasury agents prosecuted, 297.

Trials by military commission, 413, 414, 487, 498.

_Tribune_, of New York, investigates the "Hays-Hawley letter," 788.

Truman, Benjamin, report on the South, 312.

Turchin, Col. J. B., allows Athens to be sacked, 63.

Underground railway in Alabama, 18.

Union League of America, 553-568; white members, 556; negroes admitted, 557; ceremonies, 559; organization and method, 561; influence over negroes, 568; control over elections, 514, 515; resolutions of Alabama Council, 307.

Union troops from Alabama, 87.

Unionists, tories, mossbacks, 112, 113.

University of Alabama under the Reconstruction régime, 612.

Wages of freedmen, 422, 433, 720, 731.

Walker, L. P., in Nashville convention, 14; at Charleston convention, 18; on negro suffrage, 389.

Wards of the nation, 421-470.

Warner, Willard, carpet-bagger, elected to U. S. Senate, 737.

Watts, Thomas H., "Union" leader, 15; in secession convention, 29, 35, 45, 48; defeated for governor, 131; elected, 134; supports the Confederacy, 135; troubles over militia with conscript officials, 91, 97, 104; favors blockade-running, 185; speech in 1865, 341; arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Whig party, appears, 11; its progress on the slavery question, 12; breaks up, 16, 17.

White Brotherhood, 708.

White Camelia, 670.

White counties, agriculture in, 727; destitution in, 196-205; politics in, _see maps_.

White labor superior to negro labor, 726.

White League, 709.

"White Man's Government," 364.

"White man's party," 536, 778, 779.

Wilmer, Bishop R. H., 24; trouble with military authorities, 325-329; suspended, 325.

Wilson's Raid, 71.

Women, interest in public questions, 230.

_Women's Gunboat_, 245.

Yancey, William Lowndes, leader of State Rights Democrats, 12, 13; author of Alabama Platform of 1848, 13; advocates secession, 14, 15; debate with Roger A. Pryor, 17; offered nomination for vice-presidency, 19; in secession convention, 29, 31, 36, 39, 44, 46, 57.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] NATIVITIES OF THE FREE POPULATION

STATE OR COUNTRY 1850 1860

Alabama 237,542 320,026 Connecticut 91 343 Florida 1,060 1,644 Georgia 58,997 83,517 Kentucky 2,694 1,966 Louisiana 628 1,149 Maine 215 272 Maryland 757 683 Massachusetts 654 753 Mississippi 2,852 4,848 New York 1,443 1,848 North Carolina 28,521 23,504 Ohio 276 265 Pennsylvania 876 989 South Carolina 48,663 45,185 Tennessee 22,541 19,139 Virginia 10,387 7,598 England 941 1,174 France 503 359 Germany 1,068 2,601 Ireland 2,639 5,664 Scotland 584 696 Spain 163 157 Switzerland 113 138

TOTALS 1850 1860

Native 420,032 526,769 Foreign 7,638 12,352

The total population from 1820 to 1860 was as follows:--

WHITE BLACK

1820 85,451 41,879 1830 190,406 117,549 1840 335,185 253,532 1850 426,514 342,844 1860 526,271 435,080

[2] Hundly, "Social Relations"; Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," Ch. 1; Garrett, "Reminiscences," Ch. 1; Miller's and Brown's "Histories of Alabama," _passim_; Saunders, "Early Settlers," _passim_. From 1840 to 1860 there was a slight sectional and political division between the counties of north Alabama and those of central and south Alabama, owing to the conflicting interests of the two sections and to the lack of communication. By 1860 this was tending to become a social division between the white counties and the black counties. The division to some extent still exists.

[3] In all studies of the sectional spirit it should be remembered that the Southwest was settled somewhat in spite of the Washington government and without the protection of the United States army; the reverse is true of the Northwest.

[4] Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," Chs. 2, 4, 6, 8; DuBose, "Life of William L. Yancey"; Phillips, "Georgia and State Rights," Chs. 2, 3; Pickett, "Alabama," Owen's edition.

[5] In 1832 there were eight emancipation societies in north Alabama: The State Society, Courtland, Lagrange, Tuscumbia, Florence, Madison County, Athens, and Lincoln. Publications, Southern History Association, Vol. II, pp. 92, 93.

[6] See Hodgson, p. 7. In 1842 representation in the legislature was changed from the "federal" basis and based on white population alone. This change was made by the Democrats and was opposed by the Whigs. The latter predominated in the Black Belt.

[7] Hodgson, Ch. 1; Debates of Convention of 1861, _passim_.

[8] Miller, "Alabama," p. 123.

[9] Known as the "Alabama Platform" of 1848.

[10] Benjamin Fitzpatrick led the conservative element of the Democratic party and opposed Yancey.

[11] This division in the State Rights ranks existed until secession was actually achieved and even after.

[12] Each extreme southern state--Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina--showed a desire to have some more moderate state act first. Some prominent men in this convention were Yancey, Seibels, Thomas Williams, John A. Elmore, B. F. Saffold, Abram Martin, A. P. Bagley, Adam C. Felder, David Clopton, and George Goldthwaite, nearly all South Carolinians by birth.

[13] A dodging of the question.

[14] For an account of one of these, see the _American Historical Review_, Oct., 1900.

[15] General Pryor informs me that at the convention of 1858 no one understood that there was any desire on the part of Yancey and others to reopen the slave trade. They recognized that the rest of the world was against them on that question and were demanding simply a repeal of what they considered discriminating laws. Yancey compared the question to that of the tea tax in the American colonies. See also Hodgson, p. 371, and Yancey's speeches in Smith's "Debates of 1861."

[16] A branch of the Underground Railway reached from Ohio as far into Alabama as Tallapoosa County. Kagi, one of Brown's confederates, had marked out a chain of black counties where he had travelled and where the negroes were expected to rise. He had travelled through South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Russell County, Alabama, was one of those marked on his map. The people were greatly alarmed when the map was discovered. See Seibert's "Underground Railroad," pp. 119, 160, 167, 195; Hinton, "John Brown"; Hague, "Blockaded Family." As early as 1835 incendiary literature had been scattered among the Alabama slaves, and in that year the grand jury of Tuscaloosa County indicted Robert G. Williams of New York for sending such printed matter among the slaves. General Gayle demanded that he be sent to Alabama for trial, but Governor Marcy refused to give him up. See Brown's "Alabama," p. 167, and _Gulf States Hist. Mag._, July, 1903.

[17] Afterwards Confederate Secretary of War.

[18] Yancey was willing to disregard instructions and not withdraw; the rest of the delegation overruled him. See paper by Petrie in Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV.

[19] Hodgson, Ch. 15.

[20] Acts of Alabama (1859-1860), pp. 689-690; Smith's "Debates," pp. 10, 11.

[21] Acts of Alabama (1859-1860), pp. 681-682; Senate Journal (1859-1860), pp. 147, 176, 293, 302.

[22] During this session Judge Sam. Rice, in reply to John Forsyth and others who feared that secession would lead to war, said: "There will be no war. But if there should be, we can whip the Yankees with popguns." After the war, when he had turned "scalawag," he was taken to task for the speech. "You said we could whip the Yankees with popguns." "Yes,--but the damned rascals wouldn't fight that way."

[23] The popular vote in Alabama was: for Breckenridge, 48,831; for Douglas, 13,621; for Bell, 27,875.

[24] Many people believed that Hamlin was a mulatto.

[25] Horace Greeley, "The American Conflict," Vol. I, p. 355. For a similar meeting in Montgomery, see Hodgson, p. 459 _et seq._

[26] See Townsend Collection, Columbia University Library, Vol. I, p. 187. One poor white man in Tallapoosa County welcomed the election of Lincoln, for "now the negroes would be freed and white men could get more work and better pay." Authorities for the political history of Alabama before 1860: Hodgson's "Cradle of the Confederacy"; Garrett's "Reminiscences of Public Men of Alabama"; Brewer's "Alabama"; Brown's "History of Alabama"; Miller's "History of Alabama"; Pickett's "History of Alabama" (Owen's edition); "Northern Alabama Illustrated"; "Memorial Record of Alabama"; DuBose's "Life and Times of William L. Yancey"; Hilliard's "Politics and Pen Pictures and Speeches"; Transactions of Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, papers by Yonge, Cozart, Culver, Scott, and Petrie.

[27] O'Gorman, "History of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States," p. 425.

[28] Carroll, "Religious Forces of the United States," p. 306; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States," pp. 41, 135.

[29] Statistics of Churches, Census of 1890, p. 146; Riley, "History of the Baptists in the Southern States East of the Mississippi," p. 205 _et seq._; Newman, "History of the Baptists of the United States," pp. 443-454.

[30] See Smith, "Life of James Osgood Andrew"; Buckley, "History of Methodism"; McTyeire, "History of Methodism"; Alexander, "History of the Methodist Episcopal Church South"; Statistics of Churches, p. 581.

[31] Statistics of Churches, p. 566.

[32] Southern Aid Society Reports, 1854-1861.

[33] Statistics of Churches, p. 684; Carroll, "Religious Forces," pp. 281, 306; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 135.

[34] Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 155; Johnson, "History of the Southern Presbyterian Church," pp. 333, 339; McPherson, "History of the Rebellion," p. 508; "Annual Cyclopædia" (1862), p. 707; Statistics of Churches, p. 683.

[35] Carroll, "Religious Forces," pp. 93, 178.

[36] Annual Cyclopædia (1864), p. 683.

[37] Wilmer, "Recent Past," p. 248.

[38] Perry, "History of the American Episcopal Church," Vol. II, p. 328 _et seq._; McPherson, "History of the Rebellion," p. 515; Whitaker, "Church in Alabama."

[39] President of Columbia College (N.Y.) during and after the war.

[40] Smith, pp. 448-450, condensed.

[41] Smith, "History and Debates of the Convention of Alabama," 1861, p. 12. My account of the convention is condensed almost entirely from Smith's "Debates." Smith was a coöperationist member from Tuscaloosa County. He kept full notes of the proceedings and is impartial in his reports of speeches. Almost the entire edition of the "Debates" was destroyed by fire in 1861. Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," and DuBose, "Life and Times of William L. Yancey," both give short accounts of the convention.

[42] Except Yancey, who declared that the disease preying on the vitals of the Federal Union was not due to any defect in the Constitution, but to the heads, hearts, and consciences of the northern people; that no guarantees, no amendments, could reëducate the northern people on the slavery question, so as to induce a northern majority to withhold the exercise of its power in aid of abolition. Governor Moore, in the commissions given to the ambassadors to the other states, declared that the peace, honor, and security of the southern states were endangered by the election of Lincoln, the candidate of a purely sectional party, whose avowed principles demanded the destruction of slavery.

[43] It would seem that after this vote no one would say that nearly half of the members were "Unionists," yet nearly all accounts make this statement.

[44] There were many indications that the opposition was more sectional and personal than political. It is safe to state for north Alabama that had the Black Belt declared for the Union, that section would have voted for secession.

[45] This minority report was signed by Clemens of Madison, Lewis of Lawrence, Winston of De Kalb, Kimball of Tallapoosa, Watkins of Franklin, and Jemison of Tuscaloosa, all from north Alabama.

[46] c.=coöperationist; s.=secessionist; cs.=coöperationist who voted for secession.

[47] It was he who compiled the debates of the convention.

[48] He was the oldest general officer in the Confederate service.

[49] Constitution, Article I, Section X: "No state shall without the consent of Congress enter into any agreement or compact with another state," etc.

[50] He was here referring indirectly to the action of the state authorities in seizing the forts at Pensacola and Mobile before secession.

[51] Clemens was accused of voting for secession in order to obtain the command of the militia. He had formerly been an army officer, and was now made major-general of militia. It was not long before he deserted and went North.

[52] Who succeeded Yancey in the convention after the latter was sent to Europe.

[53] The present (1905) senior U. S. senator from Alabama.

[54] Bulger of Tallapoosa, Jones and Wilson of Fayette, and Sheets of Winston voted in the negative.

[55] See below, Ch. III, sec. 5.

[56] Coffee was a white county and had very few slaves.

[57] The commissioners sent to the various states were as follows: _Virginia_, A. F. Hopkins and F. M. Gilmer; _South Carolina_, John A. Elmore; _North Carolina_, I. W. Garrott and Robert H. Smith; _Maryland_, J. L. M. Curry; _Delaware_, David Clopton; _Kentucky_, S. F. Hale; _Missouri_, William Cooper; _Tennessee_, L. Pope Walker; _Arkansas_, David Hubbard; _Louisiana_, John A. Winston; _Texas_, J. M. Calhoun; _Florida_, E. C. Bullock; _Georgia_, John G. Shorter; _Mississippi_, E. W. Pettus. Only one state, South Carolina, sent a delegate to Alabama.

[58] It was not until the end of June, 1861, that the United States postal service was withdrawn and final reports made to the United States. The Confederate postal service succeeded. At first, the Confederate Postmaster-General directed the postmasters to continue to report to the United States.

[59] This account of the work of the convention is compiled from the pamphlet ordinances in the Supreme Court Library in Montgomery.

[60] So Smith, the coöperationist historian, reported.

[61] See Smith's "Debates"; Hodgson's "Cradle of the Confederacy"; DuBose's "Yancey"; Wilmer's "Recent Past."

[62] Gov. A. B. Moore to President Buchanan, Jan. 4, 1861, in O. R. Ser. I, Vol. I, pp. 327, 328.

[63] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 89.

[64] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 158.

[65] See D. C. Buell, "Operations in North Alabama," in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. II, pp. 701-708.

[66] Miller, p. 160; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 65; Mrs. Clay-Clopton, "A Belle of the Fifties," Chs. 18-22; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 204, 294, 295, _et passim_. Buell stated that "habitual lawlessness prevailed in a portion of General Mitchell's command," and that though authority was granted to punish with death there were no punishments. Discipline was lost. The officers were engaged in cotton speculation, and Mitchell's wagon trains were used to haul the cotton for the speculators. Flagrant crimes, Buell stated, were "condoned or neglected" by Mitchell. "Battles and Leaders," Vol. II, pp. 705, 706. North Alabama was not important to the Federals from a strategic point of view, and only the worst disciplined troops were stationed in that section.

[67] His real name was Ivan Vasilivitch Turchinoff. Several other officers were court-martialled at the same time for similar conduct. Keifer, "Slavery and Four Years of War," Vol. I, p. 277; Miller, p. 160; "Battles and Leaders," II, p. 706. A former "Union" man declared after the war that the barbarities of Turchin crushed out the remaining "Union" sentiment in north Alabama. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Testimony, p. 850 (Richardson); O. R., Ser. I, Vols. X and XVI, _passim_; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 319, 348. Accounts of eye-witnesses.

[68] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 204, 294, 295.

[69] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, p. 212.

[70] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 167, 168, 174 (May, 1862); for Clemens and Lane, see Ch. III, sec. 4.

[71] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 290-293.

[72] Brewer, p. 485, _et passim_; Miller, p. 125; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, pp. 750-751.

[73] Gen. D. S. Stanley to Gen. William D. Whipple, Feb., 1865; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 718.

[74] Clanton's report, March, 1864; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, p. 718.

[75] Miller, "Alabama."

[76] Miller, p. 165.

[77] Miller, "Alabama"; Brewer, pp. 318, 348.

[78] Brewer, pp. 284, 383.

[79] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XVI, Pt. I, pp. 841, 839; Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 111-113.

[80] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXII, Pt. I, p. 394.

[81] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XX, Pt. II, p. 442.

[82] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XX, Pt. II, p. 443.

[83] The Andrews raiders in Georgia were hanged as spies for being dressed "in the promiscuous southern style."

[84] Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 185-222; Mathes, "General Forrest," pp. 109-127; Miller, Ch. 32.

[85] Brewer, p. 339.

[86] Miller, p. 213.

[87] After completion at Selma the _Tennessee_ was taken down the river to defend Mobile. It was found, even after removing her armament, that the vessel could not pass the Dog River bar, and timber was cut from the forests up the river and "camels" made with which to buoy up the heavy vessel. By accident these camels were burned and more had to be made. At last the heavy ram was floated over the bar. Of course the newspapers harshly criticised those in charge of the _Tennessee_. Maclay, "History of the United States Navy," Vol. II, p. 448.

[88] Brewer, p. 389; Scharf, "Confederate Navy," Ch. 18; Miller, pp. 205-206.

[89] Brewer, p. 120; Miller, p. 207.

[90] Some of the Confederate gunboats were sunk (_Huntsville_ and _Tuscaloosa_), and Commander Farrand surrendered twelve gunboats in the Tombigbee. All of these had been built at Mobile, Selma, and in the Tombigbee.

[91] Miller, pp. 208, 217-221.

[92] It was intended that Wilson should raid to and fro all through central Alabama. His men were armed with repeating carbines; his train of 250 wagons was escorted by 1500 unmounted men who secured mounts as they went farther into the interior. Greeley, Vol. II, p. 716.

[93] _N. Y. Herald_, April 6, 1865.

[94] April 5 Cahaba was captured by a part of Wilson's force and twenty Federal prisoners released from the military prison at that place. They reported that they had been well treated.--_N. Y. Herald_, April 29, 1865.

[95] Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 606, 607.

[96] Parsons's Cooper Institute Speech in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1865; Trowbridge, "The South," pp. 435, 440. Accounts of eye-witnesses.

[97] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 435.

[98] Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 51; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 221-226; Parsons, speeches in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1865, Apr. 20, 1866; _N. Y Herald_, May 4, and Apr. 6, 1865; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; Wilson's Report, June 29, 1865; _Selma Times_, Feb. 13, 1866; "Our Women in War Times," p. 277; Greeley, Vol. II, p. 719; Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 604-607; "Northern Alabama," p. 655.

[99] Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 52, says four regiments were organized, and the others were driven away.

[100] 125,000 bales, according to Greeley, Vol. II, p. 719.

[101] The _Advertiser_ of April 18, 1865.

[102] _N. Y. World_, May 1 and July 18, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, May 4 and 15, and June 17, 1865; Brewer, p. 512; Greeley, Vol. II, p. 720.

[103] _N. Y. Daily News_, May 29, 1865; _Century Magazine_, Nov., 1889; Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 449.

[104] Report, June 29, 1865.

[105] Somers, "The South Since the War," pp. 134, 135.

[106] Truman in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, 1865.

[107] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, pp. 230-233.

[108] See Brewer, "County Notes."

[109] Brewer, p. 188 _et passim_; Miller, p. 179; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXIII, Pt. I, pp. 245-249.

[110] Miller, p. 183; Garrett, "Public Men."

[111] Miller, p. 301.

[112] Speech at Cooper Institute, Nov. 13, 1865, in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1895.

[113] _N. Y. Herald_, May 4 and 15, 1865; the _World_, May 1, 1865; the _Times_, April 20, and Nov. 2, 1865; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; _Selma Times_, Feb. 13, 1866; Wilson's Report, June 29, 1865: Hardy, "History of Selma," pp. 46, 51.

[114] "The South," p. 440.

[115] Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; Riley, "Baptists in Alabama," pp. 304, 305; "Our Women in the War," p. 275 _et seq._; Riley, "History of Conecuh County," p. 173.

[116] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 359; Brewer, "History of Alabama," pp. 68, 69; Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. II, p. 188.

[117] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 360; Colonel Moore's article in the _Louisville Post_, May 30, 1900.

[118] Miller, p. 359.

[119] For other estimates, see Livermore, "Numbers and Losses," and Curry, "Civil History of the Confederate States," pp. 152, 153.

[120] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 102, 103.

[121] Livermore, "Numbers and Losses," pp. 20, 21.

[122] Alabama did not succeed in organizing the militia.

[123] Miller, "Alabama," Appendix; Report of Col. E. D. Blake, Supt. of Special Registration, in O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 102, 103; Brewer, "Alabama," see "Regimental Histories."

[124] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, pp. 440, 445; Brewer, "Alabama." Several commands were equipped at the expense of the commanders; others were equipped by the communities in which they were raised; one old gentleman, Joel E. Matthews of Selma, gave his check for $15,000 to the state, besides paying for the outfitting of several companies of soldiers. "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 661.

[125] These regiments were the 57th and 61st Infantry, and 7th Cavalry.

[126] General Lee protested against this practice as preventing the proper recruitment of the armies. Livermore, "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War," p. 12.

[127] The infantry regiments in Lee's army had 12 companies.

[128] See summary of Confederate legislation on the subject. Livermore, p. 30. The purpose of these laws was to discourage the formation of new commands. It was not effective in Alabama.

[129] These were the infantry regiments numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 41, 44, 48.

[130] The infantry regiments numbered 9, 11, 44, 48.

[131] The infantry regiments numbered 43, 47, 49, 61. Brewer, "Regimental Histories."

[132] These were the infantry regiments numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 41, 44, 48.

[133] When the regiments enlisted for a short time were retained in the service, the men were allowed to change to other regiments if they desired, and many did so. These transfers and reënlistments swelled the total enrolment of popular regiments.

[134] This has since been the method of estimating the number of soldiers furnished by Alabama,--each enlistment counting as one man.

[135] The infantry regiments numbered 20, 23, 28, 31, 34, 37, 42, 55.

[136] The 23d Infantry.

[137] The regiments that were united were: 24, 34, and 28; 33 and 38; 32 and 58; 23 and 46; 7, 39, 22, and 26-50. All were in Johnston's army except the 32d and 58th, which were in Taylor's command. Some of these regiments were consolidated after only one year's service; the others after less than two years. This indicates a low enrolment. Many companies were never recruited to the minimum. Three infantry regiments were disbanded after short service,--1, 2 and 7,--and the men reënlisted in other organizations.

[138] The 62d, 63d, 65th. A thousand to the regiment is a very liberal estimate; 500 is probably more nearly correct, I am told by old soldiers.

[139] Jeff Davis Artillery, Hadaway's Battery, Jeff Davis Legion, 4th Battalion Infantry, 23d Battalion Infantry.

[140] The 1st, 3d, 8th, 10th, and 15th Confederate regiments of cavalry had some companies from Alabama.

[141] The 6th Infantry.

[142] Miller, p. 374.

[143] Brewer evidently follows Fowler, as to the Army of Northern Virginia.

[144] Not that this deceived the Confederate administration, but the large estimates sounded well in the governor's messages, and when there was a dispute with Richmond about the quota of the state.

[145] In 1861 and 1862 some regiments enlisted for short terms, some for three years, some for the war. I have been unable, in more than two or three cases, to find out the exact term, but there could hardly have been more than one reënlistment of an organization.

[146] The 1st, 2d, 7th, 11th, 21st, 25th, 26th-50th, 27th, 29th, 42d, 46th, 54th, 55th, 56th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 62d, 65th.

[147] The 3d, Russell's 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th.

[148] (_a_) There had been to the end of 1863, 90,857 enlistments in Alabama. Included in these figures were all reënlistments and transfers.

(_b_) In the summer of 1863 the state took a census of all males from sixteen to sixty years of age, a total of 40,500 names. These included 8835, and later 10,000, exempts, and all the cripples and deadheads in the state. Since this was six months previous to the report of the 90,857 enlistments, there must have been in the latter number many that were on the former list. See O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 101-103, 1101.

[149] West Point graduates, nine.

[150] Killed in battle, ten.

[151] Derry, "Story of the Confederate States"; Southern Hist. Soc. Papers, Vol. VI; Brewer, "Alabama," "Regimental Histories"; Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 375; Brown, "History of Alabama," pp. 238-254.

[152] Annual Cyclopædia (1864), p. 7.

[153] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 10.

[154] Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," p. 305; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 1193.

[155] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol I, p. 1088; Vol. II, pp. 94, 197.

[156] _N. Y. World_, March 12, 1864; "The Land We Love," Vol. II, p. 296.

[157] Southern Hist. Soc. Papers, Vol. II, p. 61; Shaver, "History of the Sixtieth Alabama," p. 106; Miller, "History of Alabama," pp. 359, 374; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 586-705; "Confederate Military History"--Alabama; Longstreet, "Manassas to Appomattox"; "Memorial Record of Alabama" (Wheeler's "Military History"); McMorries, "History of the First Alabama Regiment."

[158] Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. II, p. 188; also John S. Wise, "End of an Era"; Longstreet, "Manassas to Appomattox."

[159] _Montgomery Advertiser_ Almanac (1901), p. 220.

[160] Report of 1866, Appendix, Pt. I, p. 166.

[161] Report of the Secretary of War, 1866, Appendix, Pt. I, p. 69; Report of the Secretary of War (1864-1865), p. 28; Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VII, p. 45; Miller, p. 360; O. R., Ser. III, Vol. III, pp. 1115, 1190, and Vol. IV, pp. 16, 921, 925, 269, 1270; O. R., Ser. II, Vol. V, pp. 589, 570, 626, 627, 716, 946, 947; "Confederate Military History"--Alabama.

[162] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 592.

[163] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Supplement.

[164] The 89th, 94th, 95th, etc. See Moore, "Rebellion Record," Supplement. The highest number of a militia regiment to be found on the records was the 102d, in Sumter County.

[165] See O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II (Shorter to Johnston).

[166] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VI; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 253-256.

[167] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIX, Pts. II and III, pp. 780, 855; Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 175, 323.

[168] Act of General Assembly, Aug. 29, 1863, which seems to have followed an act of Congress of similar nature.

[169] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 1133.

[170] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 172-174, 256, 376. The state supreme court held the same view.

[171] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VIII, p. 378.

[172] Acts of General Assembly, Dec. 12, 1864.

[173] _N. Y. Times_, April 16, 1865; Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 10.

[174] See O. R., General Index.

[175] The 61st, 62nd, and 65th regiments were thus formed, the men becoming subject to duty under the conscript act, or by volunteering.

