Chapter 39

1. #Karl Pearson#, essay on #"Woman as Witch"# in #"The Chances of Death and other Studies in Evolution"# (London, 1897), ii. 16.

2. Cf. #J. G. Frazer, "The Dying God"# (London, 1911), 269.

3. #J. A. MacCulloch, "The Religion of the Ancient Celts"# (Edinburgh, 1911), 278.

4. Frazer, "Dying God," 266.

5. #E. Anwyl, "Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times"# (London, 1906), 1 f.

6. _Ibid._ 20; cf. #E. K. Chambers, "The Mediaeval Stage"# (Oxford, 1903), i. 100 f. [Referred to as "M. S."]

7. #W. Robertson Smith, "Lectures on the Religion of the Semites"# (New Edition, London, 1894), 16.

8. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 236; #W. W. Fowler, "The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic"# (London, 1899), 272.

9. #"The Works of Lucian of Samosata"# (Eng. Trans. by H. W. and F. G. Fowler, Oxford, 1905), iv. 108 f.

10. #John Brand, "Observations on Popular Antiquities"# (New Edition, with the Additions of Sir Henry Ellis, London, Chatto & Windus, 1900), 283.

11. "Works of Lucian," iv. 114 f.

12. _Ibid._ iv. 109.

13. #J. G. Frazer, "The Golden Bough"# (2nd Edition, London, 1900), iii. 138 f., and #"The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kingship"# (London, 1911), ii. 310 f.

14. #W. W. Fowler, "The Religious Experience of the Roman People"# (London, 1911), 107, 112.

15. Fowler, "Roman Festivals," 268, and "Religious Experience," 107; #C. Bailey, "The Religion of Ancient Rome"# (London, 1907), 70.

16. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 237 f.; Fowler, "Roman Festivals," 278.

17. Quoted from #"Libanii Opera,"# ed. by Reiske, i. 256 f., by #G. Bilfinger, "Das germanische Julfest"# (vol. ii. of "Untersuchungen über die Zeitrechnung der alten Germanen," Stuttgart, 1901), 41 f.

18. "Libanii Opera," iv. 1053 f., quoted by Bilfinger, 43 f.

19. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 237 f., 258.

20. #A. Tille, "Yule and Christmas"# (London, 1899), 96. [Referred to as "Y. & C."]

21. #J. C. Lawson, "Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion"# (Cambridge, 1910), 221 f. Cf. #M. Hamilton, "Greek Saints and their Festivals"# (London, 1910), 98.

22. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 290 f.

23. Latin text in Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 297 f.

24. _Ibid._ i. 245.

25. Tille, "Y. & C.," 88 f.; Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 303 f. |372|

26. Tille, "Y. & C.," throughout; Chambers, "M. S.," i. 288 f.; #Chantepie de la Saussaye, "The Religion of the Ancient Teutons"# (Boston, 1902), 382. Cf. #O. Schrader#, in #Hastings's "Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics"# (Edinburgh, 1909), ii. 47 f.

27. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 258 f. Cf. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 228, 234.

28. Tille, "Y. & C.," 203.

29. #[Sir] A. J. Evans, "Christmas and Ancestor Worship in the Black Mountain,"# in #"Macmillan's Magazine"# (London), vol. xliii., 1881, 363.

30. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 247.

31. Tille, "Y. & C.," 64.

32. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 232.

33. _Ibid._ i. 130; W. Robertson Smith, 213 f.

34. Frazer, "Dying God," 129 f.

35. See #N. W. Thomas# in #"Folk-Lore"# (London), vol. xi., 1900, 227 f.

36. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 132 f.

37. W. Robertson Smith, 437 f.

38. #J. E. Harrison, "Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion"# (Cambridge, 1912), 67. Cf. #E. F. Ames, "The Psychology of Religious Experience"# (London and Boston, 1910), 95 f.

39. Harrison, "Themis," 137.

40. _Ibid._ 110.

41. #S. Reinach, "Cultes, mythes, et religions"# (Paris, 1905), i. 93. For the theory that totems were originally food-objects, see Ames, 118 f.

42. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 133.

43. _Ibid._ i. 105 f., 144.

44. Harrison, "Themis," 507.

45. W. Robertson Smith, 255.

46. #Bede, "Historia Ecclesiastica,"# lib. i. cap. 30. Latin text in Bede's Works, edited by J. A. Giles (London, 1843), vol. ii. p. 142.

47. Frazer, "Golden Bough," iii. 143.

48. #Jerome, "Comm. in Isaiam,"# lxv. 11. Latin text in Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 294.

49. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 266.

50. Latin text in Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 306.

51. #Bede, "De Temporum Ratione,"# cap. 15, quoted by Chambers, i. 231. See also Tille, "Y. & C.," 152 f., and Bilfinger, 131, for other views.

52. Frazer, "Golden Bough," iii. 70 f.

53. See Frazer, "Magic Art," i. 52.

54. Cf. Frazer, "Golden Bough," iii. 300 f.

55. Latin text in #H. Usener, "Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen,"#