[176] Act, April 16, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[177] Act, April 21, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[178] Act, Sept. 27, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess.

[179] Act, Oct. 9, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess. These details were still carried on the rolls of the company.

[180] Act, Oct. 11, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess. The exemption of one white for twenty negroes was called the "twenty-nigger law." One peaceable Black Belt citizen wished to stay at home, but he possessed only nineteen negroes. His neighbors thought that he ought to go to war, and no one would give, lend, or sell him a slave. Unable to purchase even the smallest negro, he was sadly making preparations to depart, when one morning he was rejoiced by the welcome news that one of the negro women had presented her husband with a fine boy. The tale of twenty negroes was complete, and the master remained at home.

[181] Act of April 14, 1863, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 3d Sess.

[182] Acts, Dec. 28, 1863, and Jan. 5, 1864, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[183] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[184] Act, Feb. 17, 1864, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[185] Acts, Jan. 31, 1861, 1st Called Session.

[186] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[187] Nov. 25, 1862.

[188] Dec. 6, 1862.

[189] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[190] Dec. 13, 1864. This was a measure of obstruction, since the Confederate laws did not exempt millers. The legislature elected in 1863 contained many obstructionists.

[191] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[192] Resolution, Dec. 4, 1863.

[193] _Ex parte_ Hill, _In re_ Willis _et al._ _vs._ Confederate States--38 Alabama Reports (1863), 429. All over the state at various times men sought to avoid conscription or some certain service under every pretext, sometimes "even resorting to a _habeas corpus_ before an ignorant justice of the peace, who had no jurisdiction over such cases." See O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 139; also Governor Shorter to General Johnston. Aug., 1863.

[194] Dunkards, Quakers, Nazarenes. _In re_ Stringer--38 Alabama (1863), 457.

[195] 38 Alabama, 458.

[196] 39 Alabama, 367.

[197] 39 Alabama, 254.

[198] 39 Alabama, 457.

[199] 39 Alabama, 440.

[200] 39 Alabama, 611.

[201] 39 Alabama, 609.

[202] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 256, 463, _et passim_.

[203] Memorial, Oct. 7, 1864.

[204] Acts, Dec. 12, 1864.

[205] Dec. 13, 1864.

[206] Curry, "Civil History of the Confederate States," p. 151.

[207] The Conscript Bureau had posts at the following places: Decatur, Courtland, Somerville, Guntersville, Tuscumbia, Fayetteville, Pikeville, Camden, Montgomery, Selma, Lebanon, Pollard, Troy, Mobile, West Point (Ga.), Marion, Greensborough, Blountsville, Livingston, Gadsden, Cedar Bluff, Jacksonville, Ashville, Carrollton, Tuscaloosa, Eutaw, Eufaula, Jasper, Newton, Clarksville, Talladega, Elyton. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 819-821.

[208] See De Leon, "Four Years in Rebel Capitals."

[209] President Davis visited Mobile in October, 1863, and upon reviewing the Alabama troops recently raised, was much moved at seeing the young boys and the old gray-haired men in the ranks before him. See Annual Cyclopædia (1863), p. 8. The A. and I. General of Alabama reported, July 29, 1862, that not more than 10,000 conscripts could be secured from Alabama unless the enemy could be expelled from the Tennessee valley. In that case, 3000 more men might be secured. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 21.

[210] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 1149; Vol. II, pp. 87, 207, 208, 790.

[211] See Curry, "Civil History," p. 151.

[212] James Phelan to President Davis, O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XVII, Pt. II, p. 790.

[213] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XVII, Pt. II, p. 790.

[214] C. C. Clay, Jr., to Secretary of War, O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 141, 142.

[215] I know of one man who for two years carried his arm in a sling to deceive the enrolling officers. It was sound when he put it into the sling. After the war ended he could never regain the use of it.

A draft from the Home Guards of Selma was ordered to go to Mobile. The roll was made out, and opposite his name each man was allowed to write his excuse for not wishing to go. One cripple, John Smith, wrote, "One leg too short," and was at once excused by the Board. The next man had no excuse whatever, but he had seen how Smith's excuse worked, so he wrote, "Both legs too short," but he had to go to Mobile. "The Land We Love," Vol. III, p. 430.

[216] Shorter's Proclamation, Dec. 22, 1862.

[217] M. J. Saffold, afterward a prominent "scalawag," escaped service as an "agent to examine political prisoners." O. R., Ser. II, Vol. VI, p. 432.

[218] The list of pardons given by President Johnson will show a number of the titles assumed by the exempts. The chronic exempts were skilled in all the arts of beating out. If a new way of securing exemption were discovered, the whole fraternity of "deadheads" soon knew of it. In 1864 nearly all the exemptions and details made in order to supply the Quartermaster's Department were revoked, and agents sent through the country to notify the former exempts that they were again subject to duty. Before the enrolling officers reached them nearly all of them had secured a fresh exemption, and from a large district in middle Alabama, I have been informed by the agent who revoked the contracts, not one recruit for the armies was secured. Often the exemption was only a detail, and large numbers of men were carried on the rolls of companies who never saw their commands. Often a man when conscripted would have sufficient influence to be at once detailed, and would never join his company. Little attention was paid to the laws regarding exemption.

[219] Curry, "Civil History," pp. 142-148. The wealthy young men volunteered, at first as privates or as officers; the older men of wealth nearly all became officers, chosen by their men. One company from Tuskegee owned property worth over $2,000,000. _Opelika Post_, Dec. 4, 1903.

[220] Act of Feb. 17, 1864, Pub. Laws, C. S. A.

[221] Curry, "Civil History," pp. 142-148, 151.

[222] _N. Y. World_, March 28, 1864.

[223] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 881.

[224] The law of Feb. 17, 1864, provided for the separate enrolment of these two classes, and the enrolling officers interpreted it as requiring separate service. Such an interpretation would practically prohibit the formation of volunteer commands and would leave the reserves to the enrolling officers to be organized in camp.

[225] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 322, 323, 463, 466, 1059, 1060.

[226] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 817, 819, 920.

[227] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 821, 848. At this time there were in the state 1223 officials who had the governor's certificate of exemption. There were 1012 in Georgia, 1422 in Virginia, 14,675 in North Carolina, and much smaller numbers in the other states. See O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 851.

[228] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 224 (March 18, 1864).

[229] An ex-Confederate related to me his experiences with the conscript officers. In 1864 he was at home on furlough and was taken by the "buttermilk" cavalry, carried to Camp Watts, at Notasulga, and enrolled as a conscript, no attention being paid to his furlough. To Camp Watts were brought daily squads of conscripts, rounded up by the "buttermilk" cavalry. They were guarded by conscripts. When rested, the new recruits would leave, the guards often going with them. Then another squad would be brought in, who in a day or two would desert. This soldier came home again with a discharge for disability. The conscript officials again took him to Camp Watts. He presented his discharge papers; the commandant tore them up before his face, and a few days later this soldier with a friend boarded the cowcatcher of a passing train and rode to Chehaw. The commandant sent guards after the fugitives, who captured the guards and then went to Tuskegee, where they swore out, as he said, a _habeas corpus_ before the justice of the peace and started for their homes with their papers. They found the swamps filled with the deserters, who did not molest them after finding that they too were "deserters."

[230] 8835 to January, 1864. See report of Colonel Preston, April, 1864, in O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 355, 363. The estimate was based on the census of 1860.

[231] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 101, 103, _et passim_.

[232] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 355, 363.

[233] Feb. 17, 1864.

[234] There were 1223 to Nov. 30, 1864.

[235] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 1, 103-109.

[236] G. O., No. 144, Dept. of the Cumberland, Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 4, 1864, War Department Archives. There were other similar cases, but I found record of no other conviction. The "tories" were sometimes in league with the conscript officers, and sometimes they shot them at sight.

[237] D. P. Lewis of Lawrence, Jeremiah (or Jere) Clemens of Madison, and C. C. Sheets of Winston deserted later.

[238] T. H. Clark, "Railroads and Highways," in the "Memorial Record of Alabama," Vol. I, pp. 322-323.

[239] Smith, Clemens, Jemison, and Bulger, in Smith's "History and Debates of the Convention of 1861"; Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy"; Garrett, "Public Men of Alabama."

[240] See Smith's "History and Debates of the Convention of 1861"; Nicolay and Hay, "Lincoln," Vol. III, p. 186.

[241] A. B. Hendren, mayor of Athens and editor of the _Union Banner_, wrote in 1861 to Secretary Walker, stating that he had strongly opposed secession, but was now convinced that it was right; as mayor, he was committed to reconstruction, which he no longer favored; he did not proclaim his new sentiments through his paper for fear of pecuniary loss, but people were becoming suspicious of his lukewarm reconstruction spirit. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 181, 182.

[242] "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 47; Ku Klux Rept. Ala. Test., pp. 592, 824; Saunders, "Early Settlers"; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 65; Garrett, "Public Men"; Miller, "Alabama"; Nicolay and Hay, Vol. III, p. 186; DuBose, "Life of Yancey," pp. 562, 563.

[243] See DuBose, "Life of Yancey," p. 563.

The non-slaveholders in the Black Belt appear to have been more dissatisfied than those of the white counties at the outbreak of the war. May 13, 1861, William M. Brooks, who had presided over the secession convention, wrote from Perry County to President Davis in regard to the bad effect of the refusal to accept short-time volunteers. He said that though there were 20,000 slaves in Perry County, most of the whites were non-slaveholders. Some of the latter had been made to believe that the war was solely to get more slaves for the rich, and many who had no love for slaveholders were declaring that they would "fight for no rich man's slave." The men who had enlisted were largely of the hill class, poor folks who left their work to go to camp and drill. Here, while their crops wasted, they lost their ardor, and when they heard that their one-year enlistment was not to be accepted, they began to murmur. They were made to believe by traitors that a rich man could enter the army for a year and then quit, while they had to enlist for the war. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. VIII, pp. 318-319.

Horace Greeley in the _Tribune_ was reported to have said: Large slaveholders were not secessionists, they resisted disunion; those who had much at stake hesitated a long while; it was not a "slaveholders' rebellion"; it was really a rebellion of the non-slaveholders resident in the strongholds of slavery, springing from no love of slavery, but from the antagonism of race and the hatred of the idea of equality with the blacks involved in simple emancipation.--Ku Klux Rept., p. 519. There is a basis of truth in this.

[244] North Alabama before the war was overwhelmingly Democratic and was called "The Avalanche" from the way it overran the Whiggish counties of the southern and central sections. This was shown in the convention, where representation was based on the white vote. Since the war representation in the conventions is based on population, and the Black Belt has controlled the white counties. "Northern Alabama Illustrated," pp. 251, 756. See also DuBose, "Yancey," p. 562.

[245] Professor George W. Duncan of Auburn, Ala., and many others have given me information in regard to the people in that section. See also H. Mis. Doc. No. 42, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; _N. Y. Tribune_, Nov. 14, 1862.

[246] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, p. 249. For much information concerning the conditions in north Alabama during the war, I am indebted to Professor O. D. Smith of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, a native of Vermont who was then a Confederate Bonded Treasury Agent and travelled extensively over that part of the country.

[247] Reid, "After the War," pp. 348-350; Saunders, "Early Settlers," pp. 115, 164; Jones, "A Rebel War Clerk's Diary," Vol. I, pp. 182, 208.

[248] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 141. 142.

[249] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, p. 638.

[250] Moore, "Anecdotes, Poetry, and Incidents of the War," p. 215 (Letters from the chaplain of Streight's regiment); O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XVI, Pt. I, pp. 124, 785 (Streight's Report); Miller, "Alabama"; Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, pp. 182-208.

[251] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. VII, p. 840.

[252] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. VII, pp. 153-156, 424.

[253] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 1149.

[254] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 258.

[255] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 819-821.

[256] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, p. 431.

[257] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIX, Pt. II, p. 57.

[258] The official statement of the War Department. See also "Confederate Military History," Vol. XII, p. 502.

[259] Act of General Assembly, Aug. 29, 1863.

[260] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 680.

[261] Joint Resolution, Dec. 4, 1863.

[262] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXII, Pt. I, p. 671.

[263] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXII, Pt. I, p. 671, and Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, pp. 570, 683, 856.

[264] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, pp. 825, 826, 856.

[265] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 659.

[266] Somers, "The Southern States since the War," p. 135; _Montgomery Advertiser_, Aug. 17, 1902; _N. Y. Tribune_, Feb. 10, 1865; Freemantle, "Three Months in the Southern States."

[267] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VII, p. 45; Freemantle, p. 141.

[268] Freemantle, "Three Months in the Southern States," p. 141, quoted from a local newspaper; accounts of eye-witnesses.

[269] Miller, _passim_; Somers, "Southern States," p. 135.

[270] Miller, p. 193; Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VII, p. 357.

[271] Saunders, "Early Settlers," pp. 115, 164.

[272] This correspondent defined a "unionist" or "loyalist" as one truly devoted to the Union and who had never wavered, thus excluding from consideration those who had gone with the Confederacy and later become disappointed. _Boston Journal_, Nov. 15, 1864; _N. Y. Herald_, April 7, 1864; _The Tribune_, Nov. 14, 1862; _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 23, 1862; Tharin, "The Alabama Refugee."

[273] _The World_, Feb. 15, 1865.

[274] Information in regard to affairs in southeast Alabama during the war I have obtained from relatives (all of whom were "Union" men before the war) and from neighbors who were acquainted with the conditions in that section of the country.

[275] Miller, "Alabama." Sanders had been a Confederate officer.

[276] Thickets which the eye could not penetrate.

[277] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. LII, p. 403.

[278] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVIII, Pt. II, p. 273; Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 1043.

[279] Joint Resolution, Oct. 7, 1864. J. J. Seibels proposed to raise a regiment for state defence of men under and over military age. He wanted, also, to get the skulkers who could not otherwise be obtained. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 604.

[280] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 1042, 1043 (Solicitor James N. Arrington and Attorney-General M. A. Baldwin).

[281] Clemens was a cousin of "Mark Twain." He was fond of drink, and once when William L. Yancey asked him not to drink so much, he answered that he was obliged to drink his genius down to a level with Yancey's.

[282] _N. Y. Tribune_, May 23, 1865. See Smith, "Debates," Index.

[283] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 167, 168, 174, 178. Clemens had been captain, major, and colonel of the Thirteenth United States Infantry. From 1849 to 1853 he was United States Senator. He died in Philadelphia a few years after the war. Garrett, "Public Men of Alabama," pp. 176-179.

[284] Brewer, "Alabama," p. 364.

[285] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. LII, Pt. II, p. 35.

[286] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 161-163.

[287] "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 327; Acts of Alabama, 1862, p. 225; Moore, "Anecdotes, Poetry, and Incidents of the War," p. 215.

[288] Lewis became the second "Radical" or scalawag governor of Alabama, serving from 1872 to 1874. Miller, "Alabama," pp. 260, 261; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 368.

[289] O. R., Ser. II, Vol. VIII, p. 86.

[290] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXX, Pt. III, pp. 750-751.

[291] It is a notable fact that among the disaffected persons of prominence there were none of the old Whigs, or Bell and Everett men. Nearly all were Douglas Democrats. The Bell and Everett people so conducted themselves during the war that afterwards they were as completely disfranchised and out of politics as were the Breckenridge Democrats. The work of reconstruction under the Johnson plan fell mainly to the former Douglas Democrats and the lesser Whigs.

[292] Report of the Secretary of War, 1865, Vol. I, p. 45; "Confederate Military History," Vol. XII, p. 501.

[293] Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. I, p. 45; "Confederate Military History," Vol. XII, p. 501.

[294] I am indebted to old soldiers for descriptions of conditions in north and west Alabama before and following Taylor's surrender. All agree in their accounts of the conditions in Alabama and Mississippi at that time.

[295] These estimates are based on half a hundred other estimates made during the war by state, Confederate, and Federal officials, and by other observers, and from estimates made by persons familiar with conditions at that time. They are rather too small than too large. O. R., Ser. IV, Vols. I to IV _passim_.

[296] O. R., Ser. IV, pp. 880, 881.

[297] See also Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 563; Schwab, p. 190.

[298] See below, Ch. XXI.

[299] See DuBose, "Yancey," pp. 566, 567, and Brewer and Garrett under the names of the above.

[300] Brewer, p. 126; Garrett, p. 723.

[301] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 709.

[302] Joint Resolution, Acts of 1st Called Sess., 1861, p. 142.

[303] Joint Resolution, Acts of Called Sess. and 2d Regular Sess., 1862, p. 202.

[304] Acts of Called Sess. and 3d Regular Sess., 1863, p. 52.

[305] A "bomb-proof" was a person who secured a safe position in order to keep out of service in the field. A "feather bed" was one who stayed at home with good excuse,--a teacher, agriculturist, preacher, etc., who had only recently been called to such profession.

[306] By act of the legislature soldiers in the field were to vote, but no instance is found of their having done so.

[307] See Hannis Taylor, "Political History of Alabama," in "Memorial Record of Alabama," Vol. I, p. 82.

[308] Jones, "A Rebel War Clerk's Diary," Vol. I, pp. 250, 335, 391; Schwab, "Confederate States," p. 210; Garrett, p. 385; Brewer, p. 411.

[309] Acts of 2d Regular Sess., 1862, p. 200.

[310] Annual Cyclopædia (1862), p. 9; Schwab, "Confederate States," pp. 195, 196; Brewer, 127; Garrett, pp. 722, 724. See _infra_, p. 97.

[311] Shorter's Proclamation, Dec. 22, 1862, in Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. IV, and above, p. 88.

[312] Annual Cyclopædia (1863), p. 6; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 126; Brewer, pp. 66, 126, 460; Garrett, p. 722; Hannis Taylor, in "Memorial Record of Alabama," p. 82.

[313] Acts, 3d Regular Sess., 1864, p. 217.

[314] Annual Cyclopædia (1863), p. 7. Francis Wayland, Jr., in a "Letter to a Peace Democrat" in the _Atlantic Monthly_, Dec., 1863, quotes Governor Watts as saying immediately after he had been elected: "If I had the power I would build up a wall of fire between Yankeedom and the Confederate States, there to burn for ages." See also O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 120; McMorries, "History of the First Alabama Regiment of Infantry."

[315] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 37, 463, 466, 817, 820. See also above, pp. 97, 103, 104.

[316] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 683, 685, 735, 736.

[317] Act, Oct. 7, 1864.

[318] Act, Dec. 12, 1864.

[319] See McPherson, "Rebellion," pp. 419-421.

[320] The "Confederate Military History" states that in 1864 the people hoped for terms of peace, believing that Democratic successes in the northern elections would result in an armistice, and later reconstruction; that the people were always ready to go back to the principles of 1787, and it was believed that Davis was willing, but that the unfavorable elections of 1864 and the military interference by the Federal administration in the border states killed this constitutional peace party. See Vol. I, pp. 505, 537.

[321] Williamson R. W. Cobb of Jackson County, a very popular politician, a member of the 36th Congress, met his first defeat in 1861, when a candidate for the Confederate Congress. In 1863 he was successful over the man who had beaten him in 1861. After the election, if not before, he was in constant communication with the enemy and went into their lines several times. The Congress expelled him by a unanimous vote. It was rumored that President Lincoln intended to appoint him military governor, but he killed himself accidentally in 1864. Cobb was a "down east Yankee" who had come into the state as a clock pedler. He had no education and little real ability, but was a smooth talker and was master of the arts of the demagogue. In political life he was famed for shaking hands with the men, kissing the women, and playing with the babies. At a Hardshell foot-washing he won favor by carrying around the towels, in striking contrast with his Episcopalian rival, who sat on the back bench. Cobb was for the Confederacy as long as he thought it would win; when luck changed, he proceeded to make himself safe. After his desertion he lost influence among the people of his district. See Brewer, pp. 286, 287; McPherson, pp. 49, 400, 402, 411.

[322] O. R., Vol. II, p. 726 (W. T. Walthall, commandant of conscripts for Alabama, Talladega, Aug. 6, 1863). In the fall of 1864 a secret peace society was discovered in southwest Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 802-820.

[323] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, pp. 555-557.

[324] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 548.

[325] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, pp. 551, 552.

[326] The 61st Alabama Regiment was composed largely of conscripts under veteran officers. It was evidently at first called the 59th. Brewer, p. 673.

[327] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 550.

[328] The 57th Alabama Regiment was recruited in the counties of Pike, Coffee, Dale, Henry, and Barbour. See Brewer, p. 669.

[329] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 550.

[330] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 556. The 59th Alabama Regiment was formed from a part of Hilliard's Legion. Brewer, p. 671.

[331] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, pp. 552, 556.

[332] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, p. 556; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 671. It may be that the 59th Regiment here spoken of as consolidated was not the 59th under the command of Bolling Hall, but was merely the first number given to the regiment, which later became the 61st. See Brewer, pp. 671, 673. However, the society existed in Bolling Hall's regiment.

[333] See Nicolay and Hay, "Lincoln," Vol. VIII, pp. 410-415; McPherson, "Rebellion," pp. 320-322.

[334] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, pp. 682, 683, and Vol. XXII, Pt. I, p. 671; Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 393-397. A fuller account of the Peace Society will be found in the _South Atlantic Quarterly_, July, 1903. Some of the prominent leaders in the Peace Society were said to be: Lewis E. Parsons, later provisional governor, said to be the head of it; Col. J. J. Seibels of Montgomery; R. S. Heflin, state senator from Randolph County; W. W. Dodson, William Kent, David A. Perryman, Lieut.-Col. E. B. Smith, W. Armstrong, and A. A. West, of Randolph County; Capt. W. S. Smith, Demopolis; L. McKee and Lieut. N. B. DeArmon.

General James H. Clanton testified in 1871 that while in the Alabama legislature during the war L. E. Parsons, afterwards governor, introduced resolutions invoking the blessings of heaven on the head of Jefferson Davis and praying that God would spare him to consummate his holy purposes. Jabez M. Curry charged Parsons with being a "reconstructionist" during the war, that is, with being disloyal to the government. Parsons had two young sons in the Confederate army, and one of them was so indignant at the charge against his father that he shot and wounded Curry. Dr. Ware of Montgomery afterwards made the same charge. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 234.

[335] See O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 718. "Confederate Military History," Vol. I, pp. 505, 509, 511, 512, 537.

[336] A Douglas Democrat, a Douglas elector, and a strong secessionist, who had deserted to the enemy. Brewer, p. 364.

[337] _N. Y. Times_, Feb. 14, 1864; Annual Cyclopædia (1864), pp. 10, 11; _N. Y. Daily News_, April 16, 1864, from Columbus (Ga.) Sun.

[338] _N. Y. Tribune_, May 23, 1865.

[339] _N. Y. World_, March 28, 1864.

[340] _N. Y. Times_, March 24, 1864; _N. Y. World_, March 28, 1864. Busteed was a newly appointed Federal judge who afterward became notorious in "carpet-bag" days. He succeeded George W. Lane in the judgeship.

[341] There were several regular, reliable correspondents in north Alabama, for the New York, Boston, and Chicago papers. Their accounts are corroborated by the reports made later by Confederate and Federal officials.

[342] At this time Bulger was in active service. See Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 548, 660; "Confederate Military History"--Alabama, see Index. Bradley was a north Alabama man who had gone over to the enemy to save his property. This was his chief claim to notoriety. He became a prominent "scalawag" later.

[343] _N. Y. Herald_, Nov. 29, 1864; _N. Y. Times_, Feb. 10, 1865; _Boston Journal_, Nov. 15, 1864; _The World_, March 28, 1864, Feb. 11, 1865; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, pp. 590, 659.

[344] Later governor, succeeding Parsons.

[345] Letter from Giers at Decatur, Jan. 26, 1865; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, pp. 590, 718. See also Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, pp. 13-15, 60, 64.

[346] Giers, from Nashville, to Grant; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 659.

[347] Judging from the correspondence of Giers, the plan had the approval of General Grant.

[348] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 560.

[349] This fear is expressed in all their correspondence.

[350] Davis, "Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government," Vol. I, p. 471; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, p. 440.

[351] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 158; Davis, "Confederate Government," Vol. I, p. 476; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, p. 440.

[352] Acts of 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess. (1861), pp. 75, 211.

[353] April 10, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[354] April 16, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.; Governor's Proclamation, March 1, 1862.

[355] April 17, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[356] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, pp. 870, 875.

[357] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 986, 987; Davis, Vol. I, p. 480; "Southern Hist. Soc. Papers," Vol. II, p. 61.

[358] Miller, "History of Alabama," pp. 180, 181; Davis, Vol. I, pp. 480, 481; Hardy, "History of Selma," pp. 46, 47; _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, 1865 (Truman); O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 986, 987. The arsenal was commanded by Col. J. L. White; the naval foundries and the rolling mills were under the direction of Capt. Catesby ap Roger Jones, the designer of the _Virginia_; Commodore Ebenezer Farrand superintended the construction of war vessels at the Selma navy-yard. Captain Jones cast the heavy ordnance for the forts at Mobile, Charleston, and Wilmington. Five gunboats were built at Selma in 1863 and two or three others in 1864-1865. The ram _Tennessee_, built in 1863-1864, was constructed like the _Virginia_, but was an improvement except for the weak engines. When the keel of the _Tennessee_ was laid, in the fall of 1863, some of the timbers to be used in her were still standing in the forest, and the iron for her plates was ore in the mines. Scharf, "Confederate Navy," pp. 50, 534, 550, 555; "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 654; Maclay, "History of United States Navy," Vol. II, pp. 446, 447; Wilson, "Ironclads in Action," Vol. I, p. 116.

[359] Ball, "Clarke County," p. 765.

[360] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 29, 102.

[361] Miller, pp. 201, 230; Davis, Vol. I, p. 473; Porcher, p. 378.

[362] April 11, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[363] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 195, 697.

[364] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 695.

[365] One of the most valuable of these caves was the "Santa Cave." See O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 29, 102.

[366] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 695, 698.

[367] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 29, 102.

[368] In 1861 the War Department gave Leonard and Riddle of Montgomery an order for 60,000 pounds of nitre, and a company near Larkinsville in north Alabama was making 700 pounds a day, which it sold to the government at 22 to 35 cents a pound. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 556.

[369] April 17, 1862. Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.; Acts of Ala., Dec. 7, 1861, and Dec. 2, 1862; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 195, 698, 702, 987; Davis, Vol. I, pp. 316, 473, 477; Miller, pp. 201, 230; Schwab, "Confederate States," p. 270; Annual Cyclopædia (1862), p. 9; Le Conte's "Autobiography," p. 184.

[370] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 556.

[371] Somers, "Southern States," p. 162.

[372] Somers, p. 175.

[373] April 9, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[374] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 695, 700, 702, 990.

[375] Freight rates in Alabama were as follows in December, 1862:--

1. Ammunition $0.60 per 100 lbs., per 100 miles. 2. (Second class) 0.30 per 100 lbs., per 100 miles. 3. Live stock 30.00 per car, per 100 miles. 4. Hay, fodder, wagons, ambulances, etc. 20.00 per car, per 100 miles.

Troops were to be carried for 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 cents a mile per man. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 276.

[376] Charles T. Pollard, president of the Montgomery and West Point R.R., who ran his road under direction of the government, reported, April 4, 1862, that he had placed the whole line between Montgomery and Selma under contract, and that it would be completed within the year if iron could be obtained. He thought the road between Selma and Meridian ought to be completed at once. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 10, 48. On Sept. 14, 1864, it was reported that the grading was finished on the road between Montgomery and Union Springs, but that no iron could be obtained. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 576.

[377] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 941; Pub. Laws, C.S.A., Feb. 15, 1862.

[378] On April 4, 1862, the Secretary of War wrote to A. S. Gaines that the road from Selma to Demopolis had been completed; from Demopolis to Reagan, a distance of 24 miles, a part of the grading had been done; while the road from Reagan to Meridian, a distance of 27 miles, had been graded, bridged, and some iron had been laid. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 1048-1049, 1061. Gaines stated, April 24, 1852, that on the Mississippi end of the road the road was completed to within 8 miles of Demopolis, Ala., and was being built at the rate of 3 miles a week. Connection was made by boat to Gainesville, within 2 miles of which a spur of the Mobile and Ohio, 21 miles long, had been completed. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 1089.

[379] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 1171.

[380] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 1089, 1145; Vol. II, pp. 106, 148, 149, 655.

[381] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 144-145; Vol. III, p. 312; Stats.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., C.S.A., Feb. 15, 1862; Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess., April 7 and Oct. 2, 1862.

[382] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 783.

[383] Acts, Feb. 8, 1861.

[384] Acts, 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess., p. 70.

[385] Governor Moore to Sec. L. P. Walker, July 2, 1861, O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 493; Somers, p. 136.

[386] Schwab, "Confederate States," p. 271.

[387] Somers, p. 136.

[388] Acts, Dec. 13, 1864, Acts of Ala., 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess. _passim_.

[389] Le Conte states that in 1863 he found the only Bessemer furnace in the Confederacy at Shelbyville; it was the first that he had ever seen. "Autobiography," pp. 184-185. It was probably the first in America.

[390] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 3.

[391] Miller, pp. 179, 180, 181, 193; Davis, Vol. I, p. 481; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; _N. Y. Herald_, May 15, 1865.

[392] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 1010.

[393] This act authorized the governor to lease the salt springs belonging to the state and to require the lessee to sell salt at 75 cents a bushel at the salt works. The state paid 10 cents a bushel bounty and advanced $10,000 to the salt maker. Acts, Nov. 11 and Nov. 19, 1861.

[394] One private maker with one furnace and from 15 to 20 hands made 60 bushels a day. Another, with 15 hands, burning 5 cords of wood, made 36 bushels a day. There were also many other private salt makers.

[395] Ball, "Clarke County," pp. 645-649, 765; "Our Women in War," p. 275 _et seq._

[396] Acts, Nov. 9, 1861, and Dec. 9, 1862.

[397] Acts, Dec. 9, 1862, Oct. 11, 1864, and Dec. 13, 1864.

[398] Miller, "Alabama," pp. 156, 167, 230; Hague, "Blockaded Family"; "Our Women in War," pp. 267, 268.

[399] _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 20, 1864; Miller, p. 167.

[400] _American Cyclopædia_ (1864), p. 10; _N. Y. Times_, April 15, 1864. To show the character of the white laborers employed in the salt works: in reconstruction days, a prominent negro politician told how, when a slave, he had to keep accounts, and read and write letters for the whites at the salt works, who were very ignorant people.

[401] Later the Southern Express Company, which is still in existence. It was the southern division of the Adams Express Company.

[402] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 711.

[403] Miller, pp. 179, 180, 181, 193; Davis, Vol. II, p. 481; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; _N. Y. Herald_, May 15, 1865; Acts of the General Assembly of Alabama, 1861-1864, _passim_. The Freedman's Bureau was largely supported by sales of the remnants of iron works, etc.

[404] Smith, "Debates," pp. 38, 39.

[405] Smith, "Debates," pp. 37, 39.

[406] In his message of Oct. 25, 1861, Governor Shorter made a report showing that the finances of the state for 1861 were in good condition, and advised against levying a tax on the people to pay the state's quota of the Confederate tax. He stated that the banks had done good service to the state; that, though in time of peace they were a necessary evil, now they were a public necessity; that all the money used to date by the state in carrying on the war had come from the banks. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 697-700.

[407] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, pp. 697-699; Acts of Gen. Assembly, Feb. 2, Nov. 27 and 30, and Dec. 7 and 9, 1861; Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866.

[408] Ordinance No. 33, amending sections 1373, 1375, 1393, of the Code, March 16, 1861.

[409] In 1861 two banks were chartered, two in 1862, five in 1863, and two in 1864. Several of these were savings-banks.

[410] Ordinance No. 18, Jan. 19, 1861; Nos. 35 and 36, March 18, 1861.

[411] Schwab, p. 302; Davis, Vol. I, p. 495; Journal of the Convention of 1865, p. 61; Acts of Ala., Jan. 29, Feb. 6 and 8, Dec. 10, 1861; Stats.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., C. S. A., Feb. 8, 1861; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 152, 157.

[412] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 61; Acts of Ala., Nov. 8, Dec. 4, 8, and 9, 1862; Miller, p. 168.

[413] Jour. of the Convention of 1865, p. 61; Acts of Ala., Aug. 29, Dec. 8, 1863; Miller, pp. 186, 189.

[414] Miller, p. 215; Acts of Ala., Oct. 7 and Dec. 13, 1864.

[415] Resolutions of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 1, 1862; Schwab, p. 50.

[416] Resolutions, Dec. 8, 1863.

[417] Confederate Funding Act, Feb. 17, 1864.

[418] Acts of Ala., Oct. 7, 1864; Schwab, pp. 73, 74.

[419] Acts of Ala., Dec. 10, 1861.

[420] Acts of Ala., _passim_. Notes of the state and of state banks were hoarded, while Confederate notes were distrusted. Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 421.

[421] Acts of Ala., Nov. 9, 1861; Schwab, p. 8. It was considered a matter of patriotism to invest funds in Confederate securities. Not many other investments offered; there was little trade in negroes. Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 424.

[422] Acts of Ala., Dec. 8, 1863.

[423] Acts of Ala., Dec. 13, 1864.

[424] Clark, "Finance and Banking," in the "Memorial Record of Alabama," Vol. I, p. 341. Statement of J. H. Fitts.

[425] Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866.

[426] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, p. 114. North Carolina alone had contributed more--$325,000.

[427] Clark, "Education in Alabama," p. 90.

[428] Acts of Ala., Dec. 7, 1863.

[429] The state authorities considered it inexpedient to levy heavier state taxes. The people had always been opposed to heavy state taxes, but paid county taxes more willingly. So the gift of $500,000 to the Confederate government in 1861 and the $2,000,000 war tax of the same year were assumed by the state, and bonds were issued. Stats.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., C.S.A., Feb. 8, 1861; Acts of Ala., Nov. 27, 1861.

[430] Another measure aimed at the speculator.

[431] Acts of Ala., Dec. 8, 1863.

[432] Acts of Ala., Dec. 13, 1864.

[433] Pub. Laws, 1st Cong., 1st Sess., April 21, 1862.

[434] Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 427.

[435] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 3d Sess., April 24, 1863.

[436] See also Curry, "Confederate States," p. 110.

[437] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess., Jan. 30, 1864.

[438] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 2d Cong., 1st Sess., June 10 and 14, 1864.

[439] Miller, "Alabama," p. 190.

[440] _N. Y. Times_, Feb. 2, 1864.

[441] Fitzgerald Ross, "Cities and Camps of the Confederate States," pp. 237, 238.

[442] Miller, p. 230.

[443] Acts of Ala., Nov. 19, 1862.

[444] Acts of Ala., Nov. 17, 1862.

[445] Acts of Ala., Oct. 31, 1862.

[446] O. R., Ser. II, Vol. III, p. 933; G. O., 86, A. and I. G. Office, Richmond, Dec. 12, 1864; Miller, pp. 198, 199; Beverly, "History of Alabama,"; A. C. Gordon, in _Century Magazine_, Sept., 1888; David Dodge, in _Atlantic Monthly_, Aug., 1886.

[447] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 3d Sess., March 26, 1863.

[448] A conference of impressment commissioners met in Augusta, Ga., Oct. 26, 1863. Among those present were Wylie W. Mason, of Tuskegee, Ala., and Robert C. Farris, of Montgomery, Ala. See O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 898-906.

[449] Schwab, p. 202; Saunders, "Early Settlers." Schedules were printed in all the newspapers, and many have been reprinted in the Official Records.

[450] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, p. 194; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 198, 199; Pollard, "Lost Cause," pp. 487-488.

[451] Acts of Ala., Nov. 25, 1863.

[452] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, p. 301.

[453] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 2d Cong., 1st Sess., June 14, 1864; Saunders, "Early Settlers."

[454] Resolutions of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 26, 1864.

[455] Ball, "Clarke County," p. 501.

[456] Smith, "Debates," pp. 174-183.

[457] Stats.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., C.S.A.

[458] Stat.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., 2d Sess.; McPherson, "Rebellion," pp. 203, 204. European merchants and capitalists also had a large trade with the South when the war broke out, and thus sustained great losses. They had made large advances to southern planters and merchants, and were also interested in property in the South. Proceeds were remitted to foreign creditors or owners in Confederate or state currency or bonds for there was no other form of remittance. Robertson, "The Confederate Debt and Private Southern Debts" (English pamphlet).

[459] McPherson, "Rebellion," pp. 203, 204; Acts of Prov. Cong., Aug. 30, 1861; Benjamin's "Instructions to Receivers," Sept. 12, 1861.

[460] Stats.-at-Large, Prov. Cong., 3d Sess., Feb. 15, 1862.

[461] McPherson, "Rebellion," p. 613.

[462] Acts of Ala., Dec. 10, 1861.

[463] Two years after the passage of the Sequestration Law its entire proceeds in the Confederacy amounted to less than $2,000,000. Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 220.

[464] Suspension of specie payments had been made in order to prevent a drain on the banks. The Confederate government took possession of some of the coin, while much was used in the contraband and blockade trade. All this contributed to discredit Confederate paper currency. Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 421. In May, 1862, General Beauregard seized $500,000 in coin from a bank in Jackson, Ala. The coin belonged to a New Orleans bank and had been sent out to prevent confiscation by Butler. Confederate money was almost worthless at Mobile in 1864, while in the interior of the state it still had a fair value.

[465] Confederate paper held up well in 1861 and 1862, though prices were very high. The people were opposed to fixing a depreciated value to Confederate money, but they were forced to do so by speculators. The money was worth more the farther away from Richmond, though comparison with gold should not be made, as gold was scarce, and prices in gold fell. Board, which formerly cost $2 a day, could now be had for fifty cents in gold. Gold was not a standard of value, but an article of commerce with a fictitious value. Pollard, "Lost Cause," p. 425.

[466] Clark, "Finance and Banking Memorial Record," Vol. I, p. 341; "Two Months in the Confederate States by an English Merchant," pp. 111, 115; DeBow's Review for 1866.

[467] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. X, Pt. II, p. 639.

[468] Ball, "Clarke County," pp. 294, 295; Miller, p. 230; oral accounts.

[469] _N. Y. Times_, April 5, 1864 (from Mobile papers).

[470] _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 6, 1864.

[471] Smedes, "A Southern Planter," p. 226.

[472] Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; "Our Women in the War," _passim_; Jacobs, "Drug Conditions."

[473] Ball, "Clarke County," p. 501.

[474] Miller, p. 232. A negro went to a conscript camp in 1864 with a fifty-cent jug of whiskey. He gave his master a bottleful from the jug, replacing what he had taken out by water. The resulting mixture he sold for $5 a drink, a drink being a cap-box full. Each drink poured out of the jug was replaced by the same measure of water. In this way he made $300 before the mixture was so diluted that the thirsty soldiers would not buy. Related by the negro's master.

[475] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 686.

[476] _Montgomery Daily Advertiser_, April 18, 1865. But for another month state money circulated in Montgomery.

[477] See Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 14.

[478] Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, pp. 15, 37.

[479] In 1860 the South exported $150,000,000 worth of cotton, and Mobile was the second cotton port of America. Scharf, "History of the Confederate Navy," pp. 439, 533. Besides the regular ship channel there were two shallow entrances to Mobile Bay, through which blockade-runners passed. Soley, "The Blockade and the Cruisers," p. 134. Regular water communication with New Orleans was kept up until 1862 through Mississippi Sound. Scharf, p. 535; Maclay, "A History of the United States Navy," Vol. II, p. 445.

[480] Miller, "Alabama," p. 167; Acts of the Called Sess. (1861), p. 123; Acts of 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess. (1861), pp. 151, 168, 214, 278.

[481] The blockading force before Mobile in 1861 often consisted of only one vessel (Soley, p. 134), and the people of Mobile believed that foreign nations would not recognize the blockade as effective. There was an English squadron under Admiral Milne in the Gulf, and on Aug. 4, 1861, the _Mobile Register and Advertiser_ said that a conflict between the English and United States forces was expected; the English were then to raise the blockade. Scharf, p. 442.

[482] This, however, was not the plan favored by Ex-Gov. A. B. Moore, who, on Feb. 3, 1862, wrote to President Davis stating his belief that the permission given by the Federal fleet to export cotton was a "Yankee trick" to get cotton to leave port in order to seize it. He thought that the Confederate government should forbid all exportation of cotton until the close of the war. "This leaky blockade system should be deprecated as one [in which the parties] are either dupes or knaves and [is] not in the least calculated to demonstrate the fact that our cotton crops are a necessity to the commerce of the world." If cotton was not a necessity to Europe, then the sooner the South knew it the better; if it was a necessity, the sooner Europe knew it the better. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 905.

[483] Acts of Feb. 6 and Dec. 10, 1861.

[484] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 735; Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, p. 805.

[485] The Confederate War and Treasury Departments required that each steamship coming and going should reserve one-half its tonnage for government use. The owners of an outgoing vessel had to make bond to return with one-half the cargo for the government and the other half in articles the importation of which was not prohibited by the Confederate government. The Confederate government paid five pence sterling a pound on outgoing freight, payable in a British port. On return freight £25 a ton was paid in cotton at a Confederate port. The expenses of one blockade-runner for one trip amounted to $80,265; while the gross profits were $172,000, leaving a net gain of $91,735 on the trip. Scharf, pp. 481, 485.

[486] Joseph Jacobs, "Drug Conditions."

[487] Soley, pp. 44, 156.

[488] See Taylor, "Running the Blockade." A typical blockade-runner of 1862-1864 was a long, low, slender, rakish sidewheel steamer, of 400 to 600 tons, about nine times as long as broad, with powerful engines, twin screws, and feathering paddles. The funnels were short and could be lowered to the deck. It was painted a dull gray or lead color, and the masts being very short, it could not be seen more than two hundred yards away. When possible to obtain it, anthracite coal was burned, and when running into port all lights were turned out and the steam blown off under water. Scharf, p. 480; Soley, p. 156; Spears, Vol. IV, p. 55.

[489] "Two Months in the Confederate States by English Merchant," p. 111; Taylor, "Running the Blockade"; Hague, "A Blockaded Family"; "Our Women in War," _passim_; Jacobs, "Drug Conditions."

[490] Report of A. Roane, Chief of the Produce Loan Office; Richmond, to Secretary of Treasury Trenholm, Oct. 30, 1864, in H. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.; "Two Months in the Confederate States," p. 111.

[491] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 462.

[492] Jones, "A Rebel War Clerk's Diary," Vol. I, p. 350.

[493] Scharf, pp. 484, 486; Spears, Vol. IV, p. 56.

[494] Bancroft. "Seward," Vol. II, p. 209; Wilson, "Ironclads in Action," Vol. I, pp. 196-197.

[495] Scharf, p. 487; Wilson, pp. 187, 192.

[496] Scharf, p. 446, says that the press and public sentiment were against allowing shipment of cotton to districts or through ports held by the United States. When in danger of capture the cotton was burned. Pollard states that the Richmond authorities were opposed to allowing any extensive cotton trade through the lines or through blockaded ports, because it was believed that the Union finances were in bad condition and would not stand the loss of cotton manufacturing. Moreover, the Confederate authorities were afraid of the demoralization caused by contraband trade, and also feared that Europe might consider that licensed trade through ports in possession of the enemy, like New Orleans, was a confession of the weakness of King Cotton, and would refuse to recognize the Confederacy. "Lost Cause," pp. 484-485.

[497] The North was determined to show that cotton was not king, and to do this it must get all the cotton possible from the South by allowing a contraband trade in which nearly or quite all the profits on the cotton should be stripped off, leaving only the bare cost to the Confederate government or cotton planter. The North was willing that the South should sell all its cotton, but the North was to be middleman. Scharf, p. 443; "Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant," Vol. I, p. 331.

[498] The various proclamations, orders, regulations, and laws affecting commercial intercourse between the United States and the Confederate States will be found in a compilation of the United States Treasury Department entitled "Acts of Congress and Rules and Regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursuance thereto, with the approval of the President, concerning Commercial Intercourse with and in States and parts of States declared in insurrection, Captured, Abandoned, and Confiscable Property, the care of freedmen, and the purchase of products of insurrectionary districts on government account." The proclamations of the President will be found in the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. See also Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 56, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., and No. 23, 43d Cong., 3d Sess., p. 58; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. __, 45th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 36; Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 39. A fuller account of the trade regulations is in the _South Atlantic Quarterly_, July, 1905.

[499] Act, April 19, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[500] Act, Feb. 6, 1864, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[501] The state officials in 1862-1863 planned to exchange cotton from Mississippi and Alabama with the cotton speculators in Tennessee for bacon. Davis opposed (Pollard, p. 481), but, nevertheless, the change was made. Along the Tennessee River there was much trading with the enemy. In order to conform with the United States regulations forbidding the payment of coin for Confederate staples, the northern speculator bought Confederate and state money, often at a high price ($100 gold for $225 in Confederate currency or $120 to $125 in Alabama, Georgia, or South Carolina bank-notes), with which to carry on the cotton trade. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 10.

[502] Shorter, who was opposed to contraband trade, complained in July, 1862, that the cotton speculators in Mobile had an understanding with Butler and Farragut by which salt was allowed to come in and cotton, in unlimited quantities, allowed to go out. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, p. 21.

[503] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 16, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[504] Ho. Rept., No. 24, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[505] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 16, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[506] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 1180, 1181. Davis probably made his last official indorsement on this report, Apr. 10, 1865. He forwarded it to the Adjutant and Inspector-General with instructions to look into the matter.

[507] Somers, "The Southern States since the War," p. 134. General Grant, July 21, 1863, stated that this trade through west Tennessee was injurious to the United States forces. "Restriction, if lived up to," he said, "makes trade unprofitable and hence none but dishonest men go into it. I will venture to say, that no honest man has made money in west Tennessee in the last year, while many fortunes have been made there during the time." So vexed was General Grant with the speculators that, early in 1865, he suspended all permits, but within a month he had to remove the suspensions. Scharf, pp. 443, 446, 447.

[508] Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction," pp. 227, 235.

[509] Confederate currency was plentiful in the North, where it was made even more cheaply than in the South, and the southerners did not notice the difference.

[510] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 291-293, 638-640.

[511] Ho. Rept., No. 83, 45th Cong., 3d Sess.; No. 618, 46th Cong., 2d Sess.

[512] _N. Y. Herald_, April 7, 1864.

[513] Jacobs, "Drug Conditions," p. 7. The Southern Express Company worked in connection with the Adams, of which it had been a part before 1861.

[514] Jacobs, "Drug Conditions," pp. 7-10.

[515] Ho. Repts., 38th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 174. Before this, Samuel Noble of Rome, Georgia, representing himself as a "loyal" man (he was introduced and vouched for by George W. Quintard), made a contract with a United States Treasury agent to deliver 250,000 bales of cotton from Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. In Alabama at that time he owned 800 bales at Selma, 1256 at Mobile, and had much more contracted for. The cotton was to be delivered at Huntsville, Mobile, and places in the adjoining states. Noble was to get three-fourths of the proceeds, according to the regulations. Ho. Rept., No. 24, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[516] Statement of Professor O. D. Smith of Auburn, Ala., who was then a Confederate bonded agent operating in north Alabama.

[517] Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction," p. 232.

[518] Letter of Secretary Chase to Hon. E. B. Washburne, in Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 78, 38th Cong., 1st Sess.

[519] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 11, 1861. As early as Jan. 14, 1861, Governor Moore reported that the poorest classes were in want and that much suffering, perhaps starvation, would result unless aid were given. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 51. The soldiers' families were reported to be almost destitute in April, 1861. _Idem_, p. 220.

[520] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 31, 1861.

[521] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 29, 1861.

[522] Annual Cyclopædia (1862), p. 9.

[523] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, pp. 194, 198.

[524] Act of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 8, 1862.

[525] Act of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 11, 1862.

[526] Act of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 8, 1862.

[527] Act of Gen. Assembly, Oct. 16, 1864.

[528] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Oct. 9 and Dec. 9, 1862, and Aug. 29, 1863. Miller, "Alabama," p. 167.

[529] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 26, 1862.

[530] Act of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 28, 1862.

[531] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, p. 194.

[532] Annual Cyclopædia (1863), p. 6.

[533] _N. Y. Herald_, Dec. 26, 1863.

[534] Act, April 19, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 18th Sess.; Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 5, 1863.

[535] Act of Gen. Assembly, Aug. 29, 1863.

[536] Act of Gen. Assembly, Aug. 27, 1863.

[537] Act of Gen. Assembly, Aug. 27, 1863.

[538] Resolutions of Gen. Assembly, Aug. 27, 1863.

[539] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1863.

[540] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 4 and Dec. 7, 1863.

[541] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Oct. 7, 1864, and Dec. 13, 1864.

[542] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 9, 1864.

[543] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 13, 1864.

[544] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 4, 1864.

[545] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1862, Aug. 27 and 29, 1863, and Dec. 13, 1864.

[546] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1863. There were Confederate soldiers who were paid only twice in two years' service, and then not enough to buy a new uniform. The following incident is related of the 9th Alabama Infantry: at Chancellorsville some Federals had been captured by the regiment, and as they were being sent back over the field covered with dead Federals, one of the prisoners remarked: "You rebs are sharper than you used to be. You used to shoot us anywhere; now you shoot us in the head so as not to bloody our clothes." The 9th was a regiment of sharpshooters from north Alabama. The narrator says that the prisoner was alluding to "the practice of stripping the dead of their clothing to cover our nakedness."--"The Land We Love," Vol. II, pp. 216.

[547] The legislature had offered $200,000 for 50,000 pairs of shoes, but received none.

[548] Miller, p. 167; Acts of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1863; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 32, 196.

[549] Resolutions of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 28, 1863.

[550] Miller, "Alabama," p. 229.

[551] Miller, p. 198.

[552] Miller, "Alabama," pp. 198, 199, 229.

[553] Saunders, "Early Settlers," p. 68.

[554] Saunders, "Early Settlers," p. 206; Hague, "Blockaded Family"; Clayton, "White and Black under the Old Régime"; "Our Women in the War."

[555] Governor Shorter's Proclamation, March 1, 1862; Annual Cyclopædia (1862), p. 9.

[556] Annual Cyclopædia (1863), p. 6; Resolution, April 4, 1863, Pub. Laws, 15th Cong., 3d Sess.

[557] A report to Davis in October, 1864, stated that Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi had been supplying the Confederate armies. Georgia was exhausted, and Alabama, having sent 125,000 pounds of bacon, could do no more. Pollard, "Lost Cause," pp. 648-649. But in remote counties were large stores of supplies that could not be moved for want of transportation facilities.

[558] "Our Women in the War," p. 275 _et seq._

[559] Moore, "Rebellion Records," p. 3; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 701.

[560] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 11, 1862.

[561] Jones, "Diary," Vol. I, p. 198; Schwab, p. 180.

[562] Acts of Gen. Assembly, Nov. 8, 1862.

[563] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 13, 1864.

[564] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1862.

[565] Act of Gen. Assembly, Dec. 8, 1863.

[566] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, p. 971.

[567] In September, 1864, Surgeon Richard Potts was instructed to buy all the apple brandy to be had, at not more than $35 a gallon, but to purchase as a private individual in order not to have to pay too much. O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 682.

[568] Saunders, "Early Settlers of Alabama," p. 29; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 608.

[569] See also article by C. C. Jones, Jr., in _Magazine of American History_, Vol. XVI, pp. 168-175; J. W. Beverly (colored), "History of Alabama," p. 22.

[570] Act, Jan. 31, 1861; Beverly, "Alabama," p. 200.

[571] April 15 and 21, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess.

[572] Acts, Oct. 31 and Nov. 20, 1862.

[573] Resolutions, Aug. 29, 1863.

[574] I have known two men who hired negro substitutes to go to the army, and the negroes having been killed in battle, the whites were forced to go.

[575] Beverly, "Alabama," p. 200; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 198, 199, 207; Curry, "Civil History," p. 110; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 933.

[576] John S. Wise, "End of an Era," pp. 161, 212, speaks of the impression made by the 3d Alabama before and after the two years' service. The privates in one company in this regiment paid tax on $3,000,000.

[577] See also Beverly, "Alabama," p. 200. Several of these old body-servants have related their experiences to me.

[578] _Sewanee Review_, Vol. II, pp. 94-95; Acts of Ala., Nov. 20, 1863, and Resolution of Aug. 29, 1863; Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 10.

[579] See also C. C. Jones, Jr., in the _Magazine of American History_, Vol. XVI, pp. 168-175. When the war ended General (now Senator) Morgan was recruiting near Selma for a Confederate negro brigade.

[580] His master was named Godwin. Horace learned to make bridges, and became so skilful and was so much in demand that he was set free. By special act of the Alabama legislature he was given civil rights and at once he became a slave owner. After the war he was in Republican politics for a while, but soon went back to bridge-building.

[581] Some masters, like General John B. Gordon, informed their slaves that the victory of the North meant the freedom of the negroes. See Ku Klux Rept., Ga. Test., and _Sewanee Review_, Vol. II, p. 95. I have been told by ex-slaves that the negroes in the quarters believed from the first that their freedom would follow the defeat of the masters, but that few slaves believed that their masters could be defeated.

[582] The following are some of the various occupations in which slaves relieved whites: spinners, weavers, dyers, cutters and dressmakers, body-servants, butlers, coachmen, gardeners, carpenters, planters, brick masons, painters, tanners, shoemakers, harness makers, barrel makers, wheelwrights, blacksmiths, machinists, engineers, millers, seine and sail makers, and ship carpenters, besides farm occupations. Nearly all of the skilled laborers were negroes. Their industrial capacity was even greater during the war than in time of peace. President Winston in Proceedings of Fourth Conference for Education in the South, pp. 40, 41. See also the books of Miss Hague, Mrs. Clayton, and Booker T. Washington.

[583] Harrison, "Gospel Among the Slaves," p. 299.

[584] See Mallard, pp. 209, 210; Hague, "Blockaded Family"; Clayton, "White and Black"; "Our Women in War"; _Sewanee Review_, Vol. II, p. 95.

[585] See Mallard, p. 210; _Sewanee Review_, Vol. II, pp. 94-95; _Southern Magazine_, Jan., 1874.

[586] It has been estimated that one-fourth of the total number of negroes was not engaged in field labor, but in some kind of service which brought them into close relations with the whites. Tillinghast, "Negro in Africa and America," p. 126. And on the farms and smaller plantations also the blacks knew their "white folks."

[587] See W. H. Thomas, "American Negro," p. 41.

[588] The experiences of Reconstruction showed that the negro had only to feel the touch of a stronger hand, and, with most of them, the attachments of a lifetime were of no force. The negro was as wax in the hands of a stronger race. Hence the influence of the carpet-baggers, who were for a time the stronger power.

[589] Harrison, "Gospel among the Slaves," pp. 299, 300; McTyeire, "A History of Methodism"; Riley, "Baptists in Alabama"; Mallard, "Plantation Life," p. 74 _et seq._ W. H. Thomas (colored), "American Negro," pp. 41, 149, gives as reasons why the slaves did not revolt during the war: (1) genuine affection for the whites; (2) the desire on the part of the negro to do the duty intrusted to him; (3) and most important--the supreme and all-pervading influence of religion. The mission work among the negroes was kept up all during the war. Harrison, pp. 292-300; Tichenor, "Work of Southern Baptists among the Negroes" (pamphlet).

[590] Harrison, pp. 299, 300. For general information in regard to the negroes during the war, consult Beverly (colored), "Alabama," pp. 201, 202; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 142-157; Mallard, "Plantation Life"; Washington, "Up from Slavery"; Washington, "Future of the American Negro"; Thomas, "The American Negro"; Tillinghast, "Negro in Africa and America"; Hague, "A Blockaded Family"; Clayton, "White and Black under the Old Régime"; Smedes, "Southern Planter"; "Our Women in War."

[591] W. G. Clark, "Education in Alabama," pp. 87-92; W. G. Clark, "The Progress of Education," in "Memorial Record," Vol. I, p. 160; Acts, 1st Called Sess. (1861), p. 56; _N. Y. Daily News_, May 29, 1865; _Century Magazine_, Nov., 1889. In recent years Congress has made a grant of lands in north Alabama to replace the burned buildings. Rept. Comr. of Ed., 1899-1900, Vol. I, p. 484.

[592] Clark, "Education in Alabama," pp. 149, 152, 153, 156; "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 453.

[593] Clark, "Education in Alabama," pp. 164, 174, 179, 180.

[594] Clark, "Education in Alabama," pp. 204, 208, 259; Acts, 1st Called Sess. (1861), pp. 67, 70, 82, 113; Acts, 2d Called Sess. and 1st Regular Sess., pp. 92, 93, 94; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 347.

[595] "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 513.

[596] Clark, "Education in Alabama," pp. 6, 7, 224, 226, 229, 239, 259; Ingle, "Southern Side-Lights," p. 172.

[597] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess., April 21, 1862; 1st Cong., 2d Sess., Oct. 11, 1862.

[598] Acts, 1st Called Sess. (1861), p. 82.

[599] Acts (1862), p. 97.

[600] Acts, 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess. (1861), pp. 65, 182, 183, 223, 253, 255; Acts of 1863 and 1864, _passim_.

[601] My chief source of information in regard to the common schools during the war has been the accounts of persons who were teachers and pupils in the schools.

[602] From 1863 to 1865 W. G. Clark and Co. of Mobile, the chief educational publishers of the state, brought out a series of five readers, "The Chaudron Series,"--by Adelaide de V. Chaudron, a well-known writer of Mobile. Large numbers were sold. S. H. Goetzel of Mobile published Madame Chaudron's spelling-book, of which 40,000 copies were sold in 1864 and 1865. W. G. Clark and Co. printed a revision of Colburn's Mental Arithmetic in 1864. A Mental Arithmetic by G. Y. Browne of Tuscaloosa is dated Atlanta, 1865, but was probably published in North Carolina. In 1864 W. G. Clark and Co. announced "A Book of Geographical Questions." Before the close of the war Confederate text-books were quite common in the state. The series were usually named "Confederate," "Dixie," "Texas," "Virginia," etc. Stephen B. Weeks, in "A Preliminary Bibliography of Confederate Text-books" (Rept. of Comr. of Ed., 1898-1899, Vol. I, p. 1139), lists 16 primers, 14 spellers, 29 readers, 4 geographies, 1 dictionary, 12 arithmetics, 12 grammars, 8 books in foreign languages, 20 Sunday-school and religious works, and 10 miscellaneous educational publications. Those published in Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Virginia sold largely in Alabama. Few came from the West. See also Yates Snowden, "Confederate Books."

[603] See Weeks, "Bibliography of Confederate Text-books."

[604] See Mrs. Clayton, "White and Black," p. 115, and Hague, "Blockaded Family."

[605] See Hague, "A Blockaded Family." Miss Hague was a teacher in a plantation school during the war.

[606] W. W. Screws, "Alabama Journalism," in "Memorial Record," Vol. II, pp. 195, 234.

[607] Screws, pp. 194, 195, 205, 212, 218, 233, 234; Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess., April 21, 1862; 2d Sess., Oct. 11, 1862; Yates Snowden, "Confederate Books."

[608] Screws, pp. 161, 166, 188, 192, 231.

[609] See also Yates Snowden, "Confederate Books." I have examined copies of most of the books mentioned.

[610] Riley, "History of the Baptists of Alabama," p. 279.

[611] McPherson, "Rebellion," p. 514.

[612] Smith, "Life and Letters of James Osgood Andrew," p. 473.

[613] _N. Y. World_, Dec. 26, 1860.

[614] Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," p. 291.

[615] McPherson, "Rebellion," p. 591.

[616] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess., April 21, 1862, and 2d Sess., Oct. 11, 1862.

[617] Acts of Ala., Dec. 9, 12, and 13, 1864.

[618] _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 30, 1865.

[619] Rev. J. William Jones, "The Great Revival in the Southern Armies"; Rev. J. William Jones, "Confederate Military History," Vol. XII, p. 119 _et seq._; Bennett, "The Great Revival in the Southern Armies"; Alexander, "History of the Methodist Church South," p. 74.

[620] Hague, "Blockaded Family," pp. 111, 112, 142; Ball, "Clarke County," p. 283.

[621] For one instance, see Hague, "Blockaded Family," p. 141; and for others, Jones on the "Morale of the Confederate Armies," in Vol. XII, "Confederate Military History."

[622] By the Alabama Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, there was appropriated for slave missions in the state

From 1829 to 1844 $17,366.36 From 1845 to 1864 340,166.67

Before the separation the planters were not favorably inclined toward Methodist missionaries on account of the attitude of the northern section of the church. They preferred the Baptists and Presbyterians, who did most of their work with the blacks in connection with the white congregations. After the separation, in 1845, there was a greater demand for Methodist missionaries. Many planters of the Episcopal Church paid the salaries of Baptist and Methodist missionaries to their slaves, and erected chapels for their use. Harrison, "Gospel among the Slaves," pp. 302, 312, 313, 326. In 1860 there were 20,577 negro southern Methodists in Alabama, about half of whom were attached to the white churches and the rest to plantation missions. The number was rapidly increasing. The number of negro Baptists was much greater, but there are no exact statistics of membership. There were smaller numbers in all the other churches.

[623] The following statistics relate to colored mission work by the Methodists:--

================================================================= YEAR| NUMBER OF MISSIONS |MEMBERS|MISSIONARIES|APPROPRIATIONS ----|-----------------------|-------|------------|--------------- 1859| 38 | 8381 | 39 | $25,849.10 1860| 40 | 9208 | 40 | 27,091.66 1861| 40 | ---- | 40 | 27,091.66 1862| 36 | 8962 | 35 | 10,800.00 1863| 37 | 9020 | 37 | 31,311.59 1864| 22 | 5153 | 22 | 24,508.00 |(Montgomery Conference)| | | 1864| 23 | 5684 | 33 | 26,938.16 | (Mobile Conference) | | | 1865| | | |Some money was | | | | raised in 1864 | | | | for 1865. =================================================================

The General Conference raised, in 1862, $93,509.87 for negro missions; in 1864, $158,421.96; and, for 1865, $80,000.

[624] Harrison, p. 314.

[625] Riley, "Baptists of Alabama."

[626] Hague, pp. 10, 11.

[627] Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," pp. 286, 300; McTyeire, "A History of Methodism," p. 671; Tichenor, "The Work of the Baptists among the Negroes." The war records of the churches show that sometimes the slaves gave more money for church purposes than the whites; for example, in the Methodist church of Auburn, Ala.

[628] Smith, "Methodists in Georgia and Florida."

[629] McPherson, p. 521.

[630] McPherson, p. 521.

[631] McPherson, pp. 521, 522; Nicolay and Hay, Vol. V, p. 337.

[632] See _Gulf States Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1902, on "The Churches in Alabama during Civil War and Reconstruction"; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 718; _Southern Review_, April, 1872, p. 414; _Boston Journal_, Nov. 15, 1864; McTyeire, "A History of Methodism," p. 673.

[633] Richardson, "Lights and Shadows of Itinerant Life," p. 183.

[634] See Whitaker's paper in Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 211 _et seq._

[635] Col. Higginson seems to understand the influence of the women, but not the reason for their interest in public questions. He says: "But for the women of the seceding states, the War of the Rebellion would have been waged more feebly, been sooner ended, and far more easily forgotten.... Had the voters of the South been all women, it would have plunged earlier into the gulf of secession, dived deeper, and come up even more reluctantly." Higginson, "Common Sense about Women," pp. 54, 209. Professor Burgess, with a better understanding, explains the reason for the interest of the women in sectional questions. He says that, after the attempt of John Brown to incite the slaves to insurrection, "especially did terror and bitterness take possession of the hearts of the women of the South, who saw in slave insurrection not only destruction and death, but that which to feminine virtue is a thousand times worse than the most terrible death. For those who would excite such a movement or sympathize with anybody who would excite such a movement, the women of the South felt a hatred as undying as virtue itself. Men might still hesitate ... but the women were united and resolute, and their unanimous exhortation was: 'Men of the South, defend the honor of your mothers, your wives, your sisters, and your daughters. It is your highest and most sacred duty.'" Burgess, "Civil War and the Constitution," Vol. I, p. 42.

[636] "Our Women in War," _passim_; Ball, "Clarke County," pp. 261-274; oral accounts, scrap-books, letters.

[637] One of my acquaintances says that quite often she had only bread, milk, and syrup twice a day. Sometimes she was unable to eat any breakfast, but after spinning an hour or two she was hungry enough to eat. To many the diet was very healthful, but the sick and the delicate often died for want of proper food.

[638] At the close of the war my mother was twelve years old; for more than two years she had been doing a woman's task at spinning. Her sister had been spinning for a year, though she was only six years old.

[639] Many of the heavier articles woven during the war, such as coverlets, counterpanes, rugs, etc., are still, after forty years, almost as good as new.

[640] Acts, Dec., 1861, 2d Called and 1st Regular Sess., p. 70.

[641] Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; Miller, pp. 223-232; "Our Women in the War," p. 275 _et seq._; Clayton, "White and Black under the Old Régime," pp. 112-149; Porcher, "Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests," pp. 70, 107, 284-295, 351, 372, 657.

[642] Clayton, "White and Black under the Old Régime"; Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; Miller, p. 229; Jacobs, "Drug Conditions," p. 16; oral accounts; Porcher, _passim_.

[643] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 1073-1075; Jacobs, "Drug Conditions."

[644] Jacobs, pp. 4-6, 12-14, 16-21; Porcher, p. 65.

[645] Hague, "Blockaded Family."

[646] Jacobs, "Drug Conditions," pp. 4-6, 12-14, 16-21; Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; "Our Women in the War"; Ball, "Clarke County"; Miller, "Alabama"; Porcher; Pub. So. Hist. Ass'n, March, 1903.

[647] Smedes, "A Southern Planter," p. 226.

[648] In the early part of the war when a soldier received a slight wound he was given a furlough for a few weeks until he was well again. Slight wounds came to be called "furloughs," and some soldiers when particularly homesick are said to have exposed themselves unnecessarily in order to get a "furlough."

[649] See _Boston Journal_, Sept. 29 and Nov. 15, 1864.

[650] See Mrs. Clayton's "White and Black" in regard to rations for negroes.

[651] See Acts of Ala., Nov. 28 and 30, 1861, Dec. 9, 1862, and Dec. 8, 1863; Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, pp. 219 _et seq._

[652] It was estimated that one-fourth of the people of the state were furnished for three years with meal and salt.

[653] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. IV (1862).

[654] _N. Y. News_, March 29, 1864, from the _Richmond Whig_, from the _Mobile Evening News_; oral accounts. There were numbers of women who actually cut off their hair, thinking that it could be sold through the blockade. For a while they were hopeful and enthusiastic in regard to the plan of selling their hair.

[655] P. A. Hague's "Blockaded Family" is the best account of life in Alabama during the war. Mrs. Clayton's "White and Black under the Old Régime" is very good, but brief. "Our Women in the War" is a valuable collection of articles by a number of women. Nearly all the incidents mentioned I have heard related by relatives and friends. "John Holden, Unionist," by T. C. De Leon, gives a good account of life in the hill country. Mary A. H. Gay's "Life in Dixie during the War" and Miller's "History of Alabama" give information based on personal experiences. Porcher's "Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests," published in 1863, is a mine of information in regard to economic conditions in the South. Porcher quotes much from the newspapers and from correspondence. The second edition, published in 1867, omits much of the more interesting material.

[656] In his inaugural proclamation of July 20 (or 21), 1865, Governor Parsons gives the following figures:--

Alabama male population (1860), 15 to 60 years 126,587 Connecticut male population (1860), 15 to 60 years 120,249 Alabama soldiers enlisted 122,000 Connecticut soldiers enlisted 40,000 Alabama soldiers died in service 35,000 Alabama soldiers disabled 35,000

_N. Y. Times_, Aug. 2, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, Aug. 11, 1865; Parsons's Message, Nov. 22, 1865; Parsons's Speech at Cooper Institute, Nov. 13, 1865.

[657] Fowler's Report, Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. II, p. 188.

[658] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[659] _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865.

[660] Southern Hist. Soc. Papers, Vol. XV (Paroles at Appomattox); Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 233; Brewer, "Regimental Histories."

[661] Census of 1866, _Selma Times and Messenger_, March 24, 1868.

[662]

WHITES BLACKS 1860 526,271 1860 437,770 1866 522,799 1866 423,445 1870 521,384 1870 475,510

Censuses of 1860, 1866, 1870.

[663] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[664] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 141.

[665] Miller, "Alabama," p. 141 (Auditor's Report).

[666] 1860, 6,385,724 acres; 1880, 6,375,706 acres.

[667] 1860, $7,433,178; 1890, $4,511,645; 1900, $8,675,900.

[668] Which must be reduced by one-fifth for depreciated currency.

[669] See Census Bulletin, No. 155, 12th Census.

[670] Census, 1860 and 1900; Miller, "Alabama," p. 235.

[671] _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, 1865 (Truman).

[672] The explosion was caused by fire reaching the ordnance stores left by the Confederate troops. One of the cotton agents claimed that 9000 bales of cotton were destroyed for him in the explosion. But the government held otherwise. It was charged, without satisfactory proof, that the cotton agents caused the explosion to cover their shortage.

[673] "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 321.

[674] "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 427.

[675] M. G. Molinari, "Lettres sur les États-Unis et le Canada," p. 233; Somers, "Southern States," pp. 181, 183.

[676] Somers, "Southern States," p. 114; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[677] John Hardy, "History of Selma," pp. 51, 52; Reid, "After the War," pp. 211, 214, 222, 371; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 233-235; Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (Patton to Congress); _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, Oct. 31, and Aug. 17, 1865; Riley, "History of Conecuh County"; Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," pp. 304, 305; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 65, 69; Brown, "Alabama," pp. 254, 256; DuBose, "Alabama," pp. 114, 115; "Our Women in the War," p. 277 _et seq._

[678] Somers, "Southern States," p. 115.

[679] Somers, "Southern States," p. 115.

[680] Somers, "Southern States," p. 114.

[681] Reid, "After the War," pp. 222, 371; Ball, "Clarke County," p. 294; Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," pp. 304-305; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, July 23, 1865.

[682] An indignant northern newspaper correspondent appealed to the military authorities to check this "rebellious discrimination," but nothing was done. The railroad officials, as well as all other southern people, were now suspicious of paper money.

[683] Ho. Repts., Vol. IV, 39th Cong., 2d Sess., on "Affairs of Southern Railroads"; Trowbridge, "The South," p. 451; Reid, "After the War," p. 212; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 78, 79; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 141, 234; _N. Y. World_, July 18, 1865; _Selma Times_, Jan. 25 and Feb. 2, 1866; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865; April 25 and July 2, 1866; Berney, "Handbook of Alabama"; Hodgson, "Alabama Manual and Statistical Register."

[684] _N. Y. Herald_, June 17 and Aug. 30, 1865; Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction," pp. 227, 228; Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 237; McCulloch, "Men and Measures," p. 235.

[685] _N. Y. Herald_, July 17 and 20, 1865; _N. Y. World_, July 20, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 17 and Dec. 27, 1865; Miller, "History of Alabama," pp. 235, 237; Herbert, "The Solid South," pp. 18, 19; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 451; oral accounts.

[686] "Our Women in the War," p. 279; Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," pp. 304, 305. See also Elizabeth McCracken, "The Southern Woman and Reconstruction," in the _Outlook_, Nov., 1903.

[687] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 238; Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866.

[688] Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 205, 206.

[689] _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, 1865 (Truman).

[690] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 5, 1895; Report of Carl Schurz.

[691] _Chicago Tribune_, (fall of) 1865, Montgomery correspondence.

[692] Governor Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866.

[693] Oral accounts; _Daily News_, Sept. 3, 1865 (Selma correspondence).

[694] Ordinances, No. 4, Sept. 20, 1865, and No. 54, Sept. 30, 1865.

[695] Reid, "After the War," pp. 351, 352; Ordinance, No. 43, Sept. 30, 1865.

[696] _Daily Times_, Aug. 17, Nov. 2, and Dec. 27, 1865; Report of Carl Schurz; oral accounts.

[697] Report of the Freedmen's Bureau, Oct. 24, 1865; Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 140.

[698] _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 10, 1865. See also Resolutions of Legislature, 1865-1866.

[699] Joint Memorial and Resolutions of the General Assembly, in Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 598-600.

[700] Memorial and Joint Resolutions, Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 601-603.

[701] Miller, "Alabama," p. 242.

[702] _N. Y. Herald_, Dec. 15, 1865.

[703] The wife of one of these officers was a notorious prostitute.

[704] _Selma Times_, Feb. 22, 1866.

[705] From Ms. account by a citizen of Greensboro. The young man who came so near hanging was some years later a hotel proprietor in Birmingham and created much newspaper discussion by ordering General Sherman to leave his hotel.

[706] See Mrs. Clayton, "White and Black Under the Old Régime," pp. 152-153.

[707] Washington, "Up From Slavery," pp. 23, 24.

[708] _Columbus_ (Ga.) _Sun_, Nov. 22, 1865; _The World_, July 20, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, July 23, 1865; Parsons's Speech, Cooper Institute, Nov. 13, 1865; Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," pp. 305, 307; Ball, "Clarke County," p. 294; Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 19, 20; Miller, "History of Alabama," Ch. CXLI; oral accounts.

[709] _N. Y. Herald_, Aug. 27, 1865; _Mobile Register_, Aug. 16, 1865.

[710] _Huntsville Advocate_, July 26 and Nov. 9, 1865; McTyeire, "History of Methodism"; Riley, "Baptists of Alabama"; conversations with various negroes and whites.

[711] Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 85.

[712] _DeBow's Review_, March, 1866.

[713]

Negro population in 1860 437,770 Negro population in 1866 423,325 ------- Decrease 14,445

[714] Estimated 20,000--Census of 1866.

[715] _Southern Mag._, Jan., 1874. Authorities as already noted and _DeBow's Review_, March, 1866; _Montgomery Advertiser_, March 21, 1866; Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 85; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865; _Huntsville Advocate_, Nov. 9, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, July 17, 1865; _N. Y. News_, Sept. 7 and Dec. 4, 1865; Census of 1866 in _Selma Times and Messenger_, March 24, 1868; Mrs. Clayton, "White and Black," pp. 152, 153; "Our Women in the War"; Thomas, "The American Negro," p. 190; Report of the Joint Committee, Pt. III, p. 140; B. C. Truman, Report to the President, April 9, 1866; Carl Schurz, Report to the President, see Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; General Grant, Report to the President, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[716] _Southern Mag._, Jan., 1874.

[717] Protestant Episcopal Freedmen's Commission, Occasional Papers, Jan., 1866.

[718] _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 17, 1865, Jan. 25, Feb. 12, and July 2, 1866; _N. Y. Herald_, June 24, 1866; _The Nation_, Feb. 15 and April 19, 1866; Reid, "After the War," pp. 369-371; Reports of Grant, Truman, and Schurz; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Fisk); Herbert, "Solid South," p. 20; Paper by Petrie in Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 465.

[719] Brown, "Alabama," p. 259.

[720] _Montgomery Advertiser_, Dec., 1865, and Jan. 31, 1866; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31 and Dec. 27, 1865; _N. Y. News_, Dec. 4, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, Dec., 1865, and Jan. 31, 1866; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 42, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (W. H. Smith); Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 2d Sess. (Swayne's Report); Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," p. 305; Trowbridge, "The South," p. 445; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 228, 229; Somers, "South since the War," p. 134; _Huntsville Advocate_, Nov. 23, 1865.

[721] _Montgomery Advertiser_, Jan. 31, 1866.

[722] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Buckley's Report, Jan. 16, 1865; Report of John H. Hurst and A. B. Strickland, Oct. 4, 1865.

[723] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; R. T. Smith to Swayne, Jan. 6, 1866 (in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.); W. H. Smith, D. C. Humphreys, and J. J. Giers, Memorial to Congress, Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 42, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866.

[724] Report of M. H. Cruikshank, March, 1866.

[725] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess; _National Intelligencer_, Oct. 2, 1866.

[726] _Huntsville Independent_, April 3 and 19, 1866; _Selma Times_, June 9, 1866; oral accounts.

[727] W. Garrett to Swayne, Jan. 15, 1866, in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 38th Cong., 1st Sess.

[728] _Chicago Tribune_, June 2, 1866 (Correspondent at Bellefonte, Jackson County); _Huntsville Independent_, April 3 and 19, 1866; Reports of General Swayne, 1865-1866.

[729] March 8, 1867, General Howard of the Freedmen's Bureau reported that in Alabama there were 10,000 whites and 5000 blacks in a destitute condition, and that during the next five months, owing to the failure of the crops in 1866, there would be needed 2,250,000 rations valued at $562,500, or 25 cents per ration. Sen. Ex. Docs., No. 1, 40th Cong., 1st Sess. Report of Swayne, Oct. 31, 1866; Report of Com. Bureau, Nov. 1, 1867; G. O., No. 4, Hq. Dist. of Ala., Montgomery, Oct. 10, 1866.

[730] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Oct. 24, 1868.

[731] Swayne's Report, Nov., 1866; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.; Reid, "After the War," p. 221; Freedmen's Bureau Report, Nov. 1, 1866, Nov. 1, 1867, Oct. 2, 1868; and other authorities noted above.

[732] These were general agents, supervising special agents, assistant special agents, local special agents, agency aids, aids to the revenue, customs officers, and superintendents of freedmen. Rules and Regulations, July 29, 1864. Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.

[733] Amended regulations, Sec. IV, March 30, 1865.

[734] Rules and Regulations, Sec. IX, Treasury Department, May 9, 1865. Renewed by Circular Instructions, May 16, 1865, and in force to June 30, 1865. In Alabama the regulation was enforced during the entire summer. Ho. Rept., No. 83, 45th Cong., 3d Sess.

[735] McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 9.

[736] Proclamations, June 13 and 23, 1865.

[737] Proclamation, Aug. 29, 1865.

[738] Wilson burned at Selma 32,000 bales, and at Columbus, Ga., 150,000 bales, much of which came from Alabama. During the raid he destroyed 275,000 bales, 125,000 of which were burned in Alabama. The Confederates destroyed at Montgomery 80,000 bales (other accounts say 97,000 and 125,000; see Greeley, Vol. II, p. 19). Government cotton was, of course, the first destroyed, and there is no doubt but that nearly all of it was burned either by the raiders or by the Confederates to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. Cotton was also destroyed at Mobile and by the Federal armies that came up from the South.

[739] Report of A. Roane, Chief of the Produce Loan, C.S.A. Office, in Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.

[740] Roane then estimated that by April 1, 1865, the Confederacy owned in all no more than 150,000 bales. Dr. Curry, a member of the Confederate Congress, stated that only 250,000 bales were ever owned by the Confederate government. "Civil History," pp. 115, 128. F. S. Lyon, when a member of the Confederate Congress in 1864, found that the Confederacy had a claim on about 150,000 bales scattered over ten states. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., 1426.

[741] J. Barr Robertson, "The Confederate Debt and Private Southern Debts," p. 25.

[742] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 78, 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (Chase).

[743] Circular, Sept. 9, 1865.

[744] Act, March 12, 1863.

[745] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.; Treasury Department Doc., No. 2261. According to a decision of the Supreme Court in case of Klein _vs._ United States (13 Wallace, 128), "disloyal" owners might become "loyal" by pardon and thus have all rights of property restored. This was the effect of proclamations of the President. "The restoration of the proceeds [then] became the absolute right of persons pardoned." See Ho. Repts., No. 784, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., and No. 1377; 52d Cong., 1st Sess. The Attorney-General stated that "Congress took notice of the fact that captures of private property on land had been made and would continue to be made by the armies as a necessary and proper means of diminishing the wealth and thus reducing the powers of the insurgent rulers," and that after a seizure had been made there could be no question of whether the usages of war were observed or violated, except through the courts; the President and the Secretary of the Treasury had no discretion in the matter. Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 114, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. According to the opinion of the United States law officers, "No one who submitted to the Confederate States, obeyed their laws, and contributed to support their government ought to recover under the statute" of March 12, 1863, See Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 22, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.

[746] Secretary McCulloch to President of the Senate, Jan. 16, 1869. Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 22, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., No. 37, 39th Cong., 25th Sess.

[747] Department Circular, No. 4, Jan. 9, 1900; 15 Stats.-at-Large, p. 251.

[748] See Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 16, 42d Cong., 2d Sess.; No. 12, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.; No. 23, 43d Cong., 1st Sess.; No. 18, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.; No. 30, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.; No. 4, 45th Cong., 2d Sess.; Nos. 10 and 30, 46th Cong., 2d Sess.; also Treasury Department Doc., No. 2261 (1901); Department Circular, No. 4. Jan. 9, 1900.

[749] Sen. Rept., No. 41, Pt. I, pp. 442, 445, 42d Cong., 2d Sess.

[750] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 1941.

[751] Curry, "Civil History Confederate States," pp. 115, 126, 128. See testimony of Lieut.-Col. Hunter Brooke in Rept. Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 115.

[752] Whitelaw Reid, "After the War," p. 204.

[753] Reid, "After the War," pp. 208, 209.

[754] Miller, "Alabama," p. 236.

[755] One who suffered writes from Selma: "Our cotton, the only thing left us with which to buy the necessaries of life, was seized at the point of the bayonet under the plea that it was Confederate cotton and that it was being seized by the government for its own use, whereas it was taken by the officers and sold, and the money put into their own pockets. It was then worth $255 a bale. Gen. ---- commanded at this place, and he and his staff coined money faster than a mint could turn it out." Judge B. H. Craig. In July, 1865, a train of wagons at Talladega was sent to the ginnery of Ross Green, at Alexandria, and 59 bales of cotton, Green's own property, worth $100 a bale in gold, were carried off. Miller, p. 236.

[756] Testimony in Rept. of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 115; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 1426. F. S. Lyon said that the people would have been better reconciled to the confiscation had the cotton been sold for the benefit of the United States, but it was plainly stolen by the agents and the army, and they began to resist in every way. Some of them concealed Confederate cotton; some stole from the government, some from the agents what the latter had stolen from them; some went into partnership with the agents. No one believed that any one except the original owner had a right to the cotton, and they did anything to get even.

[757] Miller, p. 236; _N. Y. Times_, March 2 and Aug. 30, 1865. In the Black Belt the United States military authorities collected the tax-in-kind which had been levied by the Confederate authorities but not collected. One planter had to pay one thousand bushels of corn, two barrels of syrup, and smaller quantities of other produce. From those who refused to pay the tax was taken forcibly. See Ku Klux Rept., p. 446 (F. S. Lyon).

[758] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 30, 46th Cong., 2d Sess.

[759] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 447; Reid, "After the War," pp. 208, 209, 375; _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 30, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, June 23, 1865.

[760] _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 30 and Nov. 2, 1865; _De Bow's Review_, 1866; oral accounts.

[761] McCulloch, "Men and Measures," pp. 234, 235.

[762] Sen. Rept., No. 41, Pt. I, 42d Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 442-445.

[763] The minority Ku Klux Report asserted that it was a well-known fact that Draper when appointed cotton agent was a bankrupt, and that when he died he was a millionnaire.

[764] The cotton secured in this way was, it was claimed, sold as "waste," "trash," or "dog tail" to some friend of the agent, who would divide with the latter.

[765] All freight, agency, auctioneer, insurance, storage, etc., charges, and fees for legal advice, were charged against the cotton, and had to be paid before it was restored.

[766] Probably Draper was correct here. The agents would consign to him all cotton that they felt sure the government had record of, and the rest they sold for their own benefit.

[767] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.

[768] Secretary McCulloch to President of the Senate, March 2, 1867, in Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 37, 39th Cong., 2d Sess. In this way, during the summer of 1865, $616,844.34 was restored to owners, and to the end of 1866 $1,018,459.83 was restored. Most of the owners lived in Alabama and Louisiana.

[769] See Brewer, p. 375, and Garrett, p. 587. Lyon was one of the most useful, reliable, and respected public men of Alabama and his account is entitled to confidence. He had been a lawyer, clerk of the senate, senator, member of Congress, state bank commissioner, presidential elector, member Confederate Congress, etc.

[770] Letter to F. P. Blair, in Sen. Rept., No. 41, Pt. I, p. 445, 42d Cong., 2d Sess.

[771] Under the reconstruction government Dustin held the office of major-general of militia.

[772] See Ku Klux Rept., pp. 444-446. Letter of F. S. Lyon to General Blair. Also Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 1410-1426, 1661.

Lyon had been agent for the Confederate Produce Loan, and consequently knew what was government cotton and what was not. After the war he acted as attorney for those whose cotton was unlawfully seized. The general officers commanding in his district approved his conduct, but he was hated by the cotton agents, who frequently complained of his "rebellious conduct." Lyon tried to save even the cotton pledged to the Confederacy, on the ground that the promise or sale had not been completed and that the transaction was void from the beginning, and that the right of capture did not exist after the close of the war.

[773] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 146.

[774] Calculation based on subscriptions to Produce Loan. Most of it had been destroyed.

[775] _N. Y. Times_, June 2, 1865; _Huntsville Advocate_, May 26, 1866. Report of Grand Jury.

[776] _N. Y. Times_, June 2, 1866.

[777] Worth $500,000, at the lowest price.

[778] G. O., No. 55, Department of Ala., Oct. 30, 1865; G. O., No. 8, Department of Ala., Feb. 14, 1866; Ms. records in War Department archives. For years these men were in prison while their friends were working to secure their release. The principal arguments for Dexter's release were the virtue of his wife's relations in New England and the illegality of the trial before the military commission in time of peace. Judging from the tone of the indorsements he was probably released, though there is no record of the fact in the archives. The manuscript proceedings of the trial show that thousands of bales of cotton had been "spirited away," but everything was in such a state of confusion that little could be plainly proven against the agents. Only one thing was certain, "that much more cotton was seized for the government than was received by the government." The investigation was hushed up as soon as possible; too many were implicated.

[779] Sen. Rept., No. 41, Pt. I, pp. 442, 445, 42d Cong., 2d Sess. This estimate is probably too large for both numbers.

[780] "Civil History, Confederate States," pp. 115, 128.

[781] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 37, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[782] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 56, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.

[783] Sen. Rept., No. 41, Pt. I, p. 444, 42d Cong., 2d Sess.

[784] After which date confiscation was forbidden by Treasury regulation.

[785] An example of the way charges were piled up: A lot of 448 bales of cotton was seized in Eufaula, Alabama, and shipped to New York, _via_ Appalachicola. The expenses were:--

Expenses to and at Appalachicola $24,264.85 Freight 4,164.69 Expenses at New York 2,500.05 Information and collecting 30,893.31 --------- Total expenses 61,822.90 Gross proceeds of sale 78,352.56 Net proceeds of sale 16,529.66

Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 23, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.

The following cotton statistics show how the Mobile agents ran up expenses:--

J. R. Dillon, 1st Agency: Cotton sales $57,033.66 Total proceeds of all sales 129,076.33 Expenses, total 64,350.01

S. B. Eaton, 1st Agency: Cotton sold 15,963.01 Total receipts 27,799.48 Total expenses 27,799.48

T. C. A. Dexter, 9th Agency: Cotton sold 39,945.39 Total receipts 783,152.62 Expenses 485,137.77

J. M. Tomeny, 9th Agency: Cotton sold 14,159.51 Total receipts 208,185.63 Expenses 208,185.63

Total expenses of every kind amounted to 6,546,000.95

On receipts of 34,396,189.95

Of which cotton sold for 29,518,041.17

[786] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 56, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.

[787] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 97, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[788] See Ku Klux Rept., pp. 443-446; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 37, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 97, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 113, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 23, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.; Department Circular, No. 4, Jan. 9, 1900.

[789] Department Circular, No. 4, Jan. 9, 1900; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 23, 43d Cong., 2d Sess. There are imperfect records of only two Alabama agencies, which reported a certain number of bales seized. The other agencies did not report their operations in Alabama. The agents not reporting were: J. R. Dillon, H. M. Buckley, S. B. Eaton, E. P. Hotchkiss, L. Ellis, A. D. Banks, James and Ellis Carver, and perhaps others. None of the numerous collecting agents made reports or kept records. In 1876, thirty-three cotton agents were defaulters to the United States, one man owing the United States $337,460.44. Of these, sixteen were not to be found anywhere. Four of the defaulters had operated in Alabama. These men were by their own records defaulters--having failed to turn over to the government the proceeds of sales they had reported. Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 190, 44th Cong., 1st Sess.

[790] In addition to the tax of twenty-five per cent on purchases of cotton levied by a Treasury regulation during the war and in force during 1865. Treasury regulations, May 9, 1865. See also President's proclamation, in McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 9.

[791] Governor Patton, in his message of Nov. 12, 1866, stated that the cotton tax of three cents a pound was oppressive and unjust, a burden on the farmers and on the laborers also; that the tax went into the United States Treasury and then passed into the hands of the manufacturers as a gratuity of three cents per pound; that there was no way of getting the ruinous tax raised or lightened unless by an appeal in the form of a petition; that the people of Alabama had no voice in the government; that this "law paralyzes our energies and represses the development of our resources and is injurious to the whole country." Governor's Message, House Journal, 1866-1867, p. 21.

[792] Twenty states and territories are not included in these sums, as no reports were received from them. Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 181, 42d Cong., 3d Sess., and Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 2, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[793] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 181, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.

[794] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 47, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 181, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.

[795] $54,191,229 in 1870.

[796] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 181, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.

[797] The cotton tax was justified on the ground that while Alabama had paid $14,200,982 from 1862 to 1872, New Jersey had paid a total tax of $48,528,298, the two states having very nearly the same population. But no account was taken of the fact that for four years no tax was collected from Alabama by the United States, while nearly all of the movable wealth was destroyed during the war, and that in 1865 property was almost non-existent in Alabama. New Jersey, however, was a rich state. Alabama had besides paid an enormous war tax and had been looted of millions of dollars' worth of cotton. And in Alabama there were 500,000 negroes who paid no tax, while most of the population of New Jersey were taxpayers. Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 181, 42d Cong., 3d Sess.

[798] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 34, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[799] Sen. Mis. Doc., No. 100, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (A. A. Low, Chairman of Committee of the N. Y. Chamber of Commerce).

[800] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 383, 403 (General Pettus); Journal of the Convention of 1867.

[801] See Saunders, "Early Settlers," p. 31 (Reverdy Johnson to Saunders). Jan. 18, 1872, the Alabama legislature (Republican Senate and Democratic House) memorialized Congress, asking to have the cotton tax refunded to the impoverished people, and stating that the tax was "most unjust and oppressive, a direct tax upon industry"; that to refund the tax would be "evenhanded but tardy justice." Acts of Ala., 1871-1872, pp. 445-446. A similar petition was made on Feb. 23, 1875. Acts of Ala., 1874-1875, p. 674.

[802] In December, 1903, Representative J. S. Williams of Mississippi introduced a measure in Congress to refund the amount of the cotton tax to the southern states.

[803] It is difficult to understand now how thoroughly the Confederate soldier realized that the questions at issue were decided against him. But that it was a crime to have been a Confederate soldier, he did not understand. See also testimony of John B. Gordon and of Edmund W. Pettus in the Ku Klux Testimony.

[804] A neglected point of view is the attitude of the Confederate soldier. He had surrendered with arms in hand, and certain terms had been made with him, as he thought, a contract, embodied in the parole. This he believed secured his rights in return for laying down arms, and that as long as he was law-abiding his rights were to be inviolate. He was well pleased with the "spirit of Appomattox," but nearly all that happened after Appomattox was in violation, he felt, of the terms of surrender. The whole radical programme was contrary to the contract made with men who had arms in their hands. Lee had decided that there should be no guerilla warfare, and in return certain moral obligations rested on the North. See the statements of General (now Senator) Edmund W. Pettus, in Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 377, 383, and of General John B. Gordon, in Ga. Test., pp. 314, 332, 333, 343.

[805] See "Our Women in the War," p. 280; Ball, "Clarke County," p. 463; Le Conte, "Autobiography," p. 236.

[806] _N. Y. Herald_, June 17 and Aug. 30, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 17 and Oct. 31, 1865; Mrs. Clay, "A Belle of the Fifties"; _Nation_, Feb. 15, 1865; oral accounts; Clayton, "White and Black under the Old Régime."

[807] Letter concerning affairs at the South, Dec. 18, 1865, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 2, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.; McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 67. General Grant's conclusions were undoubtedly correct, but they evidently could not be based on the information gathered in a week's journeying through the South. This gave the Radicals an opportunity to attack his report as being based on insufficient information. But General Grant knew the men against whom he had fought, he had talked with many of the representative men of the South, and through military channels was well informed as to actual conditions at the South.

[808] Report of Carl Schurz, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. Schurz made a journey of more than two months through the southern states. Judging from the testimony which he submits, his confidence must have been confined to the officers of the Freedmen's Bureau. As a foreigner (a German), he would not be able, even if so inclined, to ascertain anything of the sentiments of the representative people. However, his report was evidently not based entirely on the evidence submitted with it; if it had been, it would have been even more unfavorable. In _McClure's Magazine_, January, 1904, Schurz has an article which is practically a rewriting of this report made nearly forty years before. He repeats some of the same stories told him then, and endeavors to reconcile his attitude in 1865-1866 with his course as a Liberal Republican in 1871-1872.

[809] Report of Benjamin C. Truman to the President, April 9, 1866, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 43, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; _N. Y. Times_, March 2, 1865. Truman spent two months in Alabama, and saw many prominent men whom Schurz did not see, and came in contact with thousands of other citizens. His aim was to picture conditions as they were. The newspaper correspondents, regardless of politics, gave better accounts than the volunteer officers, who had little training or education and much prejudice.

[810] See Blaine, Vol. II, p. 127.

[811] The sub-committee: Senator Harris (New York) and Senator Boutwell (Massachusetts) and Morrill (Vermont) from the House.

[812] Smith and Humphreys.

[813] J. J. Giers.

[814] M. J. Saffold. He was pardoned by President Johnson for that offence.

[815] George E. Spencer, Colonel 1st Alabama Union Cavalry.

[816] The witnesses who furnished testimony to the Congressional committee were:--

================================================================== NAME | NATIVITY | REMARKS ------------------------------|----------------|------------------ 1. Warren Kelsey | Massachusetts | Cotton speculator 2. General Edward Hatch | Iowa | Volunteer army 3. General George E. Spencer | Iowa | Volunteer army 4. William H. Smith | Alabama | Deserter 5. J. J. Giers | Alabama | Tory 6. Mordecai Mobley | Iowa | 7. General George H. Thomas | Virginia | U. S. Army 8. General Clinton B. Fisk | North | Freedmen's Bureau 9. M. J. Saffold | Alabama | "Union" man 10. D. C. Humphreys | Alabama | Deserter 11. Colonel Milton M. Bane | Illinois | Volunteer army 12. General Joseph R. West | California | Volunteer army 13. Colonel Hunter Brooke | North | Volunteer army 14. General Grierson | Illinois | Volunteer army 15. General Swayne | North | Freedmen's Bureau 16. General C. C. Andrews | Minnesota | Volunteer army 17. General Chetlain | Illinois | Volunteer army 18. General Tarbell | North | Volunteer army ==================================================================

[817] One of these men (W. H. Smith) became the first scalawag governor of Alabama, another (George E. Spencer) became a United States senator by negro votes, the third (Giers) was provided for in the departments at Washington, the fourth (Saffold) became a circuit judge in Alabama, and the fifth (Humphreys) a judge of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. See Herbert, "The Solid South," pp. 19, 20.

[818] Testimony of General Swayne, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Pt. III, pp. 138-141.

[819] Other witnesses gave, in some respects, more favorable testimony, though most of them were very much more bitter. General Swayne showed no bias except the natural bias of one who did not understand the people, and who had no sympathy with any of the southern social or political principles. Of the northern men he was the best qualified by experience and observation to testify as to conditions in the South. He was an intelligent, educated man, trained in the law, and had a good military record. Most of the others were distinctly below his standard,--ignorant, prejudiced officers of volunteers from the West.

[820] General Swayne was in Alabama nearly three years as the head of the unpopular Freedmen's Bureau, and his accounts, from first to last, of conditions in Alabama were marked by a fairness which can be found in but little of the official correspondence from the South. He believed in the Freedmen's Bureau, in negro suffrage, and in the political proscription of white leaders; but his feelings influenced his judgment but little, and, unlike other Bureau officials, he never made misrepresentations.

[821] _The Nation_, Feb. 15, 1866.

[822] _Huntsville Advocate_, July 26, 1865.

[823] Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 29, 30; _Atlantic Monthly_, Feb., 1901.

[824] See Memorial of William H. Smith, J. J. Giers, and D. C. Humphreys to Congress, Feb., 1866, in Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 42, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. Testimony of the same and of M. J. Saffold in Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866; letter of D. H. Bingham from West Point, New York; Reid, "After the War," _passim_.

[825] See Le Conte, "Autobiography," p. 236; Montgomery correspondent in _N. Y. Daily News_, May 7, 1866.

[826] A newspaper correspondent, the guest of ex-Governor C. C. Clay, wrote: "While the Yankee boldly marched in at the front door into his [Clay's] parlors and best chambers to dream loyal dreams and rest now that the warfare's o'er, the quondam aristocrat [a son of ex-Governor Clay, editor of a paper in Huntsville, had been outlawed for his sentiments during the occupation of north Alabama by the Federal troops and was in hiding] must plod around to the rear and there eat the (corn) bread of mad passion weighed down with mad remorse." Letter from a travelling correspondent of the _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 17, 1865. The _Times_ usually had very little of such correspondence. The _Times_, the _Herald_, and the _World_ had good correspondents in the South, especially during Reconstruction.

[827] An old Alabama river steamboat captain had had his boat burned by Wilson, but had secured another. The Federal army regarded him as a most unmitigated "rebel." He would play "Dixie" in spite of all prohibitions. He was finally arrested on a more serious charge.

"What do you answer to the charge against you?"

"Faith, an' which one?"

"That you refuse to take the bodies of dead Federal soldiers on your boat to Montgomery."

"No, no, that's not true. God knows it would be the pleasure of my life to take the whole Yankee nation up the river _in that same fix_." "Our Women in the War," p. 281.

Colonel Robert McFarland returned to Florence in the only suit he possessed--a gray uniform. He was peremptorily ordered by the Federal officers not to wear it. He was in a quandary until a friend secured a long linen duster for him to wear. "Northern Alabama," p. 291.

[828] Gen. T. Kilby Smith, on Sept. 14, 1865, in Mobile, made a statement for Carl Schurz in which he asserted that one of the most intelligent, well-bred, pious ladies of Mobile wanted the military authorities to whip or torture into a confession of theft two negroes whom she suspected of stealing. She considered it a hardship, he said, that a negro might not be whipped or tortured in order to force a confession, when there was no evidence against him. "I offer this," he wrote, "as an instance of the feeling that exists in all classes against the negro." See Doc. No. 9, accompanying the report of Schurz.

[829] I have seen a coarse article reflecting on the character of southern women originally published in the _Tribune_ and copied in a small Alabama paper each issue for several weeks. It asserted in thinly veiled terms that many of the young southern women were too intimate with negro men; the solution of the race question by amalgamation was asserted as sure to come; details of such a solution were suggested, and examples of what was taking place were cited.

[830] General Terry attempted to explain the condition of affairs by saying that the results of the war were but the legitimate consequence of a conflict between an inferior and a superior race. "Land We Love," Vol. IV, p. 243. Gen. T. Kilby Smith, in September, 1865, complained that Federal officers were not received in society in Mobile. General Wood, he said, had been six weeks in Mobile, "ignored socially and damned politically"; and this, he said, in a community which before the war was considered one of the most refined and hospitable of all the southern maritime cities, the favorite home of army and naval officers. Doc. No. 9, accompanying the report of Schurz.

[831] In addition to references cited above, see also _Huntsville Advocate_, March 9 and 23, July 26, 1865; Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 42, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Sen. Mis. Doc., No. 43, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (Truman); Reid, "After the War," pp. 211, 212, 218, 219; "The Land We Love," _passim_; "Our Women in the War," p. 279 _et passim_; Abbott, "The Rights of Man," pp. 224-226; Clayton, "White and Black," pp. 150-152; Clay, "A Belle of the Fifties"; Straker, "The New South Investigated," pp. 24, 57; Report of the Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III; _N. Y. Daily News_, April 16, 1864, and Dec. 4, 1865; Reports of Schurz, Truman, and Grant; Reports of the Freedmen's Bureau; _Southern Magazine_, 1874 (DeLeon); _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, July 23, 1865; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 233-251; Columbus (Ga.) _Sun_, March 22 and April 19, 1865; _The Nation_, Feb. 15, 1866; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., _passim_; Reconstruction articles in _Atlantic Monthly_, 1901.

[832] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 448.

[833] Thomas W. Conway, of the Freedmen's Bureau, who passed through the state in 1866, stated that there were men in Alabama who, rather than sell their lands to northern men or borrow money in the North, would see their plantations lie waste, and before they would hire their former slaves as free laborers they would starve. The spirit of hatred toward northern men was universal, he said. Report to Chamber of Commerce, New York, June 7, 1866.

[834] Jan. 17, 1867, the state legislature declared that the reports published in the northern papers that it was unsafe for northern men to reside in Alabama were false. The lower house declared that "we, in the name of the people of Alabama, most cordially invite skilled labor and capital from the world, and particularly from all parts of the United States, and pledge the hearty coöperation and support of the state." Annual Cyclopædia (1867), p. 15. For several years every inducement was offered by the planters to encourage immigration to the Black Belt. As late as 1869 immigration conventions were held. Annual Cyclopædia (1869), p. 10. During 1865 the north Alabama "unionists" hoped to see northern white men come in and take the place of the negroes. _The Nation_, Aug. 17, 1865.

[835] Report of Truman, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 43, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Reid "After the War," _passim_; Trowbridge, "The South," p. 448; _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 10, 1865, July 2 and Oct. 31, 1866; General Swayne's testimony, Report Joint Committee, Pt. III, p. 141; General Tarbell's testimony, Report Joint Committee, Pt. III, pp. 155, 156.

[836] Report Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, pp. 139-141.

[837] In addition to the above references, see _The World_, Nov. 13, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, July 2 and Sept. 9, 1866; _N. Y. Herald_, July 23 and Aug. 28, 1865 (Swayne); Truman's Report, April 9, 1866; Swayne's Report, Jan., 1866; _Harper's Monthly Magazine_, Jan., 1874.

[838] Pastoral Letters, May 30 and June 20, 1865.

[839] Perry, "History of the American Episcopal Church," Vol. II, p. 328 _et seq._; Whitaker, "The Church in Alabama," pp. 172-175; _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 4, 1865; Wilmer, "The Recent Past from a Southern Standpoint," p. 143. Gen. T. Kilby Smith said that Wilmer had great influence among the better class of people, especially the women. Doc. No. 9, accompanying the report of Carl Schurz.

[840] Perry, "History of the American Episcopal Church," Vol. II, p. 328 _et seq._; Whitaker, pp. 175, 176; Wilmer, pp. 143-145.

[841] Whitaker, p. 177; Wilmer, "Recent Past," p. 145. A copy of the order was also found in the War Department archives.

[842] Pastoral Letter, Sept. 28, 1865.

[843] Whitaker, pp. 180, 181; Wilmer, pp. 145, 146; _Montgomery Mail_, Oct. 2, 1865.

[844] Whitaker, p. 182; Wilmer, p. 146; Copy of order in War Department archives. Republished on G. O. 2, Jan. 10, 1866, Hq. Dept. Ala., Mobile.

[845] Whitaker, p. 186; _Mobile Register_, Jan. 9, 1866; _Montgomery Mail_, Jan. 19, 1866.

[846] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 25; Wilmer, pp. 147-152; Whitaker, pp. 189-194; Perry, Vol. II, p. 328 _et seq._ The northern conferences of the Methodist Protestant Church returned in 1877 to the southern organization. See "Statistics of Churches," p. 566.

[847] See Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. X, p. 562.

[848] See Dunning, "Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction," pp. 100-103.

[849] McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 121, 122, 504, 505.

[850] Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction"; Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, pp. 15, 60.

[851] See Dunning, "Essays," pp. 103-104.

[852] With only two dissenting votes.

[853] Some of these were southerners who were about to withdraw.

[854] _Cong. Globe_, July 22, 24, 25, 1861.

[855] _Cong. Globe_, Dec. 5, 1862.

[856] Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, pp. 5-12.

[857] Proclamation, Dec. 8, 1863, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 213.

[858] Proclamation, July 8, 1864, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 223.

[859] Lincoln to Reverdy Johnson, Nicolay and Hay, p. 349.

[860] Nicolay and Hay, Vol. IX, p. 457; Vol. X, p. 123.

[861] Nicolay and Hay, Vol. VIII, p. 434.

[862] Message, Dec. 4, 1865, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 379.

[863] _Cong. Globe_, Feb. 11, 1862.

[864] _Atlantic Monthly_, Oct., 1863.

[865] _Globe_, Feb. 25, 1865, and Dec. 4, 1865. See Henry Adams, "Historical Essays."

[866] Speeches in the _Globe_, 1865-1867.

[867] _Globe_, Aug. 2, 1861.

[868] _Globe_, Jan. 8, 1863.

[869] _Globe_, Jan. 22, 1864.

[870] _Globe_, Jan. 8, 1863.

[871] _Globe_, Dec. 4, 1865, March 10, 1866; Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction," p. 244.

[872] See also Dunning, "Essays," pp. 106-108.

[873] See Dunning, "Essays," pp. 99-112; Texas _versus_ White (1869), 7 Wallace 700; Scott, "Reconstruction during the Civil War"; McCarthy, "Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction"; Burgess, "Reconstruction and the Constitution," pp. 1-143.

[874] _N. Y. Times_, April 4, 1865.

[875] Elected in 1863.

[876] Testimony of M. J. Saffold, Report Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, p. 60. The "union" men greatly exaggerated the strength of the "union" sentiment in the state during the war and their individual part in the peace movement. This was necessary in order to secure recognition as representatives of a strong "union" element. When the plan of the President was so modified as to leave them in their natural position of no influence, they became very bitter against it and played the martyr act to perfection.

[877] Testimony of J. J. Giers, Report Joint Committee, Pt. III, p. 15; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, pp. 473, 485, 505, 506.

[878] See pp. 143-148.

[879] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 560.

[880] Judge Byrd was elected to the Supreme Court in 1865. He was a distant relative of Colonel William Byrd, of Westover, Va., Esq. Brewer, p. 224.

[881] General C. C. Andrews, in O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 727; _N. Y. Commercial Advertiser_, May 27, 1865; _N. Y. Tribune_, June 2, 1865.

[882] There were present: Ex-Gov. John G. Shorter, M. A. Baldwin (Attorney-General, Brewer, p. 445), W. B. Bell, A. B. Clitherall (Brewer, p. 479), all of whom had been ardent secessionists, and L. E. Parsons (see p. 143), Col. J. C. Bradley, Col. J. J. Seibels (Brewer, p. 459; see p. 143), W. J. Bibb, J. G. Strother, M. J. Saffold (Brewer, p. 215), George Goldthwaite (Brewer, p. 451, A. and I. General). It was a fairly representative body of government officials and "stay-at-homes."

[883] Garrett, p. 166. Reese was a "Union" man.

[884] _N. Y. Commercial Advertiser_, May 27, 1865; _N. Y. Tribune_, June 2, 1865; _Montgomery Mail_, May 12, 1865. The members of the committee which went to Washington were: Joseph C. Bradley, L. E. Parsons, M. J. Saffold, Lewis Owen, George S. Houston, James Birney, W. J. Bibb, John M. Sutherlin, Albert Roberts, Luke Pryor. None of the committee had been secessionists. Reese had been a "Union" man, Saffold a "political agent." W. J. Bibb had made a visit to Washington during the war and had a consultation with Lincoln. Parsons was a "Union" man. Houston and Pryor (see Brewer, pp. 324, 326) were neither "Union" nor "secessionist," but "constitutional." The others were unknown to public life.

[885] Formerly colonel of the 48th Alabama Infantry.

[886] _N. Y. Daily News_, May 29, 1865.

[887] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 826.

[888] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 971.

[889] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, pp. 810, 854, 877.

[890] Member of Congress, Confederate colonel of the 36th Alabama, former Whig. Brewer, p. 425.

[891] Former Whig, Adjutant and Inspector-General during the war. Brewer, p. 397.

[892] _N. Y. Herald_, June 15, 1865.

[893] _N. Y. World_, June 13, 1865. The absence of the old names in all these movements is noticeable. The old leaders had been strongly in favor of the Confederacy and now took back seats while smaller men came forward. They never came into power again.

[894] _Huntsville Advocate_, July 19, 1865.

[895] In one of the mountain counties, but the exact location was never named in any of the accounts of the convention.

[896] _N. Y. Herald_, June 17, 1865.

[897] He represented Talladega in the convention of 1867.

[898] See above, p. 125.

[899] Parsons, Bradley, Houston, Nicholas Davis, Pryor, Saffold, Bibb, Roberts, etc.

[900] Letter in _N. Y. Herald_, June 17, 1865.

[901] See McPherson, "Rebellion," p. 286.

[902] The _Mobile Register_ and _Advertiser_ (John Forsyth, editor) supported the President's policy: "The states were never out of the Union"--July 18, 1865. The _Huntsville Advocate_, July 19, said, "The presidential policy is simple, direct, and emphatic." Henry W. Hilliard, General Cullen A. Battle, Ex-Governors Shorter, Moore, Watts, and Fitzpatrick declared that there would be no opposition but a hearty effort "to get straight."

[903] Lilian Foster, "Andrew Johnson: Services and Speeches," pp. 199, 210, "Address to Loyal Southerners," April, 1865.

[904] There is little reason to believe that Lincoln could have succeeded in the struggle with Congress.

[905] See Foster, "Andrew Johnson," for change of feeling in Johnson as expressed in his speeches in 1865 and 1866.

[906] "President Tamers" the Radicals called them.

[907] McCulloch, p. 517 and Preface; _Nation_, Oct. 26, 1865; Mayes, "L. Q. C. Lamar"; Reid, "After the War," pp. 404, 405, 578; _Mobile Register and Advertiser_, July 18, 1865; _Huntsville Advocate_, July 18, 1865.

[908] McPherson, p. 10; Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 310.

[909] McPherson, p. 10.

[910] G. O., Nos. 5, 13, and 14, Department of Alabama, 1865.

[911] _N. Y. Herald_, June 21, 1865; Brewer and Garret, _sub. nom._

[912] Article II, section 2: Article IV, section 4.

[913] Lewis Eliphalet Parsons, born 1817, Boone County, New York, was the son of a farmer and the grandson of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. He came to Alabama in 1840 and practised law in Talladega, was a Whig, later a Douglas Democrat, and on both sides during the war. See above, p. 143.

[914] Here "loyal" seems to mean those who had taken the amnesty oath.

[915] Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 323.

[916] Those who could take the iron-clad test oath of 1862.

[917] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 26, p. 97, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[918] James Redpath in _The Nation_, Aug. 17, 1865, condensed.

[919] See Foster, "Andrew Johnson," pp. 199, 210, 214, 220, 250.

[920] The 22d of May was the date when the Confederate state government ceased to exist.

[921] Garrett, p. 735, says Aug. 30 and Sept. 12. The convention met on Sept. 12.

[922] Parsons's Proclamation, July 20 (or 22), 1865; in _N. Y. Herald_, July 26 and Aug. 11, 1865; Garrett, p. 735; McPherson, p. 21.

[923] Parsons's Message to Convention, Sept. 21, 1865; Proclamation, July 20, 1865; in _N. Y. Herald_, Aug. 11, 1865.

[924] _Huntsville Advocate_, Aug. 17, 1865.

[925] See McCulloch, p. 517 and _passim_; _N. Y. Tribune_, May 4, 1866; _Mobile Times_, April 25, 1866.

[926] _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 3, 1865.

[927] Testimony of M. J. Saffold, Report of Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, pp. 59-63.

[928] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 16, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.

[929] Others were pardoned for having aided the Confederacy in the following occupations: agents of the Nitre and Mining Bureau; tax collector and state assessor; tax receiver (Confederate); general officer of the Confederate army; postmasters who had held office before the war; members of the state legislature; cotton agents; foreign agents and commissioners; graduates of West Point and Annapolis; resigning United States service to join Confederacy; mail contractors; clerks of the Confederate government; state and Confederate judges; members of Congress; receivers of subscriptions for the Confederacy; marshals and deputy marshals; clerks of state and Confederate courts; agents for the purchase of supplies; members of advisory board; cotton bond agent; Confederate government official; commissioner of appraisement; depositary; route agent; commissioner of Indian affairs; member of convention of 1861; prize commissioner; commissioner to take testimony; Indian agent; Confederate financial agent; commissioner to examine prisoners held by military authorities; agent of the Produce Loan; receiver of the tax-in-kind; leaving loyal state; commissioner of "fifteen million loan"; agent to receive subscriptions for cotton and produce loans; depot agent to receive the tax-in-kind; agent under sequestration laws; enrolling officer; impressment agent; Treasury agent; Confederate contractor; sequestration commissioner; agent to collect provisions for the army; district attorney; state printer; border agriculturist; custom officer; agent to receive titles; commissioner to examine political prisoners. Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 16, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., gives a list of those pardoned. Some of the more well-known men pardoned were: R. M. Patton, "agent for the sale of rebel bonds, and worth over $20,000"; Nicholas Davis, "member of rebel provisional Congress"; Charles Hays, worth over $20,000; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, "resigned United States Senate"; J. G. Gilchrist, "member of Secession Convention"; S. F. Rice, worth over $20,000; S. S. Scott, Indian agent; H. C. Semple, worth over $20,000; Thomas H. Watts, "member of rebel convention, voted for ordinance of secession, colonel in rebel army, attorney-general of the would-be Southern Confederacy, rebel governor of Alabama, and worth $20,000"; M. J. Saffold, "commissioner to examine political prisoners, and state printer."

[930] The names and offences of those pardoned are given in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 99, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; No. 16, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.; and No. 31, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[931] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865.

[932] _Montgomery Daily Advertiser_, Oct. 1, 1865.

[933] _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 26 and Oct. 15, 1865.

[934] _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 26, 1865.

[935] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 28.

[936] Journal of the Convention, 1865, pp. 16, 57, 58; _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 26 and Oct. 15, 1865.

[937] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), pp. 16, 17; Journal of the Convention, 1865, pp. 57, 58.

[938] The vote cast was 92, probably all who were present. Journal of the Convention, p. 59; _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 26, 1865; Shepherd, "Constitution and Ordinances," 1865, p. 48; Code of 1867, Ordinance No. 13, Sept. 25, 1865. Early in the session Mardis of Shelby, a "loyal" member, proposed a resolution to the effect that the ordinance of secession was "unconstitutional and therefore illegal and void, [and that] the leaders of the rebellion having been forced to lay down their arms and turn over to the conservative people of the state the reigns of the civil government by which the state has become more peaceful and loyal to the United States government. She is now entitled to all the rights as before ordinance of secession." Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 16. The resolutions of the "loyalists" were curiosities, and the secretary did not always expurgate bad spelling, etc.

[939] Shepherd, "Constitution and Ordinances," 1865, p. 49; Ordinance No. 14.

[940] _N. Y. Herald_, Sept. 22, 1865.

[941] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 17; _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 29, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865; Shepherd, "Constitution and Ordinances," 1865, pp. 53, 54; Ordinances Nos. 25-28, September, 1865. In spite of this ordinance certain war debts were paid. Fowler, Superintendent of Army Records, was paid $3000 for his work during the war, the legislature buying the records from him. Coleman, a Confederate judge, was paid for services during the war. See Acts 65-66 and the Journal of the Convention of 1867. The newspaper reports give summaries of the debates on the more important ordinances; the Journal of the Convention gives only the votes and resolutions.

[942] Chairman of the committee on suffrage, Convention of 1901.

[943] It seems to have been taken for granted by the convention that slavery was already abolished.

[944] The amnesty proclamation expressly excepted property in slaves.

[945] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 14; _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 30, 1865.

[946] "Loyalist," and later a "scalawag."

[947] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865.

[948] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 49.

[949] Journal of the Convention, 1865, pp. 49, 50; _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865; Shepherd, "Constitution and Ordinances," 1865, p. 45, Ordinance No. 6. The three members who voted against the abolition ordinance were Crawford of Coosa, Cumming of Monroe, and White of Talladega. They wanted to let the Supreme Court decide. The Supreme Court of Alabama, a year later, held that, as a matter of history which the court would recognize, slavery was dead as a result of war before the passage of the ordinance of Sept. 22, 1865.

[950] That class of men called all negroes "free negroes" and "freedmen" for years after the war as a term of contempt.

[951] Afterwards second provisional governor.

[952] _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 30, 1865.

[953] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865.

[954] _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 30, 1865.

[955] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 80; Shepherd, "Constitution and Ordinances," 1865, p. 61, Ordinance No. 34.

[956] _Huntsville Advocate_, Sept. 28, 1865. A "Johnson reconstruction paper."

[957] _Huntsville Advocate_, Oct. 12, 1865.

[958] Shepherd, p. 57, Ordinance No. 30; Journal of the Convention, 1865, pp. 67, 68. See Constitution of 1865, Article IV, Section 4.

[959] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 34.

[960] A member of the convention of 1861.

[961] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865.

[962] Journal of the Convention, 1865, p. 74.

[963] Shepherd, p. 44, Ordinance No. 5.

[964] Shepherd, p. 54, Ordinance No. 26.

[965] Shepherd, p. 46, Ordinance No. 7.

[966] Shepherd, p. 63, Ordinance No. 39.

[967] Shepherd, p. 74, Ordinance No. 42. See Constitution, 1865, Article IV, Section 31.

[968] Shepherd, pp. 44, 53, 65, Ordinances Nos. 4, 23, 43.

[969] Shepherd, pp. 49, 62, 68, Ordinances Nos. 15, 37, 49.

[970] Ordinances Nos. 8, 16, 22, 33.

[971] Shepherd, p. 70.

[972] _N. Y. Herald_, Oct. 15, 1865; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 26, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (Parsons); Report Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, pp. 138-141.

[973] Parsons's Proclamation, Sept. 28, 1865.

[974] _Montgomery Advertiser_, May 12, 1866.

[975] In Macon, Russell, and Lowndes counties.

[976] _N. Y. Daily News_, Sept. 7, 1865; _N. Y. Tribune_, Feb. 6, 1866; Swayne's Report, Jan., 1866, in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Report Joint Committee of Reconstruction, 1866, Pt. III, p. 140 (Swayne).

[977] "I, _A. B._, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have never sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority, in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto; and I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God." McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 193.

[978] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 81, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., McCulloch, Report, March 19, 1866; McCulloch, "Men and Measures," pp. 227, 233. The Finance Committee reported in favor of paying these officials, accepting as correct the secretary's statement. They were paid, in spite of the opposition of Sumner, who voted not to pay "those rebels." McCulloch, p. 232.

[979] On March 17, 1866, the Postmaster-General, in a letter to the President, stated that the test oaths of July 2, 1862, and March 3, 1863, hindered the reconstruction of the postal service in the South. Of 2258 mail routes in 1861, only 757 had been restored. Before the war there were 8902 postmasters, and in 1866 there were but 2042, of whom 420 were women and 865 others could not take the oath. Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 81, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[980] _N. Y. News_, Dec. 8 and Oct. 23, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, July 2, 1866.

[981] Cox, "Three Decades," p. 603; Reid, "After the War," pp. 401, 402; _N. Y. Daily News_, Oct. 23 and Dec. 8, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, July 2, 1866.

[982] _Selma Times_, April 10, 1866. The rejection of such men as Dr. F. W. Sykes of Lawrence as tax commissioner was especially discouraging to the anti-Democratic party in the state. Sykes had been an obstructionist in the legislature during the war. Brewer, p. 309.

[983] One official who had suffered from objections made against his past record inserted the following advertisement in the _Selma Times_, April 11, 1866:--

"Having been elected twice, given three approved bonds, and sworn in five times, I propose opening the business of the city courts of Selma.

"E. M. GARRETT, "_Clerk City Court of Selma_."

[984] There were no nominating conventions; the candidates were announced by caucuses of friends. Several other men were spoken of, but the contest narrowed down to three.

[985] _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 10, 1865.

[986] R. M. Patton, 21,442; M. J. Bulger, 15,234; W. R. Smith, 8194. The total vote was 44,870; the registration to Sept. 22, 1865, had been 65,825; the vote for delegates to the convention had been about 56,000; the vote for presidential electors in 1860 had been 89,579. The falling off in the vote may be explained by the death and disfranchisement of voters and by the indifference of south Alabama people to the north Alabama candidates.

[987] The convention in September had proceeded to correct the theory of the situation by conferring the powers of a civil governor upon Parsons, and authorizing him to act as governor until the elected governor should be qualified.

[988] McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 21. Alabama was the twenty-seventh state to ratify, and with seven other seceding states made up the necessary three-fourths of the thirty-six states. So far the Johnson state governments were recognized. _Tribune_ Almanac, 1866. Later, when all that the "restoration" administration had done was found to be useless or worse than useless, an Alabama writer, in "The Land We Love," complained:--

"The constitutional amendment abolishing slavery could only be passed constitutionally when the southern states were in the Union. We were then in the Union for the few weeks during which time this was being done. For this brief privilege we lost 4,000,000 of slaves valued at $1,200,000,000. We have every reason to be thankful for being wakened out of our brief dream of being in the Union. A few more weeks of such costly sleep would have stripped us entirely of houses and lands."

[989] _N. Y. Herald_, Dec. 19, 1865.

[990] Inaugural Addresses, Dec. 13, 1865; Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 19.

[991] Both Parsons and Houston had been "Unionists," but neither could have subscribed to the oath exacted from members of Congress. The representatives chosen were: (1) C. C. Langdon, Whig, Bell and Everett man, of northern birth, opposed secession, a member of the legislature of 1861; (2) George C. Freeman, Whig, Bell and Everett man, opposed secession, captain and major 47th Alabama; (3) Cullen A. Battle, Democrat, major-general C.S.A.; (4) Joseph W. Taylor, Whig, Bell and Everett man, opposed secession; (5) Burwell T. Pope, Whig, opposed secession; (6) Thomas J. Foster, Whig, Bell and Everett man, opposed secession. None of the congressmen-elect could subscribe to the test oath. The people would have voted for no man who could take the test oath.

[992] McPherson, p. 15.

[993] _Cong. Globe_, Dec. 4, 1865.

[994] _Globe_, Dec. 4, 1865. This was a distinct refusal to recognize, for the present at least, the restoration as done by the President.

[995] _Cong. Globe_, Dec. 18, 1865.

[996] Herbert, "Solid South," p. 12.

[997] McPherson made a collection of extracts from various newspapers relating to his action in omitting the names of the southern members. Few of the editorials seem to indicate any belief that a grave constitutional question was to be settled. Most of the editors believed that he had exceeded his authority, but approved his action because the southern members were Democrats. The general opinion seemed to be that their politics alone was a cause of offence. See McPherson's scrap-book, "The Roll of the 39th Congress," in the Library of Congress.

[998] _Globe_, March 2, 1866.

[999] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1000] Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 601.

[1001] Swayne's Reports, Dec. 26, 1865, Jan. 31, 1866, and Oct. 31, 1866, in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., and Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Patton's Message, Jan. 16, 1866; _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 18, 1866; _N. Y. Evening Post_, Jan. 29, 1865; McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 21; McPherson's scrap-book, "Freedmen's Bureau Bill," 1866.

[1002] McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 21, 22; Act, approved Feb. 23, 1866, Penal Code of Ala., pp. 6-8; Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 121, 124.

[1003] Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), Act of Dec. 15, 1865; Penal Code of Ala., p. 12. The compilers of the Penal Code placed this act in the Code separate from the rest, as irreconcilable with the provisions of the Code and with other legislation. That is, they refused to codify it and left it for the courts to decide. The law was meant to suppress a common practice of encouraging negroes to steal cotton, etc., for sale.

[1004] Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 98; Penal Code, pp. 164, 165. In one respect the negro had a better standing in court than the white: he was a competent witness in his own behalf, and his wife might also be a witness.

[1005] Acts, Dec. 11 and 26, 1865. See below, Ch. XII.

[1006] In an interview with General Swayne, in 1901, he informed me that he was present when the bills were drawn up. The governor and the president of the Senate in consultation decided that all measures already brought forward should be vetoed or dropped; the apprentice and contract laws as they stood on the statute book were then drawn up, and no objection was made to them by General Swayne, who was present by request. He made suggestions as to what would be acceptable to the Bureau and to northern public opinion.

[1007] Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 111, 112 (Act of Feb. 16, 1866); Penal Code, p. 13.

[1008] Penal Code, pp. 50, 51.

[1009] Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 128-131 (Act Feb. 23, 1866).

[1010] Penal Code, pp. 34, 35.

[1011] Penal Code of Ala., pp. 10-12; Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 119-121. This was another act which the compilers refused to incorporate into the Penal Code. It was an amendment to the law already on the statute books, and the constitution of the state provided that the law revised or amended must be set forth in full (Article IV, Section 2.) The next legislature repealed this and similar laws as being in conflict with the Code. Acts of Ala. (1866-1867), pp. 107, 115, 504. It was never in force, being practically repealed by the later adoption of the Penal Code, which had the old ante-bellum law of vagrancy, which provided a fine of $10 to $50 for the first offence, and for a second conviction, $50 to $100 and hard labor for not more than six months. (See Penal Code, p. 37). The laws regulating labor and vagrancy were so carelessly drawn that it would have been practically impossible to enforce them. Not only were they technically unconstitutional, but they were also in conflict with the provisions of the Code. The consequence was confusion and the suspension of both Code and statutes. Colonel Herbert, in "The Solid South" (pp. 31-36), gives a summary of similar laws of the northern states which were more stringent than the Alabama laws. As a matter of fact, all the states had similar laws, but in the South they had always been a dead letter on the statute book.

[1012] See Blaine, "Twenty Years," Vol. II, p. 93.

[1013] It was not possible then, nor is it now, to pass any law in regard to labor contracts, vagrancy, or minor crimes, that would not affect the negroes to a much greater degree than the whites. All laws regulating society, if strictly enforced, would bear with much greater force upon blacks than upon whites.

[1014] Neither Swayne nor Howard made any objection to the apprentice and vagrancy laws, and so far as I can gather from the reports of General Swayne, they were not enforced. If so, there were no results unfavorable to the freedmen. In 1901, in an interview, Swayne stated that all measures that he considered objectionable had either failed to pass the Senate or had been vetoed by the governor. He intimated that he had a great deal to do with the suppression of such measures and the framing of new ones.

[1015] Feb. 13, 1866.

[1016] The date of the beginning of the provisional government.

[1017] General Swayne's account.

[1018] _Montgomery Advertiser_, Feb. 14, 1865; Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; Swayne's Testimony, Report Joint Committee, Pt. III, pp. 138-141.

[1019] Truman's Report, April 19, 1866; Mrs. Clayton, "White and Black," p. 152 _et passim_; "Our Women in the War," _passim_; _The Nation_, Oct. 5, 1865; Reid and Trowbridge.

[1020] Truman's Report, April 19, 1865.

[1021] _The Nation_, Feb. 15, 1866.

[1022] Referring to the emigration movement to Mexico, Brazil, Europe, etc.

[1023] This charge was published in the general presentments of the Pike County grand jury and was immediately taken up by the northern Democratic and the conservative Republican papers and given a wide publication. Mrs. Clayton republished it in her book (pp. 156-165). Judge Clayton was disfranchised by the Reconstruction Acts, and not until 1874 was he again able to hold judicial office. The bench and bar were generally in favor of admitting the negro to the fullest standing in the courts. Under slavery, when a case turned on negro testimony, extra-legal trials were often held and the decision given by "lynch-law" jury, the court officials presiding. In 1865 the lawyers and judges were ready to admit negro testimony, according to General Swayne, but made more or less objection in order not to alienate those of the people who objected.

[1024] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 43, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1025] _The Nation_, Oct. 5, 1865.

[1026] Brooks was a cousin of Preston Brooks of South Carolina, and had been president of the convention of 1861. The measure was indorsed by Governor Patton, Judge Goldthwaite, and a respectable minority. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 226.

[1027] McPherson's scrap-book, "Fourteenth Amendment," p. 55.

[1028] First Confederate Secretary of War, brigadier-general, C.S.A.

[1029] For this incident my authority is a statement of General Swayne made to me in 1901. He was much interested in the movement, and was positive that in time the native whites would have given the suffrage to the negro had not the Reconstruction Acts and other legislation so alienated the races. General Swayne gave me full explanations of his policy in Alabama. His death, a year after the interview, prevented him from verifying some details. His account, though given thirty-five years after the occurrences, was correct so far as I could compare it with the printed matter available. It agreed almost exactly with his reports as printed in the public documents, though he had not those at hand, and had not seen them for thirty years. I have several times been told by old citizens that negroes voted in 1866, in minor elections, by consent of the whites.

[1030] "Diary and Correspondence of S. P. Chase," in the Annual Report of the Amer. Hist. Assn. (1902), Vol. II, p. 517.

[1031] Stephen B. Weeks, in _Polit. Sci. Quarterly_ (1894), Vol. IX, pp. 683-684.

[1032] See Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 29, 30, 37.

[1033] Resolution, Dec. 2, 1865, Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 598.

[1034] Resolution, Jan. 16, 1866, Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 603.

[1035] Resolution, Dec. 15, 1865, Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 604.

[1036] Resolution, Feb. 22, 1866, Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), p. 607; McPherson, p. 22; _Selma Times_, Feb. 27, 1867.

[1037] See _N. Y. Herald_, April 17, 1866 (Alabama correspondence).

[1038] McPherson's scrap-book, "The Campaign of 1866," Vol. I, pp. 84, 122.

[1039] See Burgess, "Reconstruction," pp. 64-67.

[1040] McPherson's scrap-book, "Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866," pp. 47, 128.

[1041] The reconstruction laws of Congress were almost invariably referred to as "Bills" even in official documents and military orders.

[1042] McPherson's scrap-book, "Civil Rights Bill, 1866," pp. 136, 151.

[1043] McPherson's scrap-book, "Civil Rights Bill, 1866," p. 135.

[1044] McPherson's scrap-book, "Civil Rights Bill, 1866," p. 110.

[1045] McPherson's scrap-book, "Civil Rights Bill, 1866," p. 120.

[1046] McPherson's scrap-book, "Fourteenth Amendment," pp. 33, 34.

[1047] The cotton tax, for instance.

[1048] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 226.

[1049] _N. Y. Tribune_, Nov. 30, 1866. I have not been able to discover what the name of the paper was, but very likely it was the _Mobile National_.

[1050] McPherson's scrap-book, "Fourteenth Amendment," pp. 39, 55, 56.

[1051] Governor's Message, Nov. 12, 1866, in House Journal (1866-1867), p. 35; _N. Y. Tribune_, Nov. 19, 1866; Annual Cyclopædia (1866), pp. 11, 12.

[1052] House Journal (1866-1867), p. 198.

[1053] McPherson, p. 194; McPherson's scrap-book, "Fourteenth Amendment," p. 55; _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 23, 1867. General Wager Swayne to S. P. Chase, Dec. 10, 1866, wrote, in substance, that--the evident intention of Congress to enforce its own plan makes it seem possible to secure from the Alabama legislature the ratification of the Amendment; that the Senate was ready to ratify in spite of the governor's message against it, and of the certain disapproval of "the people, poor, ignorant, and without mail facilities," but a despatch had been sent to Parsons in the North for advice, and he advised rejection; inspired, it was asserted by the President, the cry was raised, "we can't desert _our_ President," and the measure was lost; but when they return (in January) they will be prepared for either course, and the governor will recommend ratification. "Diary and Correspondence of S. P. Chase," in the Annual Rept. of the Amer. Hist. Assn. (1902), Vol. II, pp. 516-517.

[1054] _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 9, 1867. Patton also went to Washington during the recess.

[1055] Annual Cyclopædia (1866), pp. 11, 12.

[1056] McPherson, pp. 352, 353; McPherson's scrap-book, "Fourteenth Amendment," pp. 60, 66. The telegrams are in the Impeachment Testimony, Vol. I, pp. 271-272. Interview with General Swayne, 1901.

[1057] Annual Cyclopædia (1867), p. 15.

[1058] See McPherson, pp. 118, 240, 241.

[1059] _N. Y. Herald_, July 19, 1866.

[1060] According to his own report. See _Nation_, Feb. 15, 1866. Hart, "American History as told by Contemporaries," Vol. IV, p. 49.

[1061] Report of B. C. Truman, April 9, 1866; Report of Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, _passim_; Report of Schurz with accompanying documents; _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 9 and Oct. 3, 1866; _Nation_, Feb. 15, _et passim_; _World_ and _Tribune_; _Herald_ and _Tribune_ correspondent, 1865; _Montgomery Mail and Advertiser_; _Selma Times_; _Tuscaloosa Monitor and Blade_, 1865 to 1875. Of the New York papers the _Nation_ and _Tribune_ were especially violent at first, but changed later. The _Times_ and the _Herald_ had fair correspondents most of the time.

[1062] _N. Y. Daily News_, May 7, 1866 (Montgomery correspondent).

[1063] See _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 9, 1866 (Federal soldier), Oct. 3, 1866 (Ohio man); _N. Y. News_, May 7, 1866 (Montgomery correspondent).

[1064] Lewis E. Parsons (New York), Whig; George S. Houston; A. B. Cooper (New Jersey), Whig; John Forsyth, State Rights Democrat; R. B. Lindsay (Scotch), Douglas Democrat; James W. Taylor, Whig; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Douglas Democrat.

[1065] Some of them were W. H. Crenshaw (Democrat), who presided,--Crenshaw was then president of the Senate; John G. Shorter (Democrat), war governor of Alabama; H. D. Clayton (Whig), Confederate general; C. C. Langdon (Whig); William S. Mudd (Whig); William Garrett (Whig); M. J. Bulger (Douglas Democrat), Confederate general; C. A. Battle (Democrat), Confederate general; A. Tyson (Whig). See Brewer and Garrett, and _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 3 and 9, 1866.

[1066] McPherson, pp. 240, 241.

[1067] _N. Y. Times_, Aug. 27, 1866. By "Union" party, Parsons evidently meant those who opposed secession.

[1068] The northern business men were on the side of the whites.

[1069] McPherson, p. 124.

[1070] McPherson, p. 242.

[1071] _N. Y. Times_, Sept. 8, 1866.

[1072] Davis was of good middle-class Virginia stock. A Whig in politics, Mrs. Chesnut called him "a social curiosity." In convention of 1861 he voted against immediate secession, threatened resistance among the hills of north Alabama, and ended by signing the ordinance of secession; was chosen to succeed Dr. Fearn in the Confederate Provisional Congress; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Alabama Infantry, but declined; commanded a battalion for a while; his "loyalty" consisted in his leaving the Confederate service and returning to Huntsville within the Federal lines. Brewer, p. 365, Garrett, pp. 341, 342; Smith's Debates, _passim_. He soon fell out with the carpet-baggers and "formed a party of one."

[1073] The disposition of some of the north Alabama leaders (even among the Conservatives) to play the childish act was one of the disgusting features of Reconstruction.

[1074] _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 23, 1867. Among those present were: D. C. Humphreys (Douglas Democrat), Confederate officer, who deserted to Federals (he was in the first carpet-bag legislature, and later judge of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia; see Garrett, p. 364); John B. Callis, agent of the Freedmen's Bureau, Veteran Reserve Corps, member of Congress, 1868; C. C. Sheets, in convention of 1861, refused to sign ordinance of secession and deserted to Federals, a member of Congress, 1868; Thomas M. Peters, Whig, deserted to Federals, later judge of Supreme Court of Alabama (see Brewer, p. 309; Garrett, p. 440); F. W. Sykes, member of legislature during war, soon returned to Conservative party (Brewer, p. 309); J. J. Hinds, afterward a notorious scalawag.

[1075] One new man was S. C. Posey of Lauderdale, who had been in the convention of 1861 and refused to sign the ordinance of secession and was in the legislature during the war. Returned soon to Conservative party. Brewer, p. 299, Garrett, p. 389.

[1076] The Radical party might have done much worse than to send him to the Senate. Warren and Spencer, the senators elected, were far inferior in character and abilities to Swayne. He was too decent a man to suit the Radicals and was soon dropped.

[1077] _N. Y. Herald_, March 6, 1867.

[1078] The proclamation announcing that the rebellion had ended was issued April 2, 1866. McPherson, p. 15.

[1079] Van Horne, Life of Thomas, pp. 153, 399, 400, 408; _Huntsville Advocate_, June 9, 1866 (for copy of order relating to Department of the South that I have not found elsewhere); G. O. No. 1, Mil. Div. Tenn., June 20, 1865; G. O. No. 118, W. Dept., June 27, 1865; G. O. No. 1, Dept. Ala., July 18, 1865; G. O. No. 1, Dist. Ala., June 4, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Dept. Tenn., Aug. 13, 1866; G. O. No. 42, Dept. Tenn., Nov. 1, 1866. The general and special orders cited in this chapter are on file in the War Department at Washington.

[1080] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, pp. 505, 560, 727, 826, 854, 971; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III.

[1081] Miller, "Alabama," p. 236; Acts of Ala. (1865-1866), pp. 598, 601.

[1082] That is, the officers had the privileges and authority of officers of a division. G. O. Nos. 1, 9, 17, 29, 54, Dept. Ala., 1865; G. O. No. 1, Mil. Div. Tenn., 1865.

[1083] The "Amnesty Oath." The oath of allegiance had already been administered to all who would take it. See McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 9, 10.

[1084] G. O. Nos. 13 and 14, Dept. Ala., 1865.

[1085] G. O. No. 3, Dept. Ala., July 21, 1865. There was complaint about the stealing of cotton by troops.

[1086] G. O. No. 6, Post of Montgomery, May 15, 1865. This order is printed on thin, blue Confederate writing paper, which seems to have been shaped with scissors to the proper size. Supplies had not followed the army.

[1087] G. O. No. 24, Dept. of Ala., Aug. 25, 1865.

[1088] G. O. No. 6, Post of Mobile, in _N. Y. Daily News_, June 27, 1865.

[1089] G. O. No. 48, Dept. Ala., Oct. 18, 1865.

[1090] Statement of General Woods, Sept. 4, 1865, Document No. 11, accompanying the Report of Schurz.

[1091] See statement of Woods, Sept. 4, 1865, Schurz's Report.

[1092] G. O. No. 4, Dept. Ala., Jan. 26, 1866.

[1093] _N. Y. Daily News_, Sept. 7, 1865.

[1094] Statement of Gen. T. K. Smith, Sept. 14, 1865, in Schurz's Report.

[1095] Statement of General Woods, Sept. 4, 1865.

[1096] G. O. No. 5, Sub-dist. Ala., Oct. 13, 1866.

[1097] See Ch. VI, sec. 1.

[1098] G. O. No. 30, Dept. of Ala., Sept. 4, 1865; Statement of General Woods, Sept. 4, 1865, in Schurz's Report.

[1099] See Ch. VI, sec. 1.

[1100] _N. Y. Herald_, Nov. 26 and Dec. 15, 1865.

[1101] Document No. 19, accompanying Schurz's Report.

[1102] G. O. No. 55, Dept. Ala., Oct. 30, 1865.

[1103] G. O. No. 8, Dept. Ala., Feb. 17, 1866.

[1104] G. O. No. 1, Dept. Ala., Jan. 5, 1866.

[1105] G. O. No. 13, Dept. Ala., 1866.

[1106] G. O. No. 17, Dept. Ala., 1866.

[1107] G. O. No. 20, Dept. Ala., 1866.

[1108] G. O. No. 23, Dept. Ala., 1866.

There were other trials, but the records are missing and the names of the parties are unknown. A large number of cases were prosecuted before military commissions convened at the instance of the Freedmen's Bureau.

[1109] For two years after the war the Confederate sympathizers in north Alabama suffered from persecution of this kind. During the war the Confederates in north Alabama had been classed as guerillas by the Federal commanders.

[1110] G. O. No. 29, Mil. Div. Tenn., Sept. 21, 1865; G. O. No. 42, Dept. Ala., Sept. 26, 1865.

[1111] G. O. No. 3, H. Q. A., Jan. 12, 1866; G. O. No. 7, Dept. Ala., Feb. 12, 1866.

[1112] G. O. No. 48, Dept. Ala., Oct. 18, 1865.

[1113] G. O. No. 6, Mil. Div. Tenn., Feb. 21, 1866.

[1114] G. O. No. 25, Mil. Div. Tenn., Sept. 13, 1865.

[1115] G. O. No. 44, H. Q. A., July 6, 1866; G. O. No. 13, Dept. of the South, July 21, 1866.

[1116] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 26, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1117] P. M. Dox to Governor Parsons, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 26, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1118] See p. 327.

[1119] _Selma Times_, Feb. 3, 1866.

[1120] There were really three governments in Alabama based on the war powers of the President: (1) the army ruling through its commanders; (2) the Freedmen's Bureau, with its agents; (3) the provisional civil government.

[1121] Circular No. 1, Aug. --, 1865; G. O. No. 21, Dept. Ala., April 9, 1866.

[1122] _De Bow's Review_, 1866. De Bow made a trip through the South. _Nation_, Oct. 5 and 26, 1865; Truman, Report to President, April 9, 1866. See also Grant, Letter to President, Dec. 18, 1865.

[1123] Colonel Herbert says that the relations between the soldiers and the ex-Confederates were very kindly, but the latter hoped the army would soon be removed, when civil government was established. "Solid South," p. 30.

[1124] Miller, "Alabama," p. 242; Resolutions of the Legislature, Jan. 16, 1866.

[1125] Testimony of Swayne, Report Joint Committee, 1866, Pt. III, p. 139; various reports of Swayne as assistant commissioner of Freedmen's Bureau. It was noticeable that when Swayne was placed in command of the army in the state there was less interference and better order than before, though he never obtained the cavalry.

[1126] For instance: In the city of Mobile a petition of some kind might be made out in proper form and given to the commander of the Post of Mobile. The latter would indorse it with his approval or disapproval, and send it to the commander of the District of Mobile, who likewise forwarded it with his indorsement to the commander of the Department of Alabama at Mobile or Montgomery. In important cases the paper had to go on until it reached headquarters in Macon, Nashville, Louisville, Atlanta, or Washington, and it had to return the same way.

The following orders relate to the changes made so often:--

G. O. Nos. 1, 9, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 27, Dept. Ala., from July 18 to Sept. 1, 1865; G. O. No. 18, Dept. Ala., March 30, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Dist. Ala., June 1, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Sub-dist. Ala., Oct. --, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Mil. Div. Tenn., June 20, 1865; G. O. Nos. 1 and 42, Dept. of the Tenn., Aug. 13 and Nov. 1, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Dept. of the South, June 1, 1866; G. O. No. 1, Dept. of the Gulf, ----, 1865; G. O. No. 1, Dist. of the Chattahoochee, Aug. --, 1866.

There were numerous general orders from local headquarters of the same nature. See also Van Horne, "Life of Thomas," pp. 153, 399, 400, 418; and Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 13, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1127] G. O. No. 1, Sub-dist. Ala., March 28, 1867.

[1128] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Oct. 20, 1869; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 143, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1129] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 28, 38th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1130] Regulations, July 9, 1864.

[1131] Stats.-at-Large, Vol. XIII, pp. 507-509. See also O. O. Howard, "The Freedmen during the War," in the _New Princeton Review_, May and Sept., 1886.

[1132] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 7, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1133] McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 69-74, 147-151, 349, 350, 378; Burgess, "Reconstruction," pp. 87-90.

[1134] _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865.

[1135] Circular No. 16, Sept. 19, 1865 (Howard); Circular No. 6, June 13, 1865 (Howard); Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Circular No. 1, July 14, 1865 (Conway); Circular No. 2, July 14, 1865 (Conway).

[1136] One of them--Chaplain C. W. Buckley--was guardian of the blacks at Montgomery. He afterwards played a prominent part in carpet-bag politics.

[1137] Ku Klux Rept., p. 441; _N. Y. World_, July 20, 1865; oral accounts and letters. It was on this theory that the Bureau was established, and at the head of the institution was placed General O. O. Howard, who was a soft-hearted, unpractical gentleman, with boundless confidence in the negro and none whatever in the old slave owner. A man of hard common sense like Sherman would have done less harm and probably much good with the Bureau.

[1138] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1139] Circular No. 5, June 2, 1865 (Howard); Circular No. 2, July 14, 1865 (Conway); Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1140] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1865.

[1141] In November, 1866, the following army officers, most of whom were members of the Veteran Reserve Corps, were made superintendents of these depots: Montgomery, Capt. J. L. Whiting, V.R.C.; Mobile, Brevet Major G. H. Tracy, 15th Infantry; Huntsville, Brevet Col. J. B. Callis, V.R.C.; Selma, Lieut. George Sharkley; Greenville, James F. McGogy, Late First Lieut. U.S.A.; Tuscaloosa, Capt. W. H. H. Peck, V.R.C.; Talladega, J. W. Burkholder, A.A.G., U.S.A.; Demopolis, Brevet Major C. W. Pierce, V.R.C. Other Bureau officials who afterward became well-known carpet-baggers were: Major C. A. Miller, 2d Maine Cavalry, A.A.G.; Major B. W. Norris, Additional Paymaster; Lieut.-Col. Edwin Beecher, Additional Paymaster; Rev. C. W. Buckley, Chaplain 47th U.S.C. Infantry. Other officers of the V.R.C. who arrived later were Capt. Roderick Theune, Lieuts. George F. Browing, G. W. Pierce, John Jones, P. E. O'Conner, and Joseph Logan. See Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 21, 40th. Cong., 2d Sess. With one exception these later assisted in Reconstruction.

[1142] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Oct. 24, 1869.

[1143] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Oct. 24, 1868.

[1144] McPherson's scrap-book, "Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866," p. 128.

[1145] For examples, see Schurz's Report and accompanying documents, Nos. 20, 21, 22, 28; Taylor, "Destruction and Reconstruction"; article by Schurz in _McClure's Magazine_, Jan., 1904.

[1146] _The Nation_, Feb. 15, 1866.

[1147] Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 138.

[1148] G. O. No. 7, Montgomery, Aug. 4, 1865.

[1149] No one ever knew exactly how far the military commander was bound to obey the assistant commissioner and _vice versa_. The problem was at last solved by making Swayne military commander also.

[1150] Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 138 (testimony of General Wager Swayne).

[1151] Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Pt. III, p. 138.

[1152] Swayne did not hesitate to intimidate such men as Parsons. He would treat old men--former senators, governors, and congressmen--as if they were bad boys; he himself was under thirty.

[1153] The reason for this was that the day before several Federal drunken officers had been careering around the bay in a boat, and Forsyth, who was on this boat, did not want his party of ladies to meet them.

[1154] Statement of Swayne, 1901; _N. Y. News_, Aug. 21, 1865.

[1155] Circular No. 20 (Freedmen's Bureau), War Dept., Nov. 30, 1865.

[1156] Circular No. 15, Sept. 12, 1865.

[1157] McPherson, "Reconstruction," p. 13.

[1158] Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, p. 352; G. O. No. 64, Dept. Ala., Dec. 10, 1865; Swayne's Report, Jan. 31, 1865; Freedmen's Bureau Reports, Dec., 1865, and Nov., 1866.

[1159] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1895; Swayne's Reports, Jan. 31 and Oct. 31, 1866, in Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, and Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1160] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Nov. 1, 1866.

[1161] Ho. Rept., No. 121, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.; Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1162] Freedmen's Bureau Reports, Dec., 1865, and Nov., 1866; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 142 41st Cong., 2d Sess.; Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 240. Congress appropriated $20,000,000, and there was an immense amount of Confederate property confiscated and sold for the benefit of the Bureau. Of this no account was kept. One detailed estimate of Bureau expenses is as follows:--

Appropriations by Congress $20,000,000 General Bounty Fund 8,000,000 Freedmen and Refugee Fund 7,000,000 Retained Bounty Fund (Butler) 2,000,000 School Fund (Confiscated Property) 2,500,000 ----------- Total $39,500,000

Edwin De Leon, "Ruin and Reconstruction of the Southern States," in _Southern Magazine_, 1874. See also Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 142, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1163] G. O. No. 4, July 28, 1865.

[1164] _N. Y. News_, Sept. 7, 1865 (Montgomery correspondent); Ku Klux Rept., p. 441; oral accounts.

[1165] _Montgomery Mail_, May 12, 1865.

[1166] Howard's Circular, May 30, 1865; War Department Circular No. 11, July 12, 1865.

[1167] _Huntsville Advocate_, July 26, 1865. This was when the army officials were conducting the Bureau. Later the civilian agents charged $2 for making every contract, and the negroes soon wanted the Bureau abolished so far as it related to contracts. _N. Y. Times_, March 12, 1866 (letter from Florence, Ala.). In Madison County some of the negroes tarred and feathered a Bureau agent who had been collecting $1.50 each for drawing contracts. _N. Y. Herald_, Dec. 22, 1867.

[1168] Swayne's Report, Jan. 31, 1866.

[1169] These regulations bear the approval of the other two rulers of Alabama--General Woods and Governor Parsons. See G. O. No. 12, Aug. 30, 1865.

[1170] G. O. No. 13, Sept., 1865. This order was in force until 1868. See _N. Y. World_, Nov. 20, 1867.

[1171] These propositions were approved by A. Humphreys, assistant superintendent at Talladega, and by General Chetlain, commanding the District of Talladega. _Selma Times_, Dec. 4, 1865.

[1172] _Selma Messenger_, Nov. 15, 1865; _N. Y. World_, Nov. 20, 1867.

[1173] Ku Klux Rept., p. 441; _N. Y. News_, Sept. 7, 1865; oral accounts.

[1174] Swayne's Report, Jan., 1866. Rev. C. W. Buckley, in a report to Swayne (dated Jan. 5, 1866), of a tour in Lowndes County, stated that while the Bureau and the army and the "government of the Christian nation," each had done much good, all was as nothing to what God was doing. The hand of God was seen in the stubborn and persistent reluctance of the negro to make contracts and go to work; God had taught the 8,000,000 arrogant and haughty whites that they were dependent upon the freedmen; God had ordained that "the self-interest of the former master should be the protection of the late slaves."

[1175] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1865.

[1176] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Oct. 24, 1868.

[1177] _De Bow's Review_, 1866.

[1178] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1865.

[1179] Howard's Circular Letter, Oct. 4, 1865.

[1180] Report, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1181] Herbert, "Solid South," p. 31; _N. Y. News_, Sept. 3, 1865 (Selma correspondent).

[1182] In one case the agent in Montgomery sent to Troy, fifty-two miles distant, and arrested a landlord who refused to rent a house to a negro. The negro told the Bureau agent that he was being evicted.

[1183] There were several plantations near Montgomery, Selma, Mobile, and Huntsville where negroes were thus collected.

[1184] In Montgomery, the Rev. C. W. Buckley, a "hard-shell" preacher, looked after negro contracts. A negro was not allowed to make his own contract, but it must be drawn up before Buckley. When a negro broke his contract, Buckley always decided in his favor, and avowed that he would sooner believe a negro than a white man. His delight was to keep a white man waiting for a long time while he talked to the negro, turning his back to and paying no attention to the white caller. He preached to the negroes several times a week, not sermons, but political harangues. The audience was composed chiefly of negro women, who, if they had work, would leave it to attend the meetings. They would not disclose what Buckley said to them, and when questioned would reply, "It's a secret, and we can't tell it to white folks." Buckley advocated confiscation, but Swayne, who had more common sense, frowned upon such theological doctrines.

[1185] Barker, a carriage-maker at Livingston, was arrested and confined in prison for some time, and finally was released without trial. He was told that a negro servant had preferred charges against him, and later denied having done so. Such occurrences were common. Ku Klux Rept. Ala. Test., pp. 357, 371, 390, 475, 487, 1132; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 27, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.; Swayne's Reports, Dec., 1865, and Jan., 1866.

[1186] _Selma Times_, April 11, 1866. Busteed was a much-disliked carpet-bag Federal judge. Mr. Burns survived the _Busting_, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1901.

[1187] The Bureau courts continued to act even after the state was readmitted to the Union. In 1868, two constables arrested a negro charged with house-burning in Tuscumbia. Col. D. C. Rugg, the Bureau agent at Huntsville, raised a force of forty negroes and came to the rescue of the negro criminal. "If you attempt to put that negro on the train," he said, "blood will be spilled. I am acting under the orders of the military department." The officers were trying to take him to Tuscumbia for trial. Rugg thought the Bureau should try him, and said, "These men [the negroes] are not going to let you take the prisoner away, and blood will be shed if you attempt it." _N. Y. World_, Oct. 23, 1868; _Tuscaloosa Times_.

[1188] Probably more. Freedmen's Bureau Report, Nov. 1, 1866.

[1189] Bureau Reports, 1865-1869.

[1190] Freedmen's Bureau Reports, 1865-1870; Hardy, "History of Selma"; _N. Y. World_, Nov. 13, 1865.

[1191] The Southern Famine Relief Commission of New York, which worked in Alabama until 1867, reported that there was much greater suffering from want among the whites than among the blacks. This society sent corn alone to the state,--65,958 bushels. See Final Proceedings and General Report, New York, 1867.

[1192] Freedmen's Bureau Reports, 1865-1868.

[1193] Ho. Rept., No. 121, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1194] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1195] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1865.

[1196] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; _N. Y. Daily News_, Sept. 7, 1865 (Montgomery correspondent).

[1197] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 446.

[1198] In the convention of 1867 this teaching bore fruit in the ordinance authorizing suits by former slaves to recover wages from Jan. 1, 1863.

[1199] _N. Y. World_, Nov. 13, 1865 (Selma correspondent); oral accounts.

[1200] _De Bow's Review_, March, 1866 (Dr. Nott); _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 3, 1865; _Montgomery Advertiser_, March 21, 1866.

[1201] Du Bois in _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1901.

[1202] A Tallapoosa County farmer stated that for three years after the war the crops were very bad. Yet the whites who had negroes on their farms felt bound to support them. But if the whites tried to make the negroes work or spoke sharply to them, they would leave and go to the Bureau for rations. P. M. Dox, a Democratic member of Congress in 1870, said that in north Alabama, in 1866-1867, negro women would not milk a cow when it rained. Servants would not black boots. There was a general refusal to do menial service. Ala. Test., pp. 345, 1132. The Alabama cotton crop of 1860 was 842,729 bales; of 1865, 75,305 bales; of 1866, 429,102 bales; of 1867, 239,516 bales; of 1868, 366,193 bales. Of each crop since the war an increasingly large proportion has been raised by the whites.

[1203] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1204] Within the last five years I have seen several old negroes who said they had been paying assessments regularly to men who claimed to be working to get the "forty acres and the mule" for the negro. They naturally have little to say to white people on the subject. From what I have been told by former slaves, I am inclined to think that the negroes have been swindled out of many hard-earned dollars, even in recent times, by the scoundrels who claim to be paying the fees of lawyers at work on the negroes' cases.

[1205] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1865; Grant's Report; Truman's Report, April 9, 1866; _DeBow's Review_, March, 1866; _Montgomery Advertiser_, March 1, 1866; _N. Y. News_, Nov. 25, 1865 (Selma correspondent); _N. Y. World_, Nov. 13, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 31, 1865; _N. Y. News_, Sept., and Oct. 2, 7, 1865. B. W. Norris, a Bureau agent from Skowhegan, Maine, told the negroes the tale of "forty acres and a mule," and they sent him to Congress in 1868 to get the land for them. He told them that they had a better right to the land than the masters had. "Your work made this country what it is, and it is yours." Ala. Test., pp. 445, 1131.

[1206] Ala. Test., p. 314.

[1207] Ball, "Clarke County," p. 627.

[1208] Ala. Test., p. 1133.

[1209] Ala. Test., p. 460; see Annual Cyclopædia (1867), article "Confiscation."

[1210] _Montgomery Advertiser_, March, 1866. Buckley was known among the "malignants" as "the high priest of the nigger Bureau." _N. Y. World_, Dec. 22, 1867.

[1211] _N. Y. Herald_, July 23, 1865; Herbert, "Solid South," p. 30.

[1212] _DeBow's Review_, 1866; oral accounts.

[1213] _N. Y. Times_, Feb. 12, 1866 (letter of northern traveller); Steedman and Fullerton's Reports; _N. Y. Herald_, June 24, 1866; _Columbus_ (Ga.) _Sun_, Nov. 22, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 25, 1866.

[1214] Account by Col. J. W. DuBose in manuscript.

[1215] Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 30, 31; _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 25, 1866.

[1216] Ho. Rept., No. 121, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.; Ku Klux Rept., p. 441. See chapter in regard to Union League.

[1217] See also DuBois, in _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1901; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 241, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1218] Ho. Rept., No. 121, p. 47, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1219] Some of the prominent incorporators were Peter Cooper, William C. Bryant, A. A. Low, Gerritt Smith, John Jay, A. S. Barnes, J. W. Alvord, S. G. Howe, George L. Stearns, Edward Atkinson, and A. A. Lawrence. The act of incorporation was approved by the President on March 3, 1865, at the same time the Freedmen's Bureau Bill was approved. Numbers of the incorporators and bank officials were connected with the Bureau. See Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 16, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.

[1220] A Bureau paymaster.

[1221] Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 16, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.

[1222] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1223] See Williams, "History of the Negro Race in America," Vol. II, p. 410. August was a month in which there was little money-making among the negroes. It was vacation time, between the "laying by" and the gathering of the crop.

[1224] Hoffman, "Race Traits and Tendencies," p. 290, says $3,013,699.

[1225] Hoffman, p. 290; also Sen. Rept., No. 440, 46th Cong., 2d Sess. Williams, Vol. II, p. 411, states that the total deposits amounted to $57,000,000, an average of $284 for each depositor.

[1226] Dividends were declared as follows: Nov. 1, 1875, 20%; March 20, 1875-1878, 10%; Sept. 1, 1880, 10%; June 1, 1882, 15%; May 12, 1883, 7%; making 62% in all. To 1886, $1,722,549 had been paid to depositors, and there was a balance in the hands of the government receivers of $30,476.

[1227] Williams, "History of the Negro Race," Vol. II, pp. 403-410; Fred Douglass, "Life and Times," Ch. XIV; Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 16, 43d Cong., 2d Sess.; Du Bois, "The Souls of Black Folk"; the various reports of the Freedmen's Bureau and of the commissioners appointed to settle the affairs of the Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company, to 1902; Hoffman, "Race Traits and Tendencies," pp. 289, 290; Fleming, "Documents relating to Reconstruction," Nos. 6 and 7.

[1228] Regulations of the Treasury Dept., July 29, 1864.

[1229] McPherson, "Rebellion," pp. 594, 595; McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 147-151.

[1230] See Ch. IV, sec. 7.

[1231] DuBois (_Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1901) declares that the opposition to the education of the negro was bitter, for the South believed that the educated negro was a dangerous negro. This statement is perhaps partially correct for fifteen or twenty years after 1870, but it is not correct for 1865-1869.

[1232] _The Gulf States Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1902; Report of General Swayne to Howard, Dec. 26, 1865. The evidence on this point that is worthy of consideration is conclusive. It is all one way. See also Chs. XIX and XX, below.

[1233] Report of Swayne, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1234] "Up from Slavery," pp. 29, 30.

[1235] _Daily News_, Sept. 7, 1865 (Montgomery correspondence). Oral accounts.

[1236] G. O. No. 11, July 12, 1865 (Montgomery); Freedmen's Bureau Reports, 1865-1869.

[1237] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866; Freedmen's Bureau Report, 1866.

[1238] Swayne's Report., Oct. 31, 1866.

[1239] Freedmen's Bureau Report, Dec., 1865; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 70, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1240] _Daily News_, Oct. 21, 1865 (Mobile correspondent); _De Bow's Review_, 1866 (Dr. Nott).

[1241] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1242] The account of this particular school was given me by Dr. O. D. Smith of Auburn, Ala., who was one of the men who chose the white teacher.

[1243] Swayne's Report, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1244] Report, Oct. 31, 1866.

[1245] Rent was usually paid at the rate of $20 a month for thirty pupils. Ho. Rept., No. 121, pp. 47, 369, 374, 377, 41st Cong., 2d Sess. The books of the American Missionary Association showed that it had received, in 1868 and 1869, from the Freedmen's Bureau for Alabama, the following amounts in cash, though how much it received before these dates is not known.

December, 1867 $4000.00 October, 1868 583.86 February, 1868 25.41 (?) January, 1869 218.25 April, 1869 683.53 May, 1869 1397.49 June, 1869 95.87 July, 1869 527.00 September, 1869 3049.59 November, 1869 3469.50 December, 1869 2083.78 For building (?) 20,000.00

An item in the account of the Association was "Chicago to Mobile, $20,000." No one was able to explain what it meant unless it was the $20,000 building in Mobile used as a training school for negro teachers and on which the Bureau paid rent. In the southern states the Bureau paid to the American Missionary Association, as shown by the books of the latter, $213,753.22. Judging from the variable items not noted above, rent was evidently not included nor even all the cash. Ho. Rept., No. 121, p. 369 _et seq._, 41st Cong., 2d Sess. (Howard Investigation).

[1246] Buckley's Report for March 15, 1867; Semiannual Report on Schools for Freedmen, July 4, 1867; General Clanton in Ku Klux Rept. Ala. Test.

[1247] Francis Wayland.

[1248] S. G. Greene, president of the association.

[1249] President Hill of Harvard College.

[1250] Reports, Proceedings, and Lectures of the National Teachers' Association, 1865 to 1880; Reports of the Freedmen's Aid Societies of the Methodist Episcopal Church. For results of the mistaken teachings of the radical instructors, see Page's article on "Lynching" in the _North American Review_, Jan., 1904.

[1251] Miss Alice M. Bacon, in the Slater Fund Trustees, Occasional Papers, No. 7, p. 6. Armstrong, at Hampton, Va., was a shining exception to the kind of teachers described above.

[1252] The Reconstruction government was now in power. There were, at this time, thirty-one Bureau schools at thirty-one points in the state.

[1253] Freedmen's Bureau Reports, 1867-1870.

[1254] _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1901.

[1255] Sir George Campbell, "White and Black," pp. 131, 383; Thomas, "The American Negro," p. 240; Washington, "The Future of the American Negro," pp. 25-27, 55; _DeBow's Review_, 1866; Slater Fund Trustees, Occasional Papers, No. 7. Washington tells of the craze for the education in Greek, Latin, and theology. This education would make them the equal of the whites, they thought, and would free them from manual labor, and above all fit them for office-holding. Nearly all became teachers, preachers, and politicians. "Up from Slavery," pp. 30, 80, 81; "Future of the American Negro," p. 49.

[1256] From the surrender of the Confederate armies, to his death in 1903, Dr. Curry was a stanch believer in the work for negro education. No other man knew the whole question so thoroughly as he. And he had the advantage of a close acquaintance with the negro from his early childhood. His observations as to the effects of alien efforts to educate the black will be found in the Slater Fund Occasional Papers, and in an address delivered before the Montgomery Conference in 1900. See also Ch. XIV.

[1257] I have talked with many who uniformly assert that they were unable to conform to the Bureau regulations. It was better to let land remain uncultivated. Wherever possible no attention was paid to the rules. The negro laborers themselves have no recollections of any real assistance in labor matters received from the Bureau. They remember it rather as an obstruction to laboring freely.

[1258] The President and the Supreme Court now being powerless.

[1259] That is, blacks and such whites as were not "disfranchised for participation in the rebellion or for felony."

[1260] July 11, 1868, the oath was modified for those whose disabilities had been removed by Congress; Feb. 15, 1871, those not disfranchised by the Fourteenth Amendment were allowed to take the modified oath of July 11, 1868, instead of the iron-clad oath. See MacDonald, "Select Statutes." The Alabama representatives all took the "iron-clad" oath.

[1261] Text of the Act, McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 191, 192; G. O. No. 2, 3d M. D., April 3, 1867. For criticism, Burgess, "Reconstruction," pp. 112-122; Dunning, "Civil War and Reconstruction," pp. 123, 126-135, 143.

[1262] G. O. Nos. 10 and 18, H. Q. A., March 11 and 15, 1867; McPherson, p. 200.

[1263] Report of Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 321.

[1264] The oath was: "I, ---- ----, do solemnly swear (or affirm), in the presence of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of Alabama; that I have resided in said State for ---- months, next preceding this day, and now reside in the county of ---- in said State; that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not been disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any State and afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, encourage others to do so, so help me God!" McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 192, 205; G. O. No. 5, 3d M. D., April 8, 1867.

[1265] McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 192-194; Burgess, "Reconstruction," pp. 129-135; Dunning, "Civil War and Reconstruction," pp. 124, 125.

[1266] G. O. Nos. 1 and 2, 3d M. D., April 1 and 3, 1866; _N. Y. Herald_, April 6, 1867; Annual Cyclopædia (1867), p. 19; McPherson, pp. 201, 205; Report of Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 322; Herbert, "Solid South," p. 38.

[1267] G. O. No. 1, Dist. Ala., April 2, 1867; McPherson, p. 206.

[1268] Report of Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 466; _N. Y. Herald_, April 6, 1867.

[1269] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 20, 40th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1270] G. O. No. 52, H. Q. A., April 11, 1867.

[1271] Report of Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 353.

[1272] G. O. No. 4, 3d M. D., April 4, 1867.

[1273] G. O. No. 10, 3d M. D., April 23, 1867.

[1274] G. O. No. 48, 3d M. D., Aug. 6, 1867.

[1275] Annual Cyclopædia (1867), p. 17.

[1276] G. O. No. 25, 3d M. D., May 29, 1867. (This was to favor Radical meetings. There were many stump speakers sent down from the North to tell the negro how to vote, and it was feared they might excite the whites to acts of violence.) _N. Y. Herald_, June 4, 1867 (explanatory order).

[1277] McPherson, "Reconstruction," pp. 335, 336; Dunning, pp. 153, 154.

[1278] As long as Pope was in command at Montgomery and Atlanta, he and Grant kept up a rapid and voluminous (on the part of Pope) correspondence. They were usually agreed on all that pertained to Reconstruction, both now being extreme in their views.

[1279] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 30, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.; No. 20, 40th Cong., 1st Sess.; McPherson, p. 312.

[1280] G. O. No. 45, 3d M. D., Aug. 2, 1867; McPherson, p. 319.

[1281] G. O. Nos. 53 and 55, 3d M. D., Aug. 19 and 23, 1867; Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 331; McPherson, p. 319.

[1282] See _Selma Messenger_, Jan. 17, 1868.

[1283] See McPherson, p. 312.

[1284] _Eutaw Whig and Observer_, Dec. 12 and 24, 1867.

[1285] S. O. No. 2, 3d M. D., April 15, 1867; Annual Cyclopædia (1867), p. 20; _Montgomery Mail_, April 30, 1867.

[1286] See p. 509.

[1287] G. O. Nos. 35, 38, 40, Post of Mobile, 1867; Annual Cyclopædia (1867), pp. 20-23; _N. Y. Times_, May 21, 1867.

[1288] _N. Y. World_, May 28, 1867; S. O. No. 34, 3d M. D., May 31, 1867; Herbert, "Solid South," p. 40; _N. Y. Times_, May 21, 1867.

[1289] S. O. No. 38, 3d M. D., June 6, 1867; S. O. No. 27, 3d M. D., May 22, 1867; _N. Y. Tribune_, June 12, 1867; _Selma Messenger_, June 18, 1867; _Evening Post_, May, 1867; Annual Cyclopædia (1867), pp. 20-25; _Mobile Register_, Oct. --, 1867.

[1290] _Mobile Register_, Oct. --, 1867.

[1291] Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 40, 41; _N. Y. Times_, Dec. 27, 1867. See above, p. 393.

[1292] S. O. Nos. 9, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 3d M. D., 1867; Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 327. (Some of the persons appointed were B. T. Pope and David P. Lewis, judges; George P. Goldthwaite, solicitor; and B. F. Saffold, mayor of Selma.)

[1293] Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 364.

[1294] G. O. No. 77, 3d M. D., Oct. 19, 1897; McPherson, p. 319.

[1295] G. O. No. 103, 3d M. D., Dec. 21, 1867.

[1296] Report of the Secretary of War, 1877, Vol. I, p. 333; McPherson, p. 316.

[1297] S. O. 254, 3d M. D., Nov. 26, 1867; Pope to Swayne, Nov. 20, 1867; _N. Y. World_, Dec. 14, 1867.

[1298] G. O. No. 3, Sub-dist. Alabama, April 12, 1867; McPherson, p. 319.

[1299] McPherson, p. 319.

[1300] _N. Y. Herald_, April 6, 1867.

[1301] _N. Y. Tribune_, June 1, 1867; _N. Y. Herald_, June 4, 1867; G. O. No. 28, 3d M. D., June 3, 1867; Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 326.

[1302] Aug. 12, 1867.

[1303] G. O. Nos. 1 and 10.

[1304] G. O. No. 49, 3d M. D., Aug. 12, 1867.

[1305] Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 235.

[1306] _Selma Messenger_, Dec. 25, 1867.

[1307] G. O. No. 25, 3d M. D., 1867.

[1308] S. O. No. 53, 3d M. D., June 27, 1867; G. O. No. 44, 3d M. D., Aug. 1, 1867; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 30, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1309] G. O. No. 94, 3d M. D., 1867.

[1310] S. O. No. 96, 3d M. D., Aug 5. 1867; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 30, 40th Cong., 2d Sess. There were other cases not referred to in general and special orders, but this was the only case in which Pope himself directly interfered.

[1311] G. O. No. 5, 3d M. D., April 8, 1867.

[1312] In this way, white majorities in ten counties were overcome by black majorities in the adjoining counties of the district.

[1313] Of the registrars who later became somewhat prominent in politics, the whites were Horton, Dimon, Dereen, Sillsby, William M. Buckley, Stanwood, Ely, Pennington, Haughey--all being northern men. Of the negro members of the boards, Royal, Finley, Williams, Alston, Turner, Rapier, and King (or Godwin) rose to some prominence, and their records were much better that those of their white colleagues.

[1314] G. O. No. 20, 3d M. D., May 21, 1867.

[1315] G. O. No. 12, 3d M. D., 1867.

[1316] Smith was later the first Reconstruction governor of Alabama.

[1317] G. O. No. 41, 3d M. D., 1867.

[1318] G. O. No. 50, 3d M. D., Aug. 15, 1867.

[1319] Governor, secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, sheriff, judicial officers of every kind, and all court clerks and other officials, commissioners, tax assessors and collectors, county surveyors, treasurers, mayor, councilmen, justices of the peace, solicitors.

[1320] Special Instructions to Registrars in Alabama, Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, p. 339.

[1321] Registration Orders, June 17, 1867.

[1322] Record of Cabinet Meeting, June 18, 1867, in Ho. Ex. Doc., No, 34, 40th Cong., 1st Sess.; Burgess, p. 136; Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 20, 40th Cong., 1st Sess.

[1323] Ho. Ex. Doc., No. 20, 40th Cong., 1st Sess.; McPherson, p. 311. See above, p. 479.

[1324] McPherson, pp. 335, 336; Burgess, pp. 138-142.

[1325] McPherson, pp. 335, 336.

[1326] G. O. No. 59, 3d M. D., Aug. 31, 1867; Journal of Convention of 1867, pp. 3-5; Report of the Secretary of War, 1867, Vol. I, pp. 356, 357; _Tribune_ Almanac, 1868.

[1327] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 53, 40th Cong., 2d Sess. _Tribune_ Almanac, 1867, 1868; Report of Col. J. F. Meline, Inspector of Registration, Jan. 27, 1868. These figures are based on the latest reports of 1867. According to the census of 1866, there would be in 1867, 108,622 whites over twenty-one years of age, and 89,663 blacks.

[1328] Meline's Report, Jan. 27, 1868. See also Ch. XIII below.

[1329] G. O. No. 76, Oct. 18, 1867; Journal of Convention of 1867, pp. 1-3.

[1330] McPherson, p. 319; Journal of Convention, 1867, pp. 110, 111, 276; _N. Y. World_, Dec. 14, 1867. When the convention passed a resolution indorsing the "firm and impartial, yet just and gentle," administration of Pope, three delegates voted against it because they said Pope had not done his full duty in removing disloyal persons from office but, after being informed of their politics, had left them in office. Journal of Convention, 1867, pp. 110, 111. For account of the convention, see below, Ch. XIV.

[1331] G. O. No. 101, Dec. 20, 1867; McPherson, p. 319; Journal of Convention, p. 267.

[1332] The 45th United States Infantry, a negro regiment.

[1333] McPherson, p. 346; G. O. No. 104, H. Q. A. (A. G. O.), Dec. 28, 1867; G. O. No. 1, 3d M. D., Jan. 1, 1868.

[1334] Herbert, "Solid South"; _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 24, 1868.

[1335] G. O. No. 3, 3d M. D., Jan. 6, 1868.

[1336] G. O. No. 16, 3d M. D., Jan. 27, 1868; Annual Cyclopædia (1868), p. 15; Report of Major-General Meade's Military Operations and Administration of the 3d M. D., etc. (pamphlet); _N. Y. Times_, Jan. 24, 1868.

[1337] See Ch. XV for "convention" candidates.

[1338] Report of Meade, etc., 1868; Telegrams of Meade to Grant, Jan. 11, 12, and 18, and of Grant to Meade, Jan. 13 and 18.

[1339] Report of Meade, etc., 1868; Herbert, "Solid South," pp. 48, 49. In his first report Meade estimated that the constitution failed of ratification by 8114 votes (Herbert, "Solid South," p. 49). In his report at the end of the year, based on the official report of General Hayden, which was made a month after the election, he changed the number to 13,550. See also Ch. XVI, on the rejection of the constitution.

[1340] G. O. No. 42, 3d M. D., March 12, 1868; McPherson, p. 320; Meade's Report, 1868.

[1341] In one case he reinstated Charles R. Hubbard, Clerk of the District Court, who had been removed by Swayne. This was contrary to instructions from the War Department, which forbade the reappointment of an officer who had been removed. Annual Cyclopædia (1868), p. 15.

[1342] Report of Meade, etc., 1868; G. O. No. 10, 3d M. D., Jan. 15, 1868.

[1343] G. O. No. 7, Jan. 11, 1868, republishing G. O. No. 3, War Department, 1866.

[1344] G. O. No. 47, 3d M. D., March 21, 1868.

[1345] Pope was in feeble health, and this treatment hastened his death, which occurred shortly after being released from jail. Brewer, "Alabama," p. 524.

[1346] G. O. No. 53, 3d M. D., April 7, 1868; _N. Y. Herald_, April 1, 1868. Judge Pope was arrested for violating Pope's G. O. Nos. 53, 55, which certainly provided for mixed juries. Meade was simply putting his own interpretation on these orders.

[1347] G. O. No. 22, 3d M. D., Feb. 2, 1868; Report of Meade, etc., 1868.

[1348] Report of Meade, etc,. 1868; _Independent Monitor_, April and May, 1868. The _Independent Monitor_ was a long-established and well-known weekly paper. F. A. P. Barnard, who was afterwards president of Columbia College, New York, was, when a professor at the University of Alabama, the editor of the _Monitor_, and under him it won a reputation for spiciness which it did not lose under Randolph. See also Ch. XXI, for Randolph and the Ku Klux Klan.

[1349] G. O. No. 31, Feb. 28, 1868; G. O. No. 44, March 18, 1868; G. O. No. 69, April 24, 1868; McPherson, p. 320; Report of Meade, etc., 1868.

[1350] G. O. No. 6, Jan. 10, 1868; G. O. No. 79, May 20, 1868; McPherson, p. 320; Report of Meade, 1868.

[1351] Report of Meade, 1868.

[1352] G. O. No. 64, 3d M. D., April 19, 1868; _Selma Times and Messenger_, April 29, 1868.

[1353] This was the offence according to conservative testimony. The Radical testimony did not differ greatly, but the "hog thief" happened to be a carpet-bag politician also.

[1354] These were the "Eutaw cases," and were tried at Selma. Meade commuted some of the sentences at once. The prisoners were sent to Dry Tortugas, and were later pardoned by Meade. The officials spoiled the effect of his leniency by putting the pardoned prisoners ashore at Galveston, Texas, without money and almost without clothes, while some of the party were ill. Annual Cyclopædia (1868), p. 17; _Selma Times and Messenger_, May 5, 1868; _N. Y. World_, May 28, 1868; G. O. No. 80, 3d M. D., May 20, 1868.

[1355] _Independent Monitor_, April and May, 1868; Report of Meade, 1868; G. O. No. 78, 3d M. D., May 13, 1868.

[1356] G. O. Nos. 64 and 65, 3d M. D., April 19 and 20, 1868.

During the eight months of Meade's administration in the Third District, there were thirty-two trials by military commission in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Only fifteen persons were convicted. The sentences in four cases were disapproved, in eight cases remitted, and two cases were referred to the President, leaving only one person confined in prison. Report of Meade, 1868.

[1357] _Selma Messenger_, Oct. 25, 1867.

[1358] _Montgomery Mail_, June 17, 1868; _Independent Monitor_, June 16, 1868.

[1359] Annual Cyclopædia (1868), p. 17; _Montgomery Advertiser_, June 5, 1868.

[1360] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 1285-1286.

[1361] McPherson, p. 337; see below, Ch. XV.

[1362] Only the Radical candidates had been voted for.

[1363] Report of Meade, 1868.

[1364] G. O. No. 91, 3d M. D., June 28, 1868.

[1365] G. O. No. 100, July 9, 1868.

[1366] G. O. No. 101, July 14, 1868.

[1367] The volume of orders numbered 598 in the Adjutant-General's office at Washington contains the General Orders of the Third Military District